痉挛型脑瘫患者功能性选择性脊神经后根切断术前后的三维步态特征分析

目的分析痉挛型脑瘫患者功能性选择性脊神经后根切断(functional selective posterior rhizotomy,FSPR)手术前后的步态特征,客观量化评估手术疗效。方法选取15名将要进行FSPR手术治疗的痉挛型脑瘫患者,应用VICON三维运动捕捉系统结合AMTI三维测力台对患者进行手术前后的步态采集,分析手术前后步态的时空、运动学及动力学参数。结果手术后,左、右支撑时间均大于手术前,左侧步长明显大于手术前,步高、步速及冠状面重心偏移均小于手术前;着地时的膝关节矢状面角度(即屈伸角度)出现明显提高,髋、踝关节未见明显差异。手术后,步行过程中左右侧髋、膝、踝关节活动范围(range of motion,ROM)在矢状面均出现不同程度的提高,且有统计学差异;右踝关节冠状面ROM也出现明显提高。手术后,右膝关节最小屈曲角度及左、右踝关节最大跖屈角度均出现显著减小;左、右侧支撑相最大垂直力较手术前明显提高,而下肢关节力矩未见明显差异。结论三维步态分析可以在一定程度上评估痉挛型脑瘫患者FSPR手术的疗效。术后痉挛型脑瘫患者的痉挛得到缓解,对步态的时空参数及下肢关节运动学参数改善比较明显,而对于动力学参数改善相对不明显,需进行进一步康复治疗。     

Architectural Changes of the Gastrocnemius Muscle after Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Purpose

This study used ultrasonography (US) to investigate the architectural changes in gastrocnemius muscles (GCM) after botulinum toxin injection (BoNT-A) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Materials and Methods

Thirteen children with CP who received a BoNT-A injection into their GCM to treat equinus were recruited (9 males and 4 females). Architectural changes in both the medial and lateral heads of the GCM from a total of 20 legs were assessed using B-mode, real-time US. Muscle thickness (MT), fascicle length (FL), and fascicle angle (FA) were measured over the middle of the muscle belly in both a resting and neutral ankle position. Measures at 1 and 3 months after the injection were compared with baseline data taken before the injection.

Results

The mean age of the subjects was 5.8 (±1.6) years. Spasticity was significantly reduced when measured by both the modified Tardieu scale and the modified Ashworth scale at 1 and 3 months after injection (p<0.05). The MT and FA of both the medial and lateral heads of the GCM were significantly reduced for both neutral and resting ankle positions at 1 and 3 months after the injection. The FL of both the medial and lateral heads of the GCM were significantly increased in a resting position (p<0.05), but not in a neutral position.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated muscle architectural changes induced by BoNT-A injection. The functional significances of these changes were discussed.     

Baropodometric analyses of patients before and after bariatric surgery

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the vertical component of the ground reaction force, plantar pressure, contact area of the feet and double-support time using static and dynamic (gait) baropodometry before and after bariatric surgery.METHODS:Sixteen individuals with a body mass index of between 35 and 55 were evaluated before and after bariatric surgery. Thirteen patients (81.3%) were female and three (18.8%) male and their average age was 46±10 (21-60) years. An FSCAN system (version 3848) was used for baropodometric analyses (1 km/h and 3 km/h). The peak plantar pressure and ground reaction force were measured for the rear foot and forefoot. The double-support time and foot contact area were measured during gait.RESULTS:There were reductions in the ground reaction force in the forefoot and rear foot and in the foot contact area in all evaluations and of the double-support time at 3 km/h, as well as a significant reduction in the body mass index at six months post-surgery. The peak pressure did not vary at 1 km/h and at 3 km/h, reductions in peak pressure were observed in the left and right rear feet and left forefoot.CONCLUSIONS:Weight loss after bariatric surgery resulted in decreases in the ground reaction force and contact area of the foot. Plantar pressure was decreased at 3 km/h, especially in the forefoot. There was an increase in rhythm because of a reduction in the double-support time at 3 km/h.     

