Prevalence and associated factors for self-reported asthma in a Canadian population: The Canadian Community Health Survey, 2014

Background: Asthma prevalence is increasing among adults, yet limited information regarding the association between adult asthma and environmental and personal exposures is available using large nationally representative population-based survey. Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma and associated factors for self-reported asthma in a Canadian population aged 12 years and older by using the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2014 cross-sectional cohort. Methods: We used data from the 2014 CCHS. Asthma was determined through self-reported health professional diagnosis. Information regarding covariates of importance, such as socio-economic status, life style variables, was obtained. A weighted logistic regression analysis was performed with appropriate technique for clustering effects. Results: Estimated self-reported asthma prevalence of 8.1% in the greater than 12 years old Canadian population was observed. We found that a substantial proportion of Canadians (aged 12 and older) reported having asthma and geographical differences and differences between specific provinces in asthma prevalence. Women had higher prevalence of asthma than men, but the relationship depended on age and body mass index (BMI). Interactions between household income and smoking status were observed to predict the probability of asthma. Conclusions: Additional studies are needed to determine which factors influence the asthma prevalence between sex, BMI as well as smoking status and household income and its interactions with each other.     

Prevalence of and risk factors for self-reported chronic bronchitis in a Canadian population: The Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007 to 2008

BACKGROUND:

Chronic bronchitis (CB) represents one of the respiratory disease phenotypes that affect the Canadian health care system significantly. Presently, almost 6.5% of total health care costs are related to respiratory diseases.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the prevalence of self-reported CB and associated risk factors in the Canadian general population.

METHODS:

Data regarding individuals ≥12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007 to 2008, were analyzed. CB was determined through self-reported health professional diagnosis. Information regarding covariates of importance, such as demographics, lifestyle variables and socioeconomic status, was obtained. A weighted logistic regression analysis was performed with appropriate technique for clustering effects.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of self-reported CB was 2.5%. A greater prevalence of self-reported CB associated with older age, female sex and white ethnic group was found. There were differences in the prevalence of self-reported CB among regions of Canada for household income, educational attainment and smoking status.

CONCLUSION:

The results suggest an association between ethnicity and the prevalence of CB. The associations between self-reported CB prevalence and household income, educational attainment and smoking status varied according to region of Canada.     

Prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among older adults: findings from the Canadian National Population Health Survey

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity among elderly persons in industrialized countries ranges from 15% to 20%. Little is known about variations of overweight within subgroups of the elderly population. This study examined the factors associated with overweight and obesity among older men and women. METHODS: Data for 12,823 community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older from the 1996-1997 Canadian National Population Health Survey were examined. Predictors of overweight (body mass index [BMI] = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI = >30 kg/m2) relative to normal weight (BMI = 20.0-24.9 kg/m2) were examined using logistic regression analyses. Analyses were stratified by gender. The predictor variables included age, education, marital status, place of birth, region, smoking status, alcohol use, chronic conditions, physical activity, functional limitations, self-rated health, social support, and psychological distress. RESULTS: Overall, 39% and 13% of Canadian older adults were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Some of the risk factors for overweight were male gender, low education, being married, Canadian born, residence in the Atlantic provinces, no use of alcohol, comorbidity, physical inactivity, and limited functional status. Risk factors for obesity were similar to those for overweight except for being unmarried; American, European, and Australian born; lower and higher levels of alcohol use; poor self-rated health; and psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: The results could lead to more effective weight-control interventions that are designed to promote increased physical activity and healthy eating habits among obese older individuals.     

Changes in active and passive smoking in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

The aim of the present investigation was to study changes and determinants for changes in active and passive smoking. The present study included 9,053 adults from 14 countries that participated in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. The mean follow-up period was 8.8 yrs. Change in the prevalence of active and passive smoking was expressed as absolute net change (95% confidence interval) standardised to a 10-yr period. Determinants of change were analysed and the results expressed as adjusted hazard risk ratio (HRR) or odds ratio (OR). The prevalence of active smoking declined by 5.9% (5.1-6.8) and exposure to passive smoking in nonsmokers declined by 18.4% (16.8-20.0). Subjects with a lower educational level (HRR: 0.73 (0.54-0.98) and subjects living with a smoker (HRR: 0.45 (0.34-0.59)) or with workplace smoking (HRR: 0.69 (0.50-0.95)) were less likely to quit. Low socio-economic groups were more likely to become exposed (OR: 2.21 (1.61-3.03)) and less likely to cease being exposed to passive smoking (OR: 0.48 (0.37-0.61)). In conclusion, the quitting rate was lower and the risk of exposure to passive smoking higher among subjects with lower socio-economic status. Exposure to other peoples smoking decreased quitting rates and increased the risk of starting to smoke.     

