正电子发射计算机断层显像-计算机断层扫描联合磁共振成像对直肠癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值分析

目的 探讨正电子发射计算机断层显像-CT(PET-CT)联合MRI对直肠癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值.方法 收集80例经手术病理结果确诊为直肠癌的患者的病历资料,所有患者在手术治疗前采取PET-CT与MRI检查,比较PET-CT、MRI、PET-CT联合MRI检查对直肠癌淋巴结转移与非淋巴结转移的诊断结果,以手术病理结果为金标准,比较3种检查结果与手术病理结果的一致性,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析3种检查方式对直肠癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值.结果 PET-CT检查显示,转移淋巴结最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)、最小标准摄取值(SUVmin)均明显高于非转移淋巴结,MRI检查显示,转移淋巴结标准表观弥散系数(ADCstandard)、最慢表观弥散系数(ADCslow)、最快表观弥散系数(ADCfast)均明显低于非转移淋巴结,PET-CT联合MRI检查显示,转移淋巴结长径、短径均明显长于非转移淋巴结,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).PET-CT检查与手术病理结果的一致性为85.00％(68/80),MRI检查与手术病理结果的一致性为77.50％(62/80),PET-CT联合MRI检查与手术病理结果的一致性为95.00％(76/80).PET-CT联合MRI检查诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、准确度均明显高于PET-CT或MRI单独检查.结论 PET-CT联合MRI具有较高的直肠癌淋巴结转移诊断价值,也是直肠癌淋巴结转移分期的重要依据,可为治疗提供重要依据.     

PET/CT对NSCLC前哨淋巴结转移预测价值的分析

目的:分析18F-PET/CT在诊断非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)前哨淋巴结(SLN)和非前哨淋巴结(Non-SLN)转移情况的应用价值及其临床意义.方法:采用前瞻性研究分析,随机选择可手术切除的周围性NSCLC患者60例,患者手术前全部行18F-PET/CT检查判断淋巴结转移情况.18F-PET/CT判断淋巴结转移标准为SUV≥2.5,术中肺癌SLN应用亲脂的异舒泛蓝染料法进行识别,将所探测的淋巴结分别切除后行术中快速病理检查,PET/CT和SLN最终以病理诊断为标准.结果:60例NSCLC患者中有37例成功识别出蓝染SLN,SLN检出率61.7％(37/60).成功识别SLN的37例患者中,术前经18F-PET/CT诊断为N0患者共18例,清除SLN 31枚,转移8枚；清除Non-SLN 195枚,转移17枚,SLN的转移度明显高于Non-SLN(20.5％ vs8.0％,P＜0.05),转移率差异无统计学意义(16.7％ vs 7.2％,P＞0.05).结论:18F-PET/CT能较准确的诊断SLN转移,但存在一定的漏诊率,将PET/CT和肺癌前哨淋巴结结合,有助于区域淋巴结转移的准确诊断.     

正电子发射计算机断层显像/计算机断层扫描在非小细胞肺癌隐匿性淋巴结转移诊断中的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)准确的淋巴结分期对评估患者病情非常重要,决定着治疗方式的选择,更与预后密不可分.正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)/CT同时包括了病灶的代谢和解剖学信息,在NSCLC淋巴结分期方面有较大的优势.其中,肺癌原发灶的生物学特征与淋巴结转移有着密切关系,与原发灶相关的代谢参数可以用于预测隐匿性淋巴结转移.靶向性良好、合成简单且省时的新型显像剂已成功应用于肿瘤新生血管生成的功能成像中,有助于隐匿性淋巴结转移的诊断.但PET/CT体积相关参数有可能漏诊原发灶最大径≤3.0 cm的NSCLC隐匿性淋巴结转移.当PET/CT检查显示纵隔淋巴结阴性时,联合超声内镜及纵隔镜有利于隐匿性淋巴结转移的进一步检出.此外,影像组学可以从图像中获取大量有意义的定量特征,能更准确地判断隐匿性淋巴结转移.本文就PET/CT在NSCLC隐匿性淋巴结转移诊断中的进展进行综述.     