外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝生物力学影响的有限元分析

目的 探究外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝内部组织(包括足骨、关节和韧带)的生物力学影响。 方法 建立并验证足踝-鞋垫-地面三维有限元模型,探究步态 3 个关键瞬间赤足模型和鞋垫干预模型的足底压力分布、关节接触压力、跖骨及主要韧带的应力。 结果 5°外侧楔形鞋垫模型足底峰值压力比赤足模型减小 65. 8% 。 鞋垫干预使楔舟关节处峰值接触压力减小;距下关节处峰值接触压力和第 4、5 跖骨处峰值应力增大。 结论 本研究量化评估了外侧楔形鞋垫对足踝各部分的生物力学影响,提出了可适当减小外侧楔形鞋垫第 4、5 跖骨处倾斜角度的设计建议。     

The effects of botulinum toxin type A on improvement and dynamic spastic equinus correction in children with cerebral palsy – preliminary results

Introduction

We evaluated the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) with physical therapy on dynamic foot equinus correction and higher motor functional outcome in children with spastic type of cerebral palsy (CP).

Material and methods

Ankle joint active and passive movement, gastrocnemial muscle spasticity levels (Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS)), and higher motor functional status (Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) (GMFM-D – standing and GMFM-E – walking) were assessed before treatment and 3, 8, 16 weeks and 6 months after BTA administration in 12 children.

Results

There was a significant improvement of active (initial – (–)13.07 ±5.78; 6 months – (–)10.64 ±4.77; p < 0.001) and passive (initial – 4.21 ±2.29; 6 months – 4.71 ±2.16; p < 0.05) ankle joint foot dorsiflexion. GMFM-D and GMFM-E were significantly higher after 3, 8, 16 weeks (p < 0.001) and GMFM-D after 6 months (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Botulinum toxin type A administration and physical therapy in patients with spastic CP improves the motion range of dynamic foot equinus after 3 weeks and higher motor functional outcome (standing and walking).     

行走支撑期足弓变化规律与足功能转换机制

目的 通过分析行走步态参数和足弓力学结构,探究行走支撑期足弓功能的转化机制及变化规律。 方法 利用动作捕捉系统及足底压力测试系统同步采集 8 名受试者不同步速行走时的步态参数及横、纵弓角度。 使用单 因素重复测量方差分析检验不同步速下足横、纵弓角度变化及足底受力的特征值差异。 结果 行走支撑期,纵弓 角度、横弓角度及足底受力曲线均存在两个特征值,3 条曲线特征值在 4 种步速下存在一致性规律。 1. 4 倍和 1. 2 倍最适速度行走时,蹬伸离地阶段时长显著性高于 0. 8 倍最适速度(P<0. 05),横弓升高的拐点和第 1 个受力 峰值出现时间早于 0. 8 倍最适步速(P<0. 05);1. 4 倍最适步速相比于 0. 8 倍最适速度横弓在蹬伸离地阶段的最小 角度显著性增加(P<0. 05),最小角度出现的时间显著性提前(P<0. 05);1. 2 倍最适速度步行时,纵弓第 2 个峰值 出现的位置相比于最适速度提前(P<0. 05)。 结论 行走支撑期,足以纵弓、横弓升降实现功能转化。 足纵弓和足 横弓共同降低完成缓冲,纵弓降低、横弓升高使足增加刚性完成蹬伸。 在执行蹬伸推进功能时,步速增加会加大蹬 伸离地阶段在步态支撑期的时间占比,足横弓和纵弓的变化随蹬伸期提前。 探究足弓变化及足功能转化机制对了 解足部运动规律及足踝康复具有重要的指导意义。     