Prevalence of overweight, obesity and physical inactivity in 20- to 29-year-old, Danish men. Relation to sociodemography, physical dysfunction and low socioeconomic status: the Odense Androgen Study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity and physical inactivity in 20- to 29-year-old men and to analyze whether sociodemography, physical dysfunction and low socioeconomic status are independent correlates of obesity and physical inactivity. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Seven hundred and eighty-three Caucasian, Danish men, aged 20-29 years recruited from 2042 respondents in a questionnaire survey of 3000 men, randomly drawn from the Danish Civil Registration System. METHODS: Questionnaire, interview and physical examination. RESULTS: The 783 included men and the 2042 questionnaire respondents matched the background population demographically. The 783 men matched the questionnaire respondents as regards BMI, physical activity, chronic disease, medication, smoking, sociodemography and socioeconomic status. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 31.7 and 7.9%, respectively (World Health Organization criteria). Using waist circumference (WC) cutoffs of 94 and 102 cm, the prevalence was 16.2 and 10.6%, respectively; 24.4% were physically inactive. BMI and WC increased significantly from age 20 to 29 years. Physical activity decreased significantly with age and correlated inversely with WC, but not with BMI. Occupation, geography, partner status, fatherhood and tobacco exposure were independently related with obesity and physical inactivity. Obesity was also related to musculoskeletal complaints, whereas chronic diseases and low educational level were associated with physical inactivity. Age was not independently related with either outcome. CONCLUSION: In affluent societies, sociodemographic changes may partly explain the age-related decrease in physical activity and the parallel increase in WC and BMI.     

Food and nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements and smoking according to alcohol consumption in the EPIC Heidelberg study

AIMS: The study was carried out to determine associations of reported alcohol intake with dietary habits, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and smoking. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 24,894 subjects who participated in the baseline examination of the German part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) in Heidelberg and were between 35 and 65 years of age at baseline were included in the present cross-sectional analysis (11,617 men, 13,277 women). Diet and alcohol consumption were assessed with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Analysis of covariance with age as a covariate was used to analyse the association between alcohol intake and dietary consumption patterns, BMI, WHR and smoking. RESULTS: Alcohol did not replace other food items, but was an addition to the diet. Among alcohol consumers, fat and protein intake as a percentage of energy was slightly higher and carbohydrate intake was slightly lower than among abstainers. Alcohol consumers had a lower intake of fruits, dairy products, cereal products, and added vegetable fat and a higher intake of animal products such as meat, fish, eggs and added animal fat than abstainers. The prevalence of current smoking showed a U-shaped relation to alcohol intake in men and women. In men, a U-shaped association was also seen between the prevalence of former smoking and alcohol intake, while the prevalence of former smoking increased linearly with alcohol intake in women. CONCLUSION: The results show that alcohol consumption is associated with dietary consumption patterns and smoking. Therefore, it will be important to consider dietary patterns and other lifestyle parameters when investigating the health effects of alcohol intake in the future.     

Obesity among women may increase the risk of arthritis: observations from the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007–2008

Cross-sectional data from the 2007 to 2008 Canadian Community Health Survey were used to investigate the joint effect of obesity and female on the prevalence of arthritis. A total of 94,758 subjects (44,282 men and 50,476 women) aged 18 years or over who answered the question concerning arthritis were included, and sampling weights and design effects were taken into account in the analysis. The prevalence of arthritis among obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²) men was 18.0 % and 29.8 % among obese women. The adjusted prevalence ratio for obesity associated with arthritis was 1.45 (95 % confidence interval 1.39, 1.52) for women and 1.38 (confidence interval 1.29, 1.47) for men. The combined effect of obesity and female sex was more than additivity, with the relative excess risk due to the interaction being 0.21 (95 % confidence interval 0.09, 0.32). Obesity is likely to have a larger effect on women with arthritis than men.     