非小细胞肺癌纵膈淋巴结影像学分期的研究

目的：评估常见影像学检查对NSCLC纵膈淋巴结分期的准确性及价值。方法：56例经手术和病理检查确诊的NSCLC,术前患经胸部CT扫描、全身^18F—FDG PET显像和经食管超声检查,并对手术病理结果进行回颐性的分析：结果：所有56例NSCLC患肺部及相应转移部位^18F-FDG摄取增高,PET检查对预测NSCLC纵膈淋巴结转移的灵敏度为84％,特异性为90％,CT扫描纵膈淋巴结转移的灵敏度为57％,特异性为82％,其中38例行经食管超声解剖显像纵膈淋巴结转移的灵敏度为76％,特异性为70％.PET对NSCLC纵膈淋巴结转移的预测优于胸部CT解剖显像和经食管超声解剖显像。结论：应用^18F—FDG PET在对NSCLC的术前分期明显优于CT和经食管超声等常规检查,但PET在精确定位方面仍然需要结合解剖显像检查,PET—CT等图像融合技术等是今后发展的方向。     

动态增强磁共振对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断价值研究

目的 研究动态增强磁共振(DCE-MRI)对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移(LNM)的诊断价值.方法 收集96例乳腺癌患者的DCE-MRI资料,以患者腋窝淋巴结(LN)病理检查结果为金标准,将入选LN划分为转移组与非转移组,对比两组患者的临床特征及LN的DCE-MRI特征,分析各项特征及DCE-MRI与金标准间的一致性,计算各项诊断效能指标,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析DCE-MRI各项特征及DCE-MRI对乳腺癌LNM的诊断价值.结果 两组患者病理分型、激素受体情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).转移组与非转移组LN的各DCE-MRI特征比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).DCE-MRI诊断乳腺癌LNM的准确度为98.14％,灵敏度为98.84％,特异度为97.33％,与金标准间具有较高一致性(P﹤0.01).DCE-MRI对乳腺癌LNM具有较高的诊断价值(P﹤0.05);各项特征中增强前后差值≥30诊断价值最高(P﹤0.05).结论 DCE-MRI对乳腺癌LNM具有较高诊断价值,可为乳腺癌LNM的诊断提供必要参考.     

PET/CT与增强CT诊断头颈肿瘤颈淋巴结转移的对比研究

目的:探讨18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET/CT显像与螺旋CT增强扫描检测头颈肿瘤淋巴结转移的临床价值。方法:13个头颈肿瘤病人在颈部手术前,行PET/CT和增强CT检查。术后病理结果作为参考标准,PET/CT与增强CT的发现以左、右颈侧为记录单位进行比较。结果:在21个颈侧清扫(8个双侧,5个单侧)中,共清扫出440个淋巴结,其中的45个颈部淋巴结转移癌分布在14个颈侧。PET/CT检测颈淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为86%、100%和90%,增强CT分别为79%、86%和81%,PET/CT诊断的敏感性和准确性均显著高于增强CT(P<0.05)。结论:PET/CT在头颈肿瘤淋巴结转移的诊断中优于增强CT。本文结果为PET/CT在临床和放射影像诊断为颈部淋巴结阴性病人中发现转移的研究提供了可行性依据。     

纵隔镜检查术在PET/CT纵隔淋巴结阳性的非小细胞肺癌中的应用北大核心CSCD

目的探讨纵隔镜检查术在纵隔或肺门淋巴结PET/CT(positron emission tomography-computed tomography)代谢阳性的非小细胞肺癌中(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的应用价值。方法回顾性分析纵隔镜检查术前PET/CT纵隔或肺门淋巴结异常的NSCLC病例,以病理结果为标准,计算纵隔镜检查术诊断纵隔淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率以及PET/CT的假阳性率。结果 2007年4月—2011年12月期间,73例患者符合条件。纵隔镜检查术诊断纵隔淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为91.3%、100%、100%、87.1%和94.5%。PET/CT诊断纵隔淋巴结转移的假阳性率高达30.8%。如果将非巨块型纵隔淋巴结代谢升高且双侧肺门淋巴结代谢升高定义为纵隔淋巴结阴性,其阳性预测值升高至81.1%。结论在PET/CT纵隔或者肺门淋巴结代谢升高的NSCLC,纵隔镜检查术诊断纵隔淋巴结转移的敏感度和特异性高。对PET/CT代谢阳性的纵隔淋巴结需要病理确认,特别是合并双侧肺门对侧性代谢增高的纵隔淋巴结。     