肌力对足关节接触特征影响的生物力学研究

目的 探究足踝体外生物力学实验中肌力对足关节接触力、峰值压强以及接触面积的影响,为选择合适的加载方式提供依据。 方法 踝关节中立位状态下,对新鲜小腿和足离体标本分别进行有无肌力两种方式加载,测量加载状态下第 1 跖趾关节、第 2 跖趾关节、第 1 跖楔关节、第 2 跖楔关节、内侧楔舟关节、中间楔舟关节、距舟关节、 跟骰关节、距下关节(后关节面)以及胫距关节的接触力、峰值压强和接触面积,并对结果进行对比分析。 结果 与无肌力加载状态相比,进行肌力加载时足第 1 跖趾关节、第 2 跖趾关节、第 1 跖楔关节、第 2 跖楔关节、内侧楔舟关节、中间楔舟关节、距舟关节和胫距关节的关节接触力均显著增大( P < 0. 05),变化百分比分别为 719. 28%、311. 37%、128. 67%、50. 82%、54. 89%、57. 63%、79. 98% 和 50. 34% ;足第 1 跖趾关节、第 1 跖楔关节和距舟关节的关节峰值压强显著增大(P<0. 05),变化百分比分别为 176. 14%、62. 91% 和 40. 07% ;足第 1 跖趾关节、第 1 跖楔关节、中间楔舟关节以及距下关节(后关节面) 的关节接触面积均显著增大( P < 0. 05),变化百分比分别为 132. 20%、55. 41%、30. 97% 和 26. 87% 。 结论 足踝标本生物力学实验中,进行肌力加载对足各关节的关节接触力、峰值压强或接触面积均产生显著影响,前足表现尤甚。 在进行相关体外标本研究时,需要考虑肌力加载对足踝受力情况的影响,为足踝生物力学实验提供参考。     

单、双肩书包负重行走儿童的足底压力测量

背景：在儿童时期,不同形式、质量的书包负重可能会引起步态变形。 目的：检测儿童书包负重行走时的动态足底压力分布。 方法：采用比利时Footscan USB2平板式足底压测试系统对24名健康学龄儿童进行动态足底压力测试。受试者分别以自然状态、单肩背书包、双肩背书包步行经过Footscan测力平板,观察步态、支撑期时相、压强及足轴角。 结果与结论：与自然行走时比较,双肩负重行走时,受试者整足着地阶段百分比增高,左、右足的足轴角增大,足部足跟、第2跖骨、第1跖骨处的压强值增大(P < 0.05);单肩负重行走时,步态上表现出双足支撑期各阶段的不平衡,负重侧足跟、第2跖骨、第3跖骨处的压强值急剧增大,同时负重侧足轴角显著大于自然及双肩负重行走时(P < 0.05)。说明书包负重增加了儿童行走的不稳定性,单肩负重儿童双足支撑期时相及压力均表现出不平衡的特征。     

Biomechanical study of tarsometatarsal joint fusion using finite element analysis

Complications of surgeries in foot and ankle bring patients with severe sufferings. Sufficient understanding of the internal biomechanical information such as stress distribution, contact pressure, and deformation is critical to estimate the effectiveness of surgical treatments and avoid complications. Foot and ankle is an intricate and synergetic system, and localized intervention may alter the functions to the adjacent components. The aim of this study was to estimate biomechanical effects of the TMT joint fusion using comprehensive finite element (FE) analysis. A foot and ankle model consists of 28 bones, 72 ligaments, and plantar fascia with soft tissues embracing all the segments. Kinematic information and ground reaction force during gait were obtained from motion analysis. Three gait instants namely the first peak, second peak and mid-stance were simulated in a normal foot and a foot with TMT joint fusion. It was found that contact pressure on plantar foot increased by 0.42%, 19% and 37%, respectively after TMT fusion compared with normal foot walking. Navico-cuneiform and fifth meta-cuboid joints sustained 27% and 40% increase in contact pressure at second peak, implying potential risk of joint problems such as arthritis. Von Mises stress in the second metatarsal bone increased by 22% at midstance, making it susceptible to stress fracture. This study provides biomechanical information for understanding the possible consequences of TMT joint fusion.     

