Jagged1蛋白抑制神经干细胞向神经元分化的实验

目的：研究Jagged1蛋白对神经干细胞分化的影响。方法：分离小鼠胚胎脑神经干细胞,用Jagged1蛋白、Jagged1蛋白 γ泌肽酶体外诱导神经干细胞分化,观察分化后神经元所占的比例。结果：分离的细胞能持续增殖,并能分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞;在Jagged1蛋白的影响下,分化后神经元数量明显减少;γ泌肽酶抑制剂能阻断Jagged1蛋白的诱导作用。结论：培养的细胞为神经干细胞,并表达Notch受体;Jagged1蛋白能抑制干细胞向神经元分化,这种分化作用是通过Notch受体实现的。     

神经干细胞向神经元诱导和分化的研究

为探讨无血清条件下联合应用bFGF、PDGF、RA、HRG、Forskolin对大鼠神经干细胞诱导分化的作用,本研究采用体外分离、培养神经干细胞,传2~3代后,联合应用因子体外诱导神经干细胞分化等方法;通过Ⅱ型微管相关蛋白(MAP2)和S100抗体免疫荧光染色鉴定分化的细胞;图像分析系统测量神经元样细胞的参数;全细胞膜片钳技术记录分化后细胞的钠电流。结果显示:MAP2阳性神经元样细胞所占比例,联合因子组明显高于血清组(P<0.05);胞体面积及周长、突起的长度,联合因子组明显高于血清组和bFGF组(P<0.05)。另外,联合因子组中80%形态似神经元样的细胞能诱发电压依赖性的Na+通道电流。以上结果表明在体外无血清条件下联合应用bFGF、PDGF、RA、HRG、Forskolin对大鼠神经干细胞向神经元定向诱导分化是可行的,分化的神经元比例高,且细胞更具有神经电生理特性。     

神经生长因子诱导神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元的分化

为了探讨神经生长因子(NGF)是否具有诱导神经干细胞(NSCs)向胆碱能神经元分化的能力,利用无血清培养技术从胎鼠脑内获得神经干细胞,传代纯化后利用免疫细胞化学技术,观察不同剂量NGF作用后神经干细胞向胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)阳性细胞分化的情况。结果发现:50、100、200ng/ml NGF组ChAT阳性细胞数明显比对照组增加,且以100ng/ml组最为明显;各NGF组,分化的细胞状态较好,且突起明显比对照组增粗增长,以200ng/ml组最为明显。此结果证明NGF具有诱导NSCs向胆碱能神经元分化的趋势,且能促进分化细胞突起的生长。     

神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元诱导分化研究进展

在帕金森病的细胞移植治疗研究中 ,如何在体外获得足够的多巴胺能神经元一直是一个难以解决的问题。干细胞的研究让人们看到了希望的曙光 ,利用干细胞不仅能在体外大量得到相关的神经元 ,而且也可能解决胎脑移植引发的伦理问题。本文就神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元诱导分化及相关因素的研究进展作一综述。     

海马胆碱能刺激肽促进神经干细胞向神经元分化

目的探讨海马胆碱能刺激肽(HCNP)在神经干细胞向神经元分化过程中所起的作用。方法切割SD大鼠右侧穹窿海马伞,14天后取切割穹窿海马伞侧海马制成海马提取液;将神经干细胞接种于24孔板中,分为HCNP与海马提取液联合培养组、HCNP组以及空白对照组,每组八孔;细胞分化至14天时行Tuj-1、MAP-2免疫荧光检测;计数Tuj-1、MAP-2阳性神经元数及细胞周长,并观察胞体大小和突起长度。结果联合培养组Tuj-1、MAP-2阳性神经元最多,胞体大,突起长;HCNP组神经元数量较前组少,胞体较小,突起数量和长度均小于前组;对照组则仅有少量胞体小、突起短的神经元。HCNP与切割穹窿海马伞侧海马提取液联合培养组神经元成熟度优于其它两组。结论 HCNP对神经干细胞向神经元的分化具有明显促进作用。     

