不同吸痰方式对呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的探讨不同吸痰方式和吸痰深度对呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的影响，为临床选择最佳吸痰方式提供依据。方法将80例同期行机械通气的患者随机分为A、B、C、D组各20例。A组行开放式深吸痰；B组行开放式改良深吸痰；C组行密闭式深吸痰，吸痰深度同A组；D组行密闭式改良深吸痰，吸痰深度同B组，方法同C组。结果四组VAP发生率比较，差异无显著性意义（P=0，048）；但C、D纽VAP发生时间较A、B组显著延迟（均P〈0．01）。气管插管第5天A组CPIS评分显著高于C、D组（均P〈0．01）：第7天密闭式吸痰组CPIS评分有所升高，与开放式吸痰组比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。结论密闭式吸痰法是否能够降低VAP尚需扩大样本进一步探讨，但在延迟VAP发生时间方面独具优势。     

吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响

目的比较两种吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响,为选择合适的吸痰负压提供参考。方法对20例ARDS患者行A/C模式机械通气治疗,每例患者均使用小负压（13.3～20.0kPa）和大负压（20.0～26.7kPa）吸痰1次,吸痰负压顺序随机选择。观察患者在不同吸痰负压下,吸痰前、吸痰后即刻、吸痰后15s、吸痰后1min的脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）的变化,记录SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间、恢复至基线的时间。结果两种吸痰负压均导致SpO2一定程度下降,HR、MAP升高,但差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;吸痰后SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间,两种吸痰负压比较,差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）,大负压吸痰后SpO2恢复至基线的时间显著延长（P〈0.05）。结论两种负压吸痰均能引起ARDS患者SpO2相对下降,HR、MAP相对升高。建议采用小负压吸痰以缩短SpO2恢复至基线的时间。     

肺复张法密闭式吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者肺换气功能的影响

目的 探讨肺复张(RM)法密闭式吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气患者肺换气功能的影响.方法 选择30例需机械通气的ARDS患者,在基础通气稳定30 min后,每例患者按随机顺序分别采用单纯密闭式吸痰(下称单纯法)、复张法密闭式吸痰(吸痰后立即实施1次RM,下称复张法)各1次,2次吸痰间隔60 min.观察记录患者在不同吸痰方式下,吸痰前后动脉血气分析指标和氧化谢指标,吸痰前、中、后血流动力学指标的变化及吸痰后SpO2恢复至吸痰前水平所需时间.结果 两种方式吸痰前后患者血流动力学指标无显著性变化(均P＞0.05);单纯法吸痰后患者PaO2、SaO2、SpO2较吸痰前显著降低(均P＜0.01);复张法吸痰前后上述指标比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05);SpO2恢复至吸痰前水平复张法所需时间显著短于单纯法(P＜0.01).结论 ARDS患者在吸痰后立即实施RM可以纠正吸痰所致的低氧,且血流动力学未受到明显影响,安全可靠. 痰方式下,吸痰前后动脉血气分析指标和氧化谢指标,吸痰前、中、后血流动力学指标的变化及吸痰后SpO2恢复至吸痰前水平所需时间.结果 两种方式吸痰前后患者血流动力学指标无显著性变化( P＞0.05);单纯法吸痰后患者PaO2、SaO2、SpO2较吸痰前显著降低(均P＜0.01);复张法吸痰前后上述指标比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05);SpO2恢复至吸痰前水平复张法所需时间显著短于单纯法(P＜0.01).结论 ARDS患者在吸痰后立即实施RM可以纠正吸痰所致的低氧,且血流动力学未受到明显影响,安全可靠. 痰方式下,吸痰前后动脉血气分析指标和氧化谢指标,吸痰前、中、后血流动力学指标的变化及吸痰后SpO2恢复至吸     

气管插管病人胃管置入方法研究

目的 探讨气管插管病人胃管置入方法。方法 将264例气管插管病人随机分为卡弗放气组(A组)、卡费不放气组(B组)、头部前倾组(C组)和镇静状态下牵拉气管组(D组)各66例；观察并比较一次置管成功率，置管前后HR、SpO2及置管过程中呛咳发生率。结果①一次置管成功率比较，A组与B组差异无显著性意义(P＞0．05)，C组显著低于A、B组(均P＜0．05)，D组显著高于其它各组(均P＜0．01)。②置管后HR、SpO2与各自置管前相比，B、D组无显著性意义(均P＞0．05)，A、C组HR明显加快、SpO2明显降低(P＜0．05，P＜0．01）；C组置管过程中呛咳发生率显著高于其他各组(均P＜0．01)。结论 对气管插管病人在镇静状态下牵拉气管的同时置入胃管准确性高、不良反应少。     

硬膜外麻醉下不同二氧化碳气腹压在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中应用的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的通过评价硬膜外麻醉下腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中不同二氧化碳（CO2）气腹压对患者生命体征、血气指标及术后恢复的影响，探讨LC术更经济、安全、微创的治疗条件。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法，60例择期LC术分为低、中、高气腹压三组，气腹压力A组8mmHg，B组11mmHg，C组14mmHg。对比术前术中生命体征、血气指标及术后恢复等指标。结果60例LC术在硬膜外麻醉下均顺利完成。气腹后3组血压（BP）均明显下降（P〈0．001），C组明显低于A、B组（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组心率（HR）均减慢（P〈0．001），3组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。气腹后3组呼吸频率（RF）均显著增快（P〈0．001），C组增加较A、B组明显（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组动脉血CO2分压（PaCO2）均明显增高（P〈0．05），B、C组明显高于A组（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组pH值均明显降低（P〈0．01），C组明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。气腹后3组血浆CO2含量（TCO2）、碳酸氢根（HCO3^-）明显增高（P〈0．05），3组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。3组手术时间、术中CO2消耗量、术后肩痛和恶心呕吐发生率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论硬膜外麻醉、低气腹压（8mmHg）完全能够满足绝大部分LC手术需要，而且可以达到更安全、经济、微创的目的。     