Effect of medial foot loading self-practice on lower limb kinematics in young individuals with asymptomatic varus knee alignment

BackgroundVarus alignment of the knee is a risk factor for developing knee osteoarthritis. Recently, voluntary shifting the plantar pressure distribution medially (medial foot loading) during gait has been found to reduce knee adduction angle during stance, which may lower the joint load. However, it is not yet known whether such effect would persist after long-term self-practice. This study aimed to determine whether medial foot loading can be an effective self-care protocol for reducing the knee adduction angle.MethodsEight subjects with asymptomatic varus knee alignment were trained on medial foot loading once in a laboratory, then carried out as self-practice for 8 weeks outside the laboratory. Spatiotemporal gait parameters and lower limb joint kinematics data were collected during natural walking prior to the training (baseline walking), during the practice session immediately after the initial training (trained walking), and during natural walking after the self-practice period (post-practice walking).ResultsParticipants walked significantly faster after the self-practice period with longer step length compared with the baseline. The knee adduction angle at initial contact, maximum angle during stance, and mean angle during a gait cycle were significantly decreased during both the trained and post-practice walking compared with baseline. The 8-week self-practice caused larger decrements in the three angles than the single training, but no significant differences were found between the two conditions.ConclusionsSelf-practice of medial foot loading walking could be an effective gait strategy to reduce the knee adduction angle. The effect could be sustained for individuals with asymptomatic varus knee alignment.     

Foot trajectory approximation using the pendulum model of walking

Generating a natural foot trajectory is an important objective in robotic systems for rehabilitation of walking. Human walking has pendular properties, so the pendulum model of walking has been used in bipedal robots which produce rhythmic gait patterns. Whether natural foot trajectories can be produced by the pendulum model needs to be addressed as a first step towards applying the pendulum concept in gait orthosis design. This study investigated circle approximation of the foot trajectories, with focus on the geometry of the pendulum model of walking. Three able-bodied subjects walked overground at various speeds, and foot trajectories relative to the hip were analysed. Four circle approximation approaches were developed, and best-fit circle algorithms were derived to fit the trajectories of the ankle, heel and toe. The study confirmed that the ankle and heel trajectories during stance and the toe trajectory in both the stance and the swing phases during walking at various speeds could be well modelled by a rigid pendulum. All the pendulum models were centred around the hip with pendular lengths approximately equal to the segment distances from the hip. This observation provides a new approach for using the pendulum model of walking in gait orthosis design.     

Biomechanical effectiveness of a distraction–rotation knee brace in medial knee osteoarthritis: Preliminary results

BackgroundNon-pharmacological therapies are recommended for the care of knee osteoarthritis patients. Unloader knee braces provide an interesting functional approach, which aims to modulate mechanical stress on the symptomatic joint compartment. We aimed to confirm the biomechanical effects and evaluate functional benefits of a new knee brace that combines a valgus effect with knee and tibial external rotation during gait in medial osteoarthritis patients.MethodsTwenty patients with unilateral symptomatic medial knee osteoarthritis were included and they performed two test sessions of 3D gait analysis with and without the brace at the initial evaluation (W0) and after 5 weeks (W5) of wearing the brace. VAS-pain, satisfaction scores, WOMAC scores, spatio-temporal gait parameters (gait speed, stride length, stance and double stance phases, step width), and biomechanical data of the ipsilateral lower limb (hip, knee, ankle and foot progression angles) were recorded at each session.ResultsVAS-pain and WOMAC significantly decreased at W5. Walking speed was not significantly modified by knee bracing at W0, but increased significantly at W5. Knee adduction moments and foot progression angles significantly decreased in the terminal stance and push off, respectively, with bracing at W0 and W5. Lower-limb joint angles, moments and powers were significantly modified by wearing the brace at W0 and W5.ConclusionThis new knee brace with distraction–rotation effects significantly alters knee adduction moments and foot progression angles during gait, which might lead to significant functional gait improvements and have carry-over effects on pain at the short term in osteoarthritis patients (< 2 months).Level of Evidence: level IV.     