^18F—FDGPET／CT诊断非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的方法和价值

目的本研究通过目测法、测量法以及模式识别方法对非小细胞肺癌（non—small cell lungcancer,NSCLC）患者纵隔淋巴结的PET／CT图像进行诊断分析,并与病理结果比较,探索各种诊断方法的诊断效能,为临床医生提供有关NSCLC区域淋巴结转移的准确信息。方法选择术前行全身PET／CT检查且经手术根治切除的NSCLC患者28例作为研究对象,由3名有经验的医生分别应用目测法及测量法对淋巴结的CT、PET以及PET／CT图像进行分析,并与病理结果进行对比;同时通过对淋巴结的PET和CT图像的提取,应用工程学一种新的模式识别方法进行分类诊断。结果CT、PET、PET／CT测量法对NSCLC淋巴结诊断的灵敏性分别为53．6％、80．4％、82．1％;特异度分别为92．2％、83．3％、90．6％;阳性预测值分别为68．2％、60．0％、73．0％;阴性预测值分别为86．5％、93．2％、94．2％;诊断符合率分别为83．1％、82．6％、88．6％;CT、PET、PET／CT目测法对NSCLC淋巴结诊断的灵敏性分别为53．6％、71．4％、69．6％;特异度分别为85．0％、82．2％、88．9％;阳性预测值分别为52．6％、55．6％、66．7％;阴性预测值分别为85．5％、90．2％、90．4％;诊断符合率分别为77．5％、79．7％、84．3％。模式识别法计算得出PET的灵敏度为88％,特异度为76％;CT的灵敏度为84％,特异度为66％。结论PET／CT测量法以及目测法对NSCLC淋巴结转移的诊断明显优于单独的CT或单独的PET;PET／CT测量法对NSCLC淋巴结转移的诊断明显优于目测法。初步探索了通过构建多分辨率直方图及支持向量机（SVM）分类判别的工程学方法对淋巴结图像进行分析,为今后多学科联合以及探索更准确的无创检查手段奠定了基础。     

肝脏动态增强CT与MRI检查对肝细胞癌的诊断效能比较

目的 比较肝脏动态增强CT与MRI检查对肝细胞癌(HCC)的诊断效能.方法 选取102例肝脏病变患者,均接受增强CT、MRI检查,以病理学检查结果为金标准,比较肝脏动态增强CT与MRI对HCC的诊断效能.结果 102例肝脏病变患者病理学检查结果显示,HCC患者68例,共178个结节.动态增强CT检查诊断HCC阳性65例,阴性37例;MRI检查诊断HCC阳性69例,阴性33例.Kappa一致性分析结果显示,增强CT诊断HCC与金标准诊断结果具有中等一致性(Kappa=0.555),MRI诊断与金标准结果具有很强一致性(Kappa=0.844).受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线结果显示,MRI检查诊断HCC的效能优于增强CT检查(P﹤0.05).结论 与增强CT检查相比,肝脏MRI检查诊断HCC的结果与病理检查结果的一致性强,诊断效能更优,可用于早期HCC的诊断.     

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断乳腺癌及腋窝淋巴结转移的价值

目的探讨~(18)F-脱氧葡萄糖(~(18)F-FDG)正电子发射断层扫描(PET/CT)诊断乳腺癌和腋窝淋巴结(ALN)转移的价值。方法选取2015年7月至2016年4月间海南省人民医院收治的79例拟诊断为乳腺癌的患者,均采用~(18)F-FDG PET/CT、超声检查和钼靶X线检查。比较三种不同方式的诊断结果,对比分析~(18)F-FDG PET/CT检查结果和术后病理结果,讨论~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断乳腺癌和ALN转移的价值。结果术后病理结果显示,所有疑为乳腺癌的患者均确诊为乳腺癌。~(18)F-FDG PET/CT检查结果为阳性64例,阴性15例,灵敏度为81.0%;超声检查结果为阳性47例,阴性32例,灵敏度为59.5%;钼靶X线检查结果为阳性53例,阴性26例,灵敏度为67.1%,~(18)F-FDG PET/CT检查灵敏度明显高于超声检查和钼靶X线,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断ALN转移的灵敏度为35.0%,准确度为70.9%,特异度为83.1%,阴性预测值为79.0%,阳性预测值为41.2%。结论~(18)F-FDG PET/CT对乳腺癌的诊断的灵敏度明显优于超声检查和钼靶X线检查,诊断ALN转移有较好的特异度和准确度。     

Computerized tomography colonography

First introduced a decade ago, computerized tomography (CT) colonography (virtual colonoscopy) is emerging as an important radiologic investigation for colorectal neoplasia, with diagnostic performance likely exceeding barium enema and comparable with optical colonoscopy. Employing state-of-the-art multislice technology, CT colonography allows a complete examination of the colon and surrounding organs in less than 30 seconds. This article reviews current techniques, indications, comparison with existing technologies, and diagnostic performance. Although already widely disseminated, important future developments, such as prepless bowel cleansing (laxative free) and computer-aided diagnosis, may establish CT colonography as the preferred first-line, whole-colon investigation.     

