复方马钱子片中士的宁和马钱子碱含量的测定

目的:建立复方马钱子片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇 乙腈 水 冰醋酸(35∶40∶25∶0.5)为流动相,ZorbaxSB C18ODS(4.6 mm×250.0 mm,5 μm)为分析柱,紫外检测波长为254 nm.结果:士的宁线性范围为0.05～0.45 μg,r＝0.999 7,测量平均回收率99.4%,RSD 2.2%.马钱子碱线性范围0.06～0.54 μg,r＝0.999 4,测量平均回收率101.3%,RSD 1.22%.结论:高效液相色谱法测定复方马钱子片中士的宁和马钱子碱含量简便、快速、灵敏.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定痹痛消丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

建立痹痛消丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的反相高效液相分析法。采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-甲醇-0.05mol.L-1KH2PO4溶液-三乙胺(25∶19∶55∶1),磷酸调pH至3.5;流速1ml.min-1;检测波长254nm。士的宁在15.49~185.88μg.ml-1(r=0.9999)、马钱子碱在5.05~60.60μg.ml-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线性关系;士的宁平均回收率为98.42%,RSD为1.14%;马钱子碱平均回收率为100.30%,RSD为1.07%。本方法准确可靠,简便灵敏,重现性好,可用于痹痛消丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的质量控制。     

骨筋丸胶囊中马钱子的含量检测

目的建立骨筋丸胶囊中马钱子的含量检测方法。方法采用SinochromODS-BP(4.6mm×250mm,粒径5μm)色谱柱,甲醇∶水∶三乙胺(55∶45∶0.135)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长254nm,柱温40℃。结果番木鳖碱(士的宁)在8.8￣88.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.11%[相对标准偏差(RSD)=2.29%];马钱子碱在10.2￣102.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.31%(RSD=2.72%)。结论该方法专属性强、准确、可靠,可方便地同时测定士的宁和马钱子碱的含量,有效地控制制剂中马钱子的量。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定祛风活络丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

目的:建立祛风活络丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的反相高效液相分析法,为该药质量控制提供依据.方法:采用Techsphese-C18ODS色谱柱(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm);乙腈-甲醇-0.05 mol·L-1KH2PO4溶液-三乙胺(25:19:55:1,磷酸调pH至3.5)为流动相:流速1 mL·min-1;检测波长254 nm.结果:士的宁在0.3～3.6μg(r=0.999 9)、马钱子碱在0.2～2.4μg(r=0.999 6)范围内呈良好的线性关系:士的宁回收率为97.6%,RSD=2.0%;马钱子碱回收率为101.02%,RSD=1.4%.结论:本方法准确可靠,简便灵敏,重现性好,可用于祛风活络丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的质量控制.     

反相HPLC法测定马钱子中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

建立反相高效液相色谱法测定马钱子中士的宁和马钱子碱的方法.色谱柱为Diammsil C18柱,以10mmol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠与20mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液(用10%磷酸调节pH值为2.8)-乙腈(79∶21)作为流动相,检测波长260nm;马钱子样品采用碱化后以氯仿回流提取.线性范围士的宁为0.4392～2.196μg、马钱子碱为0.3936～1.9680μg,士的宁回收率为100.90%,RSD为2.32%,马钱子碱回收率为102.57%,RSD为2.48%.本方法快速、准确、重现性好,可用于马钱子的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定颈舒片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

目的：建立颈舒片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量测定方法。方法以乙腈-0.01mol· L·-1庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol· L -1磷酸二氢钾等量混合液（用磷酸调pH至2.6）（19∶81）为流动相,柱温：30℃;检测波长260nm,流速0.9mL· min -1。结果士的宁在11.2～179.2μg· mL -1、马钱子碱在10.6～169.6μg· mL -1浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数分别为 r＝0.9999、r ＝0.9990,回收率分别为98.2％、RSD ＝0.74％,99.8％、RSD＝1.4％。结论本法专属性强,操作简便,可作为腰腿痛片的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定腰腿痛丸中麻黄碱、士的宁及马钱子碱的含量

目的采用HPLC法同时测定腰腿痛丸中麻黄碱、士的宁和马钱子碱的含量。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱为安捷伦C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-1mL·L-1磷酸(12∶88);流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为210和254nm;柱温为30℃。结果麻黄碱在1.0²5μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.7%;士的宁在2.025μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.7%;士的宁在2.0⁵0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.1%;马钱子碱在250μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.1%;马钱子碱在2⁵0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.9%。3批腰腿痛丸中麻黄碱、士的宁及马钱子碱的平均含量分别为93.1,106.7和76.8μg·g-1。结论该方法灵敏,精密度好,结果准确可靠。     

HPLC法测定接骨丹片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

目的建立接骨丹片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量测定方法。方法以乙腈-0.01mol.L-1庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾等量混合液(用10%磷酸调pH至2.6)(19∶81)为流动相,检测波长260nm,流速0.7mL.min-1。结果士的宁在11.2~179.2μg.mL-1、马钱子碱在10.6~169.6μg.mL-1浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数分别为r=0.9999、r=0.9990,回收率分别为98.22%、RSD=0.77%;98.83%、RSD=1.0%。结论本法专属性强,操作简便,可作为接骨丹片的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定3种马钱属药材中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

目的:通过比较马钱属3种药材山马钱、马钱子、吕宋果中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量,探讨山马钱与吕宋果是否可以作为马钱子的替代资源。方法:采取HPLC法,条件:Agilent C18柱,流动相为水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(230∶2.4∶0.3)(A)∶甲醇(B)为75∶25,检测波长254 nm,流速1 mL.min-1,柱温30℃,进样体积10μL。结果:士的宁和马钱子碱的质量浓度分别在0.224～2.261 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 4,n=5)和0.124～1.241 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 8,n=5)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.01%和98.91%;吕宋果中士的宁含量在3种药材中最高,其马钱子碱的含量低于马钱子,而山马钱中的士的宁和马钱子碱的含量均较低。结论:该法精确,简便,重复性好;吕宋果有可能成为马钱子的替代资源,而山马钱不适宜作为其药用资源。     

高效液相色谱法测定伤科缓释胶囊中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

目的:建立伤科缓释胶囊中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,使用迪马ODS(5μm,4.6mm×200 mm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-含0.2%磷酸和0.2%三乙胺的水(11∶89),流速1 mL.min-1,检测波长260 nm,柱温为室温。结果:士的宁的进样量在0.29~1.74μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为98.4%(RSD=1.4%);马钱子碱进样量在0.245~1.47μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均加样回收率为99.0%(RSD=1.6%)。结论:该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于伤科缓释胶囊的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.