脑源性神经营养因子体外诱导神经干细胞向神经元分化

目的观察脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)对新生SD大鼠海马神经干细胞在体外分化为神经元的作用。方法取新生SD大鼠海马组织,以无血清培养技术培养获得神经干细胞,在BDNF诱导下让其在体外分化,7d后,通过免疫荧光技术结合图像分析技术来观察分化所得神经丝(neurofilament,NF)抗原阳性神经元的比率及其最长突起的长度。结果BDNF组分化所得细胞NF阳性率为13.66%,神经元突起长度为(146.27±26.30)μm,对照组分化所得细胞NF阳性率为9.38%,神经元突起长度为(117.00±23.98)μm,两组结果有显著性差异。结论BDNF能提高新生SD大鼠海马神经干细胞体外定向分化为神经元的比率,并且能刺激新生神经元突起的生长。     

Lhx8促进海马神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元分化

目的 构建大鼠Lhx8全长结构基因真核表达载体。方法 PCR法扩增Lhx8全长结构基因,经EcoRI和BamHI双酶切后连接至真核表达载体pEGFP-C3中,重组质粒pEGFP-C3-Lhx8经测序鉴定后,采用脂质体转染的方法转染至体外培养的海马神经干细胞中。 结果 测序鉴定表明,重组质粒pEGFP-C3- Lhx8-EGFP构建成功,该重组质粒转入体外培养的神经干细胞后,质粒转染组中ChAT阳性的细胞数较阴性对照组明显增多（P<0.05）。 结论 重组质粒pEGFP-C3- Lhx8-EGFP构建成功,Lhx8能够促进NSCs向ChAT阳性的细胞分化。     

骨髓基质细胞促进人胚神经干细胞向神经元的分化

目的:探讨骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)对人胚神经干细胞(NSCs)分化的影响。方法:采用机械法分离人胚NSCs,成球法进行传代培养,采用免疫荧光染色检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白(Nestin)的表达鉴定NSCs。按培养方式不同,分为NSCs自然分化组、BMSCs和NSCs直接接触共培养组及Transwell共培养组,采用免疫细胞荧光法及免疫印迹法检测各组神经元和星形胶质细胞标志物的表达。结果:在直接接触共培养组和transwell共培养组中,免疫荧光染色显示神经元标志物NSE阳性细胞率明显高于自然分化组,而星形胶质细胞标志物GFAP阳性细胞率低于自然分化组。免疫印迹检测显示Transwell共培养组中NSE表达量显著高于自然分化组,而GFAP表达量低于自然分化组。结论:BMSCs具有促进NSCs向神经元分化的作用。     

肝细胞生长因子促进人胚胎干细胞向神经前体细胞分化

目的:研究肝细胞生长因子(HGF)诱导人胚胎干细胞(hESCs)定向分化为神经前体细胞(NPs)的作用。方法:诱导拟胚体(EBs)生成,随机将EBs分为正常对照组、G5 supplement组、HGF组和HGF+G5 supple-ment组,悬浮培养诱导7d,转移至多聚赖氨酸/层黏连蛋白(20mg/L)包被的24孔培养板中继续培养7-10d。免疫荧光染色鉴定NPs和体外分化能力,流式细胞仪检测各组巢蛋白(nestin)阳性细胞的比例,RT-PCR检测音猥因子(Shh)对NPs的脑区标记基因表达的影响。结果:HGF+G5可诱导hESCs定向分化为NPs,HGF+G5组的nestin阳性的NPs比例(87.3%±3.9%)显著高于其它组(P0.05),NPs具有分化成神经元、少突和星形胶质细胞的能力;HGF+G5诱导时间对于NPs的分化有影响,7d时nestin+细胞比例达到最大;Shh可使NPs表达腹侧化基因,后脑标记表达上调,而前脑标记表达下调。结论:含HGF和G5的无血清神经分化体系可有效诱导hESCs神经分化,是研究神经诱导的良好体系。     

Erk1/2 promotes proliferation and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are in a complex niche in which cell-extrinsic cues and cell-intrinsic genetic mechanisms in chorus mediate their cellular processes such as self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, we found that inactivation of Erk1/2 with U0126 in NSCs significantly promoted neuronal differentiation and inhibited proliferation. Sustained Erk1/2 inactivity was required in this process. We also found that nerve growth factor (NGF) and collagen could promote the proliferation and inhibit neuronal differentiation by activating phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Cell-cycle regulators such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), Cyclin D1 and Hes1 mediated the effect of Erk on NSCs proliferation and differentiation. Our results showed that Erk1/2 played an important role in the interplay between cell-extrinsic cues and cell-intrinsic genetic mechanisms in neural stem cell biology.     