深静脉血栓形成血管张力因素的研究

目的：研究血管收缩因素ET－1和TXA2、舒张因素PGI2以及TXA2与PGI2的平衡与深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的关系,为防治措施的进一步改进提供依据。方法：36例DVT患者根据病程分为A、B、C、D4组,并设正常对照组。均采用放免的方法测定血浆ET－1、TXB2、6－keto-PGF1α浓度。结果：①DVT各组的血浆ET－1水平均高于对照组（P＜0．01）。②A组、B组和D组血浆TXB2水平均高于对照组并有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。③C组血浆6－keto-PGF/1α水平低于对照组并有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。B组与A组和C组均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,B组分别高于A组和C组（P＜0．05）.④CDVT各组TXB2与6－keto-PGF1α比值（T／P）均高于对照组并有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。A组高于B组并有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：DVT存在血管收缩与舒张的失调,血管收缩强于血管舒张。血管收缩与舒张失调参与了DVT的病理生理过程,可能是血栓形成的辅助因素。     

吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响

目的比较两种吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响,为选择合适的吸痰负压提供参考。方法对20例ARDS患者行A/C模式机械通气治疗,每例患者均使用小负压(13.3～20.0kPa)和大负压(20.0～26.7kPa)吸痰1次,吸痰负压顺序随机选择。观察患者在不同吸痰负压下,吸痰前、吸痰后即刻、吸痰后15s、吸痰后1min的脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)的变化,记录SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间、恢复至基线的时间。结果两种吸痰负压均导致SpO2一定程度下降,HR、MAP升高,但差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);吸痰后SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间,两种吸痰负压比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),大负压吸痰后SpO2恢复至基线的时间显著延长(P0.05)。结论两种负压吸痰均能引起ARDS患者SpO2相对下降,HR、MAP相对升高。建议采用小负压吸痰以缩短SpO2恢复至基线的时间。     

槲皮素抑制乳腺癌发生及增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨槲皮素抑制乳腺癌发生及增殖的作用。方法 建立三甲基苯丙蒽（DMBA）诱导的乳腺癌动物模型。79只雌性SD大鼠随机分为A组（DMBA）、B组[DMBA 三苯氰胺（TAMC)],C组（DMBA＋槲皮素）及D组（空白对照）。持续喂养28周,经光镜、电镜观察,抗PCNA及H－ras免疫组化分析。结果 （1）A组大鼠乳腺肿瘤发生率为76．2％,明显高于B组（40．9％）、C组（45．5％）及D组（0％）,P＜0．05;B组与C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（2）A组大鼠乳腺癌平均直径2．37cm,明显大于B组（1．82cm)及C组（1．71cm),P＜0．05;B组和C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（3）PCNA免疫组化染色显示;A组和B组和C组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）;B组和C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。（5）H－ras免疫化染色显示;A组与B组和C组比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,B组和C组相比差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论 槲皮素有降低DMBA诱导的SD大鼠乳腺癌发生率及抑制肿瘤生长的作用,其机理可能与抑制ras基因活性、阻抑细胞增殖有关。     

常温和低温心肺转流期间门静脉血流量及氧代谢的变化

目的：研究常温和低温心肺转流（CPB）期间门静脉血流量（PBF）和氧代谢的变化。方法：测定11号杂种犬在常温（N组）或低温（H组）CPB期间PBF和氧代谢指标。结果：CPB中低温组SpO2升高，PDO2、PVO2降低（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）；常温组PpO2、PDO2降低，而PERO2和PBF升高（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。CPB后两组SaO2、PaO2、SpO2、PpO2、PBF、PDO2均有不同程度的降低（P＜0．05或P＜0．01），而PERO2明显升高（P＜0．01），常温组PVO2减少（P＜0．05）。两组相比，CPB中低温组PaO2、SaO2、SpO2高于常温组，PVO2、PERO2、PBF低于常温组（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。CPB后低温组SaO2、PDO2、PVO2和PBF都高于常温组（P＜0．05）。结论：常温和低温CPB期间门脉系统都存在氧代谢障碍，但常温CPB期间PBF、门脉组织氧利用明显优于低温CPB，CPB后PBF、门脉组织氧代谢低温组优于常温组。     

两点法硬膜外阻滞下直肠癌手术期间的SpO2监测与氧治疗

目的观察两点法硬膜外阻滞下直肠癌手术期间低氧血症的发生, 并探讨有效提升SpO2的氧治疗方案. 方法两点法硬膜外阻滞下直肠癌手术患者36例, 随机分为三组. A组: 未吸氧组; B、 C组: 吸氧组. 观察三组手术期间SpO2变化并行统计学处理(t检验).结果切皮时、切皮后5分钟及用辅助药后的SpO2与麻醉前比较: A、 B组显著性下降(P＜0.05); C组无显著性变化(P＞0.05). 结论 SpO2连续监测有利于及时发现两点法硬膜外阻滞下直肠癌手术期间发生的低氧血症, 而经鼻开放式给氧41/min的氧治疗方案可迅速提升SpO2, 提高此项麻醉的安全性.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.