有无跌倒史老年人步态生物力学特征对比分析

目的 通过对有、无跌倒史老年人进行步态运动学和动力学同步测量,对比步态生物力学特征,为老年人跌倒预防提供理论及实践依据。 方法 在居民社区及老年公寓招募 284 名 60 岁以上老年人作为测试对象,严格按照纳入和排除标准,按照既往 12 个月跌倒史分为跌倒组(有跌倒史)和非跌倒组(无跌倒史)。 采用三维录像解析和动态足底压力测量获取受试者自然行走步态的运动学和动力学参数。 测试数据采用独立样本 t 检验进行组间各因素差异性对照分析。 结果 跌倒组老年人自然行走步态过程中左足第 1 跖骨峰值力、双足足跟外侧冲量、右足大拇趾冲量等动力学参数与非跌倒组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05);跌倒组老年人自然行走步态过程中右足第 2 跖骨受力面积、左足缓冲期接触时间、右足前脚掌触地时间、右足横向压力中心(center of pressure, COP)轨迹、左足触地髋角、双足峰值压力点重心位移等运动学参数与非跌倒组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。 结论 与无跌倒史老年人相比,有跌倒史老年人行走过程中第 2 跖骨受力面积减小,足底触地时间延长,过渡期支撑稳定性下降,COP 横向位移增大,行进方向 COM 位移减小,意味着老年人下肢肌力下降,足侧向摆动增大,步行推进力减小,可导致姿势控制策略发生代偿性改变,潜在跌倒风险增大。 在临床评估中,应重点关注有跌倒史老年人群步态足底压力及运动学特征。     

Foot Posture and Plantar Loading With Ankle Bracing

ContextArch height is one important aspect of foot posture. An estimated 20% of the population has pes planus and 20% has pes cavus. These abnormal foot postures can alter lower extremity kinematics and plantar loading and contribute to injury risk. Ankle bracing is commonly used in sport to prevent these injuries, but no researchers have examined the effects of ankle bracing on plantar loading.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of ankle braces on plantar loading during athletic tasks.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingLaboratory.Patients or Other ParticipantsA total of 36 participants (11 men, 25 women; age = 23.1 ± 2.5 years, height = 1.72 ± 0.09 m, mass = 66.3 ± 14.7 kg) were recruited for this study.Intervention(s)Participants completed walking, running, and cutting tasks in 3 bracing conditions: no brace, lace-up ankle-support brace, and semirigid brace.Main Outcome Measure(s)We analyzed the plantar-loading variables of contact area, maximum force, and force-time integral for 2 midfoot and 3 forefoot regions and assessed the displacement of the center of pressure. A 3 × 3 mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of brace and foot type (α = .05).ResultsFoot type affected force measures in the middle (P range = .003–.047) and the medial side of the foot (P range = .004–.04) in all tasks. Brace type affected contact area in the medial midfoot during walking (P = .005) and cutting (P = .01) tasks, maximum force in the medial and lateral midfoot during all tasks (P < .001), and force-time integral in the medial midfoot during all tasks (P < .001). Portions of the center-of-pressure displacement were affected by brace wear in both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions (P range = .001–.049).ConclusionsAnkle braces can be worn to redistribute plantar loading. Additional research should be done to evaluate their effectiveness in injury prevention.     

Short-Term Effects of Combined Serial Casting and Botulinum Toxin Injection for Spastic Equinus in Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that combination therapy of serial cast and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection can further enhance the effects of a BTX-A injection in ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP) who have an equinus foot.

Materials and Methods

Children in group A (30 legs of 21 children) received a serial casting application after an injection of BTX-A, and children in group B (25 legs of 17 children) received only a BTX-A injection. Assessments were performed before the intervention and 1 month after the intervention.

Results

After the intervention, there were significant improvements in tone, dynamic spasticity, and passive range of motion (ROM) in both groups. However, the changes were greater in group A than in group B. Dimension D (standing) in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-66 was significantly improved in group A but not in group B. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in di-mension E (walking, running, jumping) in GMFM-66 in either group.

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that a serial casting application after BTX-A injection can enhance the benefits of BTX-A injection in children with cerebral palsy.     