质粒重编程诱导多潜能干细胞及定向分化神经干细胞

目的 　探讨游离质粒载体重编程诱导小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs)为非整合型诱导多潜能干细胞,并在体外定向分化为神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSCs), 为神经干细胞移植治疗神经损伤提供稳定、安全的细胞来源。 方法　使用电转仪将质粒pEP4-EO2S-ET2K转入小鼠MEFs, 经诱导培养重编程为诱导多潜能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs), iPSCs在不同诱导培养基中经2次悬浮及贴壁培养分化为NSCs,在体内及体外实验鉴定iPSCs多向分化潜能特性及NSCs特性。 结果　体内外实验显示iPSCs具有与胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ESCs)相似的多向分化潜能, 且不整合外源性基因。iPSCs进一步分化的NSCs其相关标志基因表达与野生型NSCs相近,且较iPSCs显著增加,免疫荧光显示NSCs高表达NSC标志物 NESTIN及PAX6,在体外存活能分化为神经元、少突胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞。 结论　游离质粒能重编程诱导非整合型iPSCs, 并定向分化为神经干细胞及神经元, 是神经损伤修复的理想种子细胞。     

Engineered N-cadherin and L1 biomimetic substrates concertedly promote neuronal differentiation,neurite extension and neuroprotection of human neural stem cells

We investigated the design of neurotrophic biomaterial constructs for human neural stem cells, guided by neural developmental cues of N-cadherin and L1 adhesion molecules. Polymer substrates fabricated either as two-dimensional (2-D) films or three-dimensional (3-D) microfibrous scaffolds were functionalized with fusion chimeras of N-cadherin-Fc alone and in combination with L1-Fc, and the effects on differentiation, neurite extension and survival of H9 human-embryonic-stem-cell-derived neural stem cells (H9-NSCs) were quantified. Combinations of N-cadherin and L1-Fc co-operatively enhanced neuronal differentiation profiles, indicating the critical nature of the two complementary developmental cues. Notably, substrates presenting low levels of N-cadherin-Fc concentrations, combined with proportionately higher L1-Fc concentration, most enhanced neurite outgrowth and the degree of MAP2+ and neurofilament-M+ H9-NSCs. Low N-cadherin-Fc alone promoted improved cell survival following oxidative stress, compared to higher concentrations of N-cadherin-Fc alone or combinations with L1-Fc. Pharmacological and antibody blockage studies revealed that substrates presenting low levels of N-cadherin are functionally competent so long as they elicit a threshold signal mediated by homophilic N-cadherin and fibroblast growth factor signaling. Overall, these studies highlight the ability of optimal combinations of N-cadherin and L1 to recapitulate a “neurotrophic” microenvironment that enhances human neural stem cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, 3-D fibrous scaffolds presenting low N-cadherin-Fc further enhanced the survival of H9-NSCs compared to equivalent 2-D films. This indicates that similar biofunctionalization approaches based on N-cadherin and L1 can be translated to 3-D “transplantable” scaffolds with enhanced neurotrophic behaviors. Thus, the insights from this study have fundamental and translational impacts for neural-stem-cell-based regenerative medicine.     

放射状胶质细胞的研究进展

脊椎动物中枢神经系统(central neural system,CNS)发育过程中,有一类细胞与CNS的发育密切相关一神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs),目前已知的NSCs主要有3种:神经上皮细胞、放射状胶质细胞(radial glial cells,RGCs)、基祖细胞.     

骨髓基质细胞促进神经干细胞增殖分化

目的：探讨骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）对神经干细胞（NSCs）增殖分化的影响。 方法:在体外比较NSCs在单独培养和在BMSCs条件培养液中培养下的分化和增殖情况。 结果:应用BMSCs条件培养液培养NSCs，分化的神经元比例较显著高于NSCs单独培养（41.1%±3.2% vs 23.3%±16.5%，P<0.05），而分化的星形胶质细胞所占比例显著降低（33.8%±4.9% vs 65.0%±10.4%，P<0.01），同时增殖细胞所占比例也显著增高（74.7％±4.7％ vs 51.4％±12.3％，P<0.01）。 结论:BMSCs对NSCs有促进其增殖和向神经元分化的作用。NSCs与BMSCs联合移植可能会增强NSCs移植的抗脑损伤作用。     