Cigarette smoking,physical activity,and alcohol consumption: Relationship to blood lipids and lipoproteins in premenopausal females

A total of 164 premenopausal female subjects were randomly selected for evaluation from a much larger pool of volunteers. The relationships between blood lipid and lipoprotein levels as dependent variables and cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption were determined from partial regression coefficients. A lower HDL-C level (10.1 mg/dL) was seen in smokers v nonsmokers. For each ounce of alcohol consumed, HDL-C level was higher by 2.8 mg/dL, and greater physical activity was associated with a higher HDL-C level of 8.6 mg/dL. An analysis of covariance with covariance adjustments for age and body fat revealed that smokers who regularly exercise or consume alcohol had significantly lower HDL-C levels than nonsmokers with similar habits. Subjects who both exercise and consume alcohol demonstrated higher HDL-C levels than those who indulge in one or the other separately. Results suggest that cigarette smoking may attenuate the effects of chronic exercise or alcohol consumption, or of both, to raise HDL-C levels. Also, chronic exercise and alcohol consumption may exert an additive effect, raising HDL-C level.     

Driving to work and overweight and obesity: findings from the 2003 New South Wales Health Survey, Australia

OBJECTIVES: To examine possible associations between driving to work, physical activity and overweight and obesity. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from a representative sample of the 2003 New South Wales Adult Health Survey, Australia. SUBJECTS: A total of 6810 respondents aged 16 years or over. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported height and weight, modes of transport to work, level of physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake and social-economic status. RESULTS: Almost half of the respondents (49%) were overweight. The main mode of transport to work was driving a car (69%), 15% used public transport, 7% walked, 2% cycled and 6% worked at home. People who drove to work were less likely to achieve recommended levels of physical activity compared to non-car users (56.3 vs 44.3%, chi2 = 82.5, P<0.0001). Driving to work was associated with being overweight or obese (adjusted odds ratio = 1.13 (95% CI 1.01-1.27), P = 0.047). Inadequate level of physical activity was independently associated with overweight or obesity. Socially and economically disadvantaged people were also more likely to be overweight and obese. In addition, being female or never married or having higher level of education was associated with a significantly reduced odds ratio of being overweight or obese, as was speaking a language other than English at home. No association was found between weight status and recommended vegetable or fruit intake. CONCLUSIONS: Driving to work is the dominant mode of commuting in a modern society and its impact on health requires scrutiny. The association found in this study between driving to work and overweight and obesity warrants further investigation to establish whether this relationship is causal. If proved as such, then promoting active transport modes such as walking, cycling and public transport should form a key component of global obesity prevention efforts.     

Prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity among older adults in Malaysia: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015

Malaysia has an increasingly aging population. Despite the substantial benefits of physical activity for healthy aging, older adults are considered the most physically inactive segment of the Malaysian population. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical inactivity among older adults in Malaysia and its correlates. We analysed data on adults aged ≥60 years (n = 3790) from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015, a cross-sectional, nationwide population-based survey covering information on socio-demographic characteristics, physical activity and other lifestyle-related variables, health conditions, and functional limitations. Individuals included in this study were classified as physically active or physically inactive. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with physical inactivity. The overall prevalence of physical inactivity among older adults aged ≥60 years old was 48.8%. Physical inactivity was significantly more prevalent among females, older age groups, Indians, those being single/widowed/divorced, those with no formal education, those who reported high sedentary time (≥7 h/day), those with diabetes, anaemia, and functional limitations (p < 0.001). In fully adjusted analyses, females, older age, high household income (≥MYR4000), inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (<5 servings/day), high sedentary time, having diabetes, and having mobility impairment were all associated with physical inactivity. Approximately half of the Malaysian older population are physically inactive. Identifying the correlates of physical inactivity among Malaysian older adults will help to develop public health policies and interventions that encourage active living among older people and promote healthy aging in Malaysia.     

Comorbidity Between Lifetime Eating Problems and Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey of Mental Health and Well‐being

This study was to examine profiles of eating problems (EPs), mood and anxiety disorders and their comorbidities; explore risk patterns for these disorders; and document differences in health service utilization in a national population. Data were from the Canadian Community Health Survey of Mental Health and Well‐being. The lifetime prevalence of EPs was 1.70% among Canadians, compared with 13.25% for mood disorder, 11.27% for anxiety disorder and 20.16% for any mood or anxiety disorder. Almost half of those with EPs also suffered with mood or anxiety disorders. A similar pattern in depressive symptoms was found among individuals with major depression and EPs, but individuals with EPs reported fewer symptoms. Factors associated with the comorbidity of EPs and mood and anxiety disorders were identified. Individuals with EPs reported more unmet needs. Patients with EPs should be concomitantly investigated for mood and anxiety disorders, as similar interventions may be effective for both. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Cigarette smoking and alcohol use as predictors of HIV testing in the United States: results from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey

We examined the association between HIV risk perception and HIV testing among cigarette smokers, alcohol users, dual consumers of cigarette and alcohol, and abstainers. Data were analyzed from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey of the full sample of 22,946 and separately for 1547 African Americans. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that alcohol users and dual consumers were significantly more likely to perceive themselves to be at risk of acquiring HIV. Cigarette smokers and alcohol users who considered themselves to be at risk for HIV and dual consumers who reported no perceived HIV risk were more likely to have been tested for HIV than abstainers who perceived no risk of acquiring HIV. Among African Americans, dual consumers and cigarette smokers only who perceived themselves at risk for HIV were more likely to have been tested for HIV than abstainers who perceived no risk of HIV infection. This study demonstrated that among the full sample and African Americans, cigarette smoking and alcohol use were significantly associated with HIV testing regardless of HIV risk perceptions.     

Age, smoking and overweight contribute to the development of intestinal metaplasia of the cardia

AIM: To assess the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), age, smoking and body weight on the development of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia (IMC).METHODS: Two hundred and seventeen patients scheduled for esophagogastroduodenoscopy were enrolled in this study. Endoscopic biopsies from the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction and stomach were evaluated for inflammation, the presence of H. pylori and intestinal metaplasia. The correlation of these factors with the presence of IMC was assessed using logistic regression.RESULTS: IMC was observed in 42% of the patients. Patient age, smoking habit and body mass index (BMI) were found as potential contributors to IMC. The risk of developing IMC can be predicted in theory by combining these factors according to the following formula: Risk of IMC = a + s - 2B where a = 2,…6 decade of age, s = 0 for non-smokers or ex-smokers, 1 for < 10 cigarettes/d, 2 for > 10 cigarettes/d and B = 0 for BMI < 25 kg/m² (BMI < 27 kg/m² in females), 1 for BMI > 25 kg/m² (BMI > 27 kg/m² in females). Among potential factors associated with IMC, H. pylori had borderline significance (P = 0.07), while GERD showed no significance.CONCLUSION: Age, smoking and BMI are potential factors associated with IMC, while H. pylori and GERD show no significant association. IMC can be predicted in theory by logistic regression analysis.     

Indicators of abdominal adiposity in middle-aged participants of the SU.VI.MAX study: relationships with educational level, smoking status and physical inactivity

OBJECTIVES: Abdominal fat accumulation is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Identifying the demographic and lifestyle correlates of abdominal adiposity is an important step to target at-risk populations in prevention programs. There are few data of this kind in France. METHODS: Anthropometric indicators of overall (body mass index, BMI) and abdominal (waist hip ratio, WHR; waist circumference, WC) adiposity, educational level, smoking status, and physical activity were assessed in 6,705 middle-aged men and women participating in the SU.VI.MAX study. RESULTS: The likelihood of being obese was increased more than twice in physically inactive subjects of both genders after adjustment for age, smoking status and educational level (OR=2.22, CI95%: 1.74-2.83 in men; OR=2.38, CI95%: 1.84-3.09 in women). Having a high WHR (>=0.95 in men, >=0.80 in women) was more likely in subjects >=50 y, in current smokers, and less likely in men with higher education. The likelihood of having a high WHR was also increased in physically inactive subjects of both genders after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking status and educational level (OR=1.33, CI95%: 1.10-1.60 in men; OR=1.46, CI95%: 1.22-1.74 in women). Having a high WC (>=102 cm in men, >=88 cm in women) was positively associated with age and also with physical inactivity (OR=1.63, CI95%: 1.20-2.22 in women). CONCLUSIONS: These cross-sectional data suggest significant positive associations of physical inactivity with both the WHR and WC, independently of overall adiposity as assessed by the BMI.     

Intra-national variation in trends in overweight and leisure time physical activities in The Netherlands since 1980: stratification according to sex, age and urbanisation degree

OBJECTIVE: To investigate time trends in overweight and Leisure Time Physical Activities (LTPA) in The Netherlands since 1980. Intra-national differences were examined stratified for sex, age and urbanisation degree. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used a random sample of about 140,000 respondents aged 20-69 years from the Health Interview Survey (Nethhis) and subsequent Permanent Survey on Living Conditions (POLS). Self-reported data on weight and height and demographic characteristics were gathered through interviews (every year) and data on LTPA were collected by self-administered questionnaires (1990-1997, 2001-2004). Linear regression analysis was performed for trend analyses. RESULTS: During 1981-2004, mean body mass index (BMI) increased significantly by 1.0 kg/m(2) (average per year=0.05 kg/m(2)). Trends were similar across sex and different degrees of urbanisation, but varied across age groups. In 20-to 39-year-old women, mean BMI increased by 1.7 kg/m(2), which was more than in older age groups (P相似文献