Effect of intrathecal baclofen on gait control in human hereditary spastic paraparesis

The covariation between thigh, shank and foot elevation angles during locomotion was analysed by means of orthogonal planar regression in a patient with pure hereditary spastic paraparesis before and after an intrathecal bolus of baclofen and in seven healthy subjects. The size, shape and spatial orientation of the loop defining patient's planar covariation (thigh angle vs. shank angle vs. foot angle) significantly differed from the controls’ before baclofen, whereas these features resumed normal characteristics after baclofen injection. This shows that alteration of the control of phase coupling for the co-ordination of lower limb segments in human gait by increased spinal reflexes can be reversed by intrathecal baclofen injection.     

A型肉毒毒素与靳三针治疗痉挛型双瘫脑瘫患儿尖足步态的疗效观察

目的观察A型肉毒毒素注射结合靳三针疗法纠正痉挛型双瘫脑瘫患儿尖足步态的疗效。方法 78例以尖足步态为主的痉挛型双瘫脑瘫患儿,均采用A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗后,随机分为治疗组40例和对照组38例,两组患儿均采用综合康复治疗的方法,治疗组在此基础上增加靳三针疗法。在治疗前、治疗2周、3个月和6个月时对肌张力、运动功能进行评定。结果治疗后,两组患儿的观测指标均有改善,治疗组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论 A型肉毒毒素注射结合靳三针疗法治疗痉挛型双瘫脑瘫患儿疗效显著,靳三针疗法可以提高康复治疗的效果。     

Change in Pulmonary Function after Incentive Spirometer Exercise in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Study

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incentive spirometer exercise (ISE) on pulmonary function and maximal phonation time (MPT) in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).ResultsThere were significant improvements in FVC, FEV₁, PEF, and MPT in the experimental group, but not in the control group. In addition, the improvements in FVC, FEV₁, and MPT were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group.ConclusionThe results of this randomized controlled study support the use of ISE for enhancing pulmonary function and breath control for speech production in children with CP.     

胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面

目的　报道胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床效果。 方法　对13例足踝部创面的患者,采用胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣转位修复术,其中足背创面5例,足跟部创面3例,踝部创面5例。4例急诊外伤创面伴有骨、肌腱外露者急诊修复。5例急诊创面采用VSD负压吸引后亚急诊行皮瓣修复, 4例为术后皮肤坏死,二期行皮瓣修复。皮肤缺损面积为1.5 cm×2.0 cm~7.0 cm×14.0 cm,切取皮瓣面积为2.5 cm×3.5 cm~8.0 cm×15.0 cm。 结果 本组13例皮瓣全部成活,供区植皮均成活。术后随访时间6~18个月,平均10个月。皮瓣质地接近周围皮肤,外观无臃肿。供区皮肤直接缝合者,术后瘢痕较小;供区植皮者,无明显瘢痕增生。踝关节活动良好,患肢均可负重行走。 结论　采用胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣转位修复足踝部创面,具有手术操作简单、安全的特点,是一种较好的术式。     

踝关节不同应力位的动态足底压力特征

目的探究踝关节不同侧肢体和应力位的足底压力分布特点。方法 23名健康受试者通过简易定制走道和足底压力测试平板进行踝中立位、踝内翻、踝外翻的足底压力测试,测试指标为峰值压强、接触面积、接触时间百分比、足底内侧峰值压强之和与外侧峰值压强之和的比值(M/L)、足趾峰值压强之和与足跟峰值压强的比值(A/P)。结果优势腿在第1跖骨的峰值压强明显大于非优势侧,第5跖骨峰值压强明显小于非优势侧。优势侧M/L显著大于非优势侧。除中足、第1趾,其余区域3种应力位的峰值压强存在显著性差异。内翻时各区域的接触时间百分比均大于中立时,外翻时除第2趾其余区域的接触时间百分比大于中立时。内翻、中立、外翻M/L分别为1.24±0.46、1.06±0.26、0.88±0.25;内翻时优势侧M/L大于非优势侧;内、外翻时A/P均大于中立。结论优势侧踝关节稳定性优于非优势侧。踝关节内翻、外翻时稳定性有所下降。内翻时身体往前、内侧偏移,外翻时则往前、外侧偏移以维持稳定。