Engineering of adult human neural stem cells differentiation through surface micropatterning

Interaction between differentiating neural stem cells and the extracellular environment guides the establishment of cell polarity during nervous system development. Developing neurons read the physical properties of the local substrate in a contact-dependent manner and retrieve essential guidance cues. To restore damage brain area by tissue engineering, the biomaterial scaffold has to mimic this microenvironment to allow organized tissue regeneration. To establish the validity of using microgrooved surfaces in order to simultaneously provide to primary adult human neural stem cells a permissive growth environment and a guide for neurite outgrowth in a pre-established direction, we have studied the long-term culture of adult human neural stem cells from patient biopsies on microgrooved polymers. By exploiting polymer moulding techniques, we engineered non-cytotoxic deep microstructured surfaces of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) exhibiting microchannels of various widths. Our results demonstrate that precoated micropatterned PDMS surfaces can serve as effective neurite guidance surfaces for human neural stem cells. Immunocytochemistry analysis show that channel width can impact strongly development and differentiation. In particular we found an optimal microchannel width, that conciliates a high differentiation rate with a pronounced alignment of neurites along the edges of the microchannels. The impact of the microstructures on neurite orientation turned out to be strongly influenced by cell density, attesting that cell/surface interactions at the origin of the alignment effect, are in competition with cell/cell interactions tending to promote interconnected networks of cells. Considering all these effects, we have been able to design appropriate structures allowing to obtain neuron development and differentiation rate comparable to a plane unpatterned surface, with an efficient neurite guidance and a long-term cell viability.     

人诱导性多能干细胞向神经干细胞分化的方法探讨

目的:探讨人诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)体外定向分化为神经干细胞(NSCs)的方法。方法:人iPS细胞悬浮培养4 d形成的拟胚体(EB)经维甲酸(RA)诱导4 d,诱导后的EB在无血清培养基中筛选并扩增培养。倒置显微镜下观察诱导后细胞的形态变化,RT-PCR检测iPS细胞多能性基因Nanog、Oct4和Sox2的表达,免疫荧光法检测NSCs特异性标志物Nestin、神经元标志物β-tubulinⅢ和神经胶质细胞标志物GFAP的表达。结果:(1)人iPS细胞在饲养层细胞上稳定传代,表达多能性基因Nanog、Oct4和Sox2,去除饲养层后悬浮培养能形成球形EB;(2)经RA诱导后的EB在无血清培养基中筛选培养第1 d贴壁生长,周围爬出细胞;第3 d,在高倍镜下可见中央聚集的细胞呈环形的rosette结构,rosette结构增多到第7 d达高峰。对照组未观察到rosette结构。随后大部分rosette细胞脱离瓶壁悬浮生长,形成神经球样克隆。免疫荧光显示神经球呈nestin阳性表达。贴壁培养的神经球能分化成β-tubulinШ和GFAP阳性细胞。结论:RA诱导结合无血清培养基筛选法能诱导iPS细胞高效分化为NSCs。     

Engraftable neural crest stem cells derived from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells

Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), a population of multipotent cells that migrate extensively and give rise to diverse derivatives, including peripheral and enteric neurons and glia, craniofacial cartilage and bone, melanocytes and smooth muscle, have great potential for regenerative medicine. Non-human primates provide optimal models for the development of stem cell therapies. Here, we describe the first derivation of NCSCs from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells (CmESCs) at the neural rosette stage. CmESC-derived neurospheres replated on polyornithine/laminin-coated dishes migrated onto the substrate and showed characteristic expression of NCSC markers, including Sox10, AP2α, Slug, Nestin, p75, and HNK1. CmNCSCs were capable of propagating in an undifferentiated state in vitro as adherent or suspension cultures, and could be subsequently induced to differentiate towards peripheral nervous system lineages (peripheral sympathetic neurons, sensory neurons, and Schwann cells) and mesenchymal lineages (osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and smooth muscle cells). CmNCSCs transplanted into developing chick embryos or fetal brains of cynomolgus macaques survived, migrated, and differentiated into progeny consistent with a neural crest identity. