精神分裂症心理社会危险因素研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者的心理社会危险因素。方法采用生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）及防御方式问卷（DSQ）对120例精神分裂症患者（病例组）以及121例正常志愿者（对照组）进行测查,并分析精神分裂症患者的心理社会危险因素。结果精神分裂症患者生活事件总频度和分值以及负性生活事件频度和分值均高于对照组（P〈0.01）,社会支持总分、主观社会支持因子分、客观支持因子分及社会支持利用度因子分均低于对照组（P〈0.01）,更多采用不成熟和中间型防御方式（P〈0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示负性事件总分、社会支持利用度、不成熟防御机制和中间型防御机制是影响精神分裂症发病的重要因素。结论负性生活事件、社会支持利用度、不成熟防御机制及中间型防御方式与精神分裂症的发病密切相关。     

抑郁症患者总体幸福感与社会支持和应对方式的相关性

目的调查抑郁症患者的幸福感,探讨其总体幸福感与社会支持和应对方式的相关性。方法于2019年2月-9月在安徽省精神卫生中心焦虑抑郁科门诊及住院患者中选择120例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)抑郁症诊断标准的抑郁症患者作为抑郁症组,同时从社区人员及患者家属中选择122例作为对照组。采用总体幸福感量表(GWB)(中国版)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)进行评定,应用Pearson相关分析及多元线性回归分析比较抑郁症患者GWB、SSRS与SCSQ评分的相关性。结果抑郁症患者GWB评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(62.43±13.48)分vs.(84.97±10.02)分,t=-14.780,P<0.01];抑郁症患者GWB评分与SCSQ总评分和积极应对方式评分均呈正相关(r=0.378、0.460,P均<0.01);抑郁症患者GWB评分与SSRS客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度评分及总评分均呈正相关(r=0.354~0.561,P<0.05或0.01);SSRS客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度评分及总评分与SCSQ总评分和积极应对方式评分均呈正相关(r=0.234~0.398,P<0.05或0.01)。结论抑郁症患者幸福感较低,且其幸福感水平与社会支持和积极应对方式相关。     

精神分裂症患者家庭社会支持情况对自我效能感及预后的影响

目的探讨精神分裂症患者家庭社会支持情况对患者自我效能感及预后的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2013年3月在我院接受住院治疗的147例精神分裂症患者作为研究对象,所有患者均经8周治疗病情缓解后出院。出院时采取社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、家庭关怀度指数问卷(APGAR)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)对患者的社会支持情况、家庭支持情况、自我效能感进行评估。对所有患者随访3年,统计患者的复发情况。分别分析SSRS、APGAR与GSES和复发之间的关系。结果自我效能高水平组患者的APGAR得分、SSRS评分均明显高于中等水平与低水平(P0.01),自我效能中等水平组患者的APGAR得分、SSRS评分均明显高于低水平组(P0.01);未复发组患者的APGAR得分、SSRS评分均明显高于复发组(P0.01);APGAR得分、SSRS量表评分均与GSES评分存在显著正相关(r=0.57,0.56;P0.01,P0.01)。结论给予精神分裂症患者有效的家庭支持与社会支持有助于提高患者的自我效能感,改善患者预后,减少复发。     

中专护生社会支持与人际关系对其孤独感的作用

目的调查高等医学院校中专护理专业学生(护生)的社会支持、人际关系与孤独感现状,探讨三者之间的关系,为中专护生的心理健康教育工作提供参考。方法利用方便取样方法,于2015年10月15日选取西南医科大学中专护理专业210名在校学生为研究对象,采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、人际关系综合诊断量表(IRIDS)和UCLA孤独量表(UCLA-LS)对其社会支持程度、人际关系现状及孤独感程度进行调查。应用SPSS 18.0进行统计分析。结果中专护生SSRS总评分为(32.46±5.14)分,有无恋爱经历及不同生源地护生的SSRS各维度评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);IRIDS评分为(11.67±4.66)分,有无恋爱经历者评分差异有统计学意义(t=-2.37,P=0.019);UCLA-LS评分为(46.69±7.69)分,有无恋爱经历及不同生源地护生的UCLA-LS各维度评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。SSRS总评分与IRIDS及UCLA-LS评分均呈负相关(P均0.01),IRIDS评分与UCLA-LS评分呈正相关(P0.01)。中专护生的交际困扰、交谈困扰和待人接物困扰与主观支持、对支持的利用度可预测孤独感(R~2=0.352,F=21.74,P0.01)。结论中专护生的社会支持、人际关系和孤独感三者之间相关,改善人际关系与社会支持度,可能有利于降低孤独感,促进中专护生的心理健康。     