Computerized tomography colonography

First introduced a decade ago, computerized tomography (CT) colonography (virtual colonoscopy) is emerging as an important radiologic investigation for colorectal neoplasia, with diagnostic performance likely exceeding barium enema and comparable with optical colonoscopy. Employing state-of-the-art multislice technology, CT colonography allows a complete examination of the colon and surrounding organs in less than 30 seconds. This article reviews current techniques, indications, comparison with existing technologies, and diagnostic performance. Although already widely disseminated, important future developments, such as prepless bowel cleansing (laxative free) and computer-aided diagnosis, may establish CT colonography as the preferred first-line, whole-colon investigation.     

Impact of positron emission tomography with computed tomography for image-guided radiotherapy

Therapeutic effectiveness in radiotherapy is partly related to correct staging of the disease and then precise therapeutic targeting. Positron emission tomography (PET) allows the stage of many cancers to be determined and therefore is essential before deciding on radiation treatment. The definition of the therapeutic target is essential to obtain correct tumour control and limit side effects. The part of adaptive radiotherapy remains to be defined, but PET by its functional nature makes it possible to define the prognosis of many cancers and to consider radiotherapy adapted to the initial response allowing an increase over the entire metabolic volume, or targeted at a subvolume at risk per dose painting, or with a decrease in the dose in case of good response at interim assessment.     

Imaging in breast cancer: Single-photon computed tomography and positron-emission tomography

Although mammography remains a key imaging method for the early detection and screening of breast cancer, the overall accuracy of this test remains low. Several radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed as adjunct imaging methods to characterize breast masses by single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron-emission tomography (PET). Useful in characterizing indeterminate palpable masses and in the detection of axillary metastases, these techniques are insufficiently sensitive to detect subcentimetric tumor deposits. Their role in staging nodal involvement of the axillary areas therefore currently remains limited. Several enzymes and receptors have been targeted for imaging breast cancers with PET. [¹⁸F]Fluorodeoxyglucose is particularly useful in the detection and staging of recurrent breast cancer and in assessing the response to chemotherapy. Several other ligands targeting proliferative activity, protein synthesis, and hormone and cell-membrane receptors may complement this approach by providing unique information about biological characteristics of breast cancer across primary and metastatic tumor sites.     

Single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPET/CT) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to image cancer

Hybrid systems associating the sharpness of anatomic images coming from computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide functional imaging (SPET or PET) are opening a new era in oncology. This multimodal imaging method is now routinely used for the diagnosis, extent, follow up, treatment response and detection of occult disease in different types of malignancies with a significant impact on the treatment strategy leading for a change for more than 68% of all investigated patients.     

18F]FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography and multidetector computed tomography roles in thymic lesion treatment planning

RATIONALE: Thymic masses may represent an unsolved diagnostic problem which often require surgical procedures for an accurate staging. A non-invasive way to determine the nature of thymic lesions would help identify the patients which are true candidates for surgery. Our retrospective study aims to assess multidetector computed tomography and 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([(18)F]FDG-PET/CT) capacity to distinguish benign from malignant thymic lesions. METHODS: Helical multidetector CT (MDCT) and [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT of twenty consecutive patients presenting with a thymic mass at our Institute were retrospectively analyzed. MDCT scans were focused on morphologic features and invasiveness characteristics. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses by maximum standardized uptake value corrected for body weight (SUVbw max) were performed on [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT. In all cases, readers were blinded to pathology findings. Both imaging techniques were correlated to final pathology. Student's t-test was performed on SUVbw max stratified for thymic epithelial tumors. RESULTS: In the group of benign lesions MDCT correctly identified well-defined margins of masses in 8 out of 8 patients whereas [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT was negative in 7 out of 8 patients. Among malignant lesions MDCT revealed mediastinum fat or infiltration of adjacent organs in 10/12 patients. On the other hand [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT showed increased radiotracer uptake in 12/12 patients. CONCLUSIONS: MDCT and [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT alone are not able to differentiate the nature of thymic lesions. However, they are two non-invasive complementary techniques which can be used to differentiate benign from high-risk malignant thymic lesions. These findings should be taken into account before surgery is performed as a diagnostic procedure.     

Computed tomography intravenous cholangiography

Indications for direct visualization of the bile ducts include bile duct dilatation demonstrated by ultrasound or CT scanning, where the cause of the bile duct dilatation is uncertain or where the anatomy of bile duct obstruction needs further clarification. Another indication is right upper quadrant pain, particularly in a post-cholecystectomy patient, where choledocholithiasis is suspected. A possible new indication is pre-operative evaluation prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The bile ducts are usually studied by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or, less commonly, trans-hepatic cholangiography. The old technique of intravenous cholangiography has fallen into disrepute because of inconsistent bile-duct opacification. The advent of spiral CT scanning has renewed interest in intravenous cholangiography. The CT technique is very sensitive to the contrast agent in the bile ducts, and angiographic and three-dimensional reconstructions of the biliary tree can readily be obtained using the CT intravenous cholangiogram technique (CT IVC). Seven patients have been studied using this CT IVC technique, between February 1995 and June 1996, and are the subject of the present report. Eight further studies have since been performed. The results suggest that CT IVC could replace ERCP as the primary means of direct cholangiography, where pancreatic duct visualization is not required.     

Image-guided radiotherapy for liver cancer using respiratory-correlated computed tomography and cone-beam computed tomography

PURPOSE: To evaluate a novel four-dimensional (4D) image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) technique in stereotactic body RT for liver tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: For 11 patients with 13 intrahepatic tumors, a respiratory-correlated 4D computed tomography (CT) scan was acquired at treatment planning. The target was defined using CT series reconstructed at end-inhalation and end-exhalation. The liver was delineated on these two CT series and served as a reference for image guidance. A cone-beam CT scan was acquired after patient positioning; the blurred diaphragm dome was interpreted as a probability density function showing the motion range of the liver. Manual contour matching of the liver structures from the planning 4D CT scan with the cone-beam CT scan was performed. Inter- and intrafractional uncertainties of target position and motion range were evaluated, and interobserver variability of the 4D-IGRT technique was tested. RESULTS: The workflow of 4D-IGRT was successfully practiced in all patients. The absolute error in the liver position and error in relation to the bony anatomy was 8 +/- 4 mm and 5 +/- 2 mm (three-dimensional vector), respectively. Margins of 4-6 mm were calculated for compensation of the intrafractional drifts of the liver. The motion range of the diaphragm dome was reproducible within 5 mm for 11 of 13 lesions, and the interobserver variability of the 4D-IGRT technique was small (standard deviation, 1.5 mm). In 4 patients, the position of the intrahepatic lesion was directly verified using a mobile in-room CT scanner after application of intravenous contrast. CONCLUSION: The results of our study have shown that 4D image guidance using liver contour matching between respiratory-correlated CT and cone-beam CT scans increased the accuracy compared with stereotactic positioning and compared with IGRT without consideration of breathing motion.     

Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography functional imaging of esophageal and colorectal cancer

Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Emission Tomography (PET/CT) creates fusion images which are a combination of tissue function (PET) and anatomy (CT). PET/CT imaging for esophageal and colorectal cancers improves staging, detection of recurrence, and treatment monitoring. Both tumor types are highly metabolically active in the untreated state, and the glucose analog, 2-[18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glcuose, (FDG), is widely useful as a PET imaging tracer for these malignancies. For esophageal and colorectal malignancies, diagnostic imaging sensitivity and specificity are greater than 90%. For esophageal tumors, PET imaging is standard of care for staging of locally advanced tumor. Fifteen to 20% of patients will have other wise occult metastatic sites detected by PET imaging at initial staging. Progression free survival and survival are correlated with the magnitude of reduction in PET-FDG measured metabolic activity post-treatment. For colorectal cancers, PET-FDG is standard of care to detect recurrence, and to monitor treatment response. The addition of CT to the PET imaging, causes a significant reduction in uncertainty of image interpretation and improves the distinction between benign and malignant causes for FDG-PET positive sites.