农村精神分裂症患者的社会支持状况分析

目的：了解农村精神分裂症患者社会支持状况及其相关因素。方法：对治愈出院6个月复诊的114例农村精神分裂症患者进行社会支持评定量表(SSRS)测评，以50名正常农民为对照组。结果：患者组SSRS总分及3个维度分均显著低于正常对照组；女性患者SSRS总分及主观支持分显著高于男性患者；女性患者已婚比率高于男性患者；多元线性回归分析发现社会支持与婚姻状况及病程有关。结论：农村精神分裂症缓解期患者社会支持比正常人少，已婚及病程短者社会支持水平较高。     

精神分裂症患者社会支持程度与血清神经功能指标水平及阴性 症状、抑郁症状的相关性

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者社会支持程度与血清神经功能指标水平、阴性症状及抑郁症 状的相关性。方法 2014年9月至2018年6月攀枝花市第三人民医院收治的首发精神分裂症患者92例， 参照随机数表法将入组患者分为对照组、研究组各46 例。对照组患者常规服用抗精神病药物，研究组 患者接受社会支持干预＋抗精神病药物治疗，持续1 个月后进行效果评估。对比两组患者干预前后社 会支持评定量表（SSRS）评分，同时研究组根据干预后SSRS 评分中位数进一步被分为高SSRS 评分组、低 SSRS 评分组各23 例。对比对照组、研究组，研究组不同SSRS 评分组间血清神经递质［多巴胺（DA）、γ- 氨基丁酸（GABA）、乙酰胆碱（Ach）］、神经营养因子［脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、神经生长因子（NGF）］ 的含量，阴性症状量表（SANS）、卡尔加里精神分裂症抑郁量表（CDSS）评分值的差异。结果 干预后，研 究组的SSRS 评分值高于对照组；DA、GABA 的含量高于对照组，Ach 的含量低于对照组；BDNF、NGF的 含量高于对照组；SANS、CDSS 评分值低于对照组（P＜ 0.05）。高SSRS 评分组的上述指标变化幅度均大 于低SSRS 评分组（P ＜ 0.05）。结论 社会支持干预可有效优化精神分裂症患者的病情，社会支持程度 可能是影响患者病情的重要因素之一。     

家庭环境和社会支持对精神分裂症复发的影响研究

目的探讨家庭环境和社会支持对精神分裂症复发的影响,为预防精神分裂症复发提供依据。方法采用家庭环境量表（FES-CV）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对120例正在接受康复治疗的住院精神分裂症复发患者（研究组）进行测评分析,并与120例未复发的精神分裂症患者（对照组）对照比较。结果两组家庭环境比较,研究组总体上评价差于对照组（P〈0.01）;精神分裂症复发患者的社会支持度明显低于未复发患者（P〈0.01）。结论家庭环境和社会支持是影响精神分裂症患者复发的重要因素,良好家庭环境和社会支持不仅有助于精神分裂症患者保持良好稳定的心理状态,且在预防和减少其复发方面也有重要作用。     

健康教育对精神分裂症患者病耻感影响的持续性

目的探讨不同健康教育模式对精神分裂症患者病耻感的影响及持续性,并分析其作用机制。方法抽取深圳市南山区慢性病防治院及南山区人民医院心理科门诊精神分裂症患者104例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为联合教育组(n=35)、常规教育组(n=35)和对照组(n=34),对联合教育组进行5个月的常规教育联合在线教育,对常规教育组进行5个月的常规教育,对照组不干预。于入组时、干预第5个月、干预结束后5个月采用病耻感量表(SOS)、简明精神病量表(BPRS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、一般自我效能量表(GSES)对患者进行评定,比较其病耻感、临床症状、社会支持和自我效能感。结果健康教育结束后5个月,联合教育组BPRS焦虑抑郁因子、缺乏活力因子评分均低于常规教育组和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);SSRS评分高于常规教育组和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);SOS评分、BPRS敌对猜疑因子评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。社会支持、焦虑抑郁因子可预测病耻感(F=8.25,P0.01)。结论联合教育干预对减轻精神分裂症患者病耻感的效果优于常规教育,可能有助于持续减轻精神分裂症患者临床症状,社会支持、焦虑抑郁症状是影响患者病耻感的重要因素。     

首发精神分裂症和抑郁症患者症状严重程度与儿童期创伤、心理弹性及社会支持的相关性分析

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症和抑郁症患者症状严重程度与儿童期创伤、心理弹性及社会支持的关系。方法 采用方便抽样法，选取2019年12月至2022年1月在河北医科大学第一医院精神卫生中心住院和门诊就诊的91例首发精神分裂症患者、121例抑郁症患者为精神分裂症组和抑郁症组。同期选取在我院进行体检的110名健康人为对照组。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、儿童期创伤问卷（CTQ）、心理弹性量表（CD-RlSC）及社会支持量表（SSRS）进行测评。采用Spearson相关分析精神分裂症患者、抑郁症患者症状严重程度与童年期创伤、心理弹性、社会支持的相关性。结果 精神分裂症组患者的PANSS评分为（90.70±12.36）分，CTQ总分为39(32,46)分，CD-RISC总分为31(24,37)分，SSRS评分为30(24,34)分。抑郁症组患者的HAMD评分为（19.60±3.92）分，CTQ总分为37(33,45)分，CD-RISC总分为36(28,42)分，SSRS评分为31(27,35)分。对照组的CTQ总分为35(31,40)分，CD-RISC总分为44(...     

复员退伍精神分裂症患者自尊感的相关因素分析

目的 探讨分析复员退伍精神分裂症患者自尊感的相关因素。方法 选取河北省荣军医院180例复员退伍精神分裂症患者采用自编一般情况调查表、自尊感量表（SES）、总体幸福感量表（GWB）、社会支持量表（SSES）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）评定并进行相关性分析。结果 患者自尊水平低于正常人群（u=-21．383,P〈0．01）;不同一般资料情况（年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度、病程、家族史、住院时间及是否合并躯体疾病）的患者SES评分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;自尊与精神症状、自知力和不良反应无相关性（P〉0．05）;与SSRS的对支持的利用度维度、EPQ的内外向E维度及GWB评分呈正相关（r分别为0．196,0．159,0．154,P〈0．05）;多元回归分析显示对支持的利用度是影响自尊的突出因素。结论 丰富患者娱乐生活、给予更多的社会支持、增强幸福感,有助于提高复员退伍精神分裂症患者的自尊。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia

Synaptic neurotransmission relies on maintenance of the synapse and meeting the energy demands of neurons. Defects in excitatory and inhibitory synapses have been implicated in schizophrenia, likely contributing to positive and negative symptoms as well as impaired cognition. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that bioenergetic systems, important in both synaptic function and cognition, are abnormal in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Animal models of synaptic dysfunction demonstrated endophenotypes of schizophrenia as well as bioenergetic abnormalities. We report findings on the bioenergetic interplay of astrocytes and neurons and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, highlighting metabolic systems as important therapeutic targets.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Ethnic disparities in problem behaviour in adolescence contribute to ethnic disparities in social class in adulthood

BACKGROUND: It is important for prevention of social class disparities to know how ethnic disparities in social class arise among migrant children. We contribute to this understanding by examining the role of problem behaviour in adolescence. METHODS: Prospective observational study with 753 Dutch native and 217 Turkish migrant adolescents (11-18 year) followed for 10 years. Internalising and externalising problems were assessed in adolescence and employment status and occupational level were assessed in adulthood. The difference in odds ratios (OR) before and after adjustment for internalising and externalising problems was an indication of the predictive value of disparities in internalising and externalising problems for the development of social class disparities. RESULTS: A total of 135 (62%) of the Turkish and 602 (80%) of the Dutch adults were employed. Internalising and externalising problems were not associated with employment status. Of the employed, 65 (48%) Turkish and 179 (30%) Dutch adults worked in low-level occupations (p < 0.0001). Internalising and externalising problems were associated with both ethnicity and occupation. The OR for low-level occupation for Turkish adults was 1.78 (1.19-2.65), indicating ethnic disparities. Adjustment for internalising problems lowered the OR with 36% to 1.50 (0.97-2.31), and adjustment for externalising problems lowered it with 8% to 1.72 (1.15-2.57). Findings were similar for men and women and did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic disparities in occupational level in adulthood could partly be attributed to disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives in adolescence. Prevention of ethnic disparities in mental health at young age may therefore also contribute to the prevention of occupational differences in adulthood.     

Progress in neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease

Slowing or aborting the progress of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains the most important unmet need of this disorder. There are several recent developments in trial design and also in drugs under investigation for possible neuroprotective effect. Emphasis has been placed on clinical as opposed to imaging end-points and these include change in a clinical rating scale, e.g. United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), or time to additional therapy. The introduction of the delayed-start, or wash-in, trial design adds an additional dimension to drug evaluation for neuroprotection. Compounds that have been recently tested in clinical trial include the monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor rasagiline, the anti-apoptotic agents TCH346 and CEP1347, and the promitochondrial agent creatine. The dopamine agonists have been evaluated for a neuroprotective effect using imaging end-points. Perhaps the most important and simplest concept for neuroprotection has been the theory that early dopaminergic support for the degenerating dopaminergic system per se provides significant long-term clinical benefit for PD patients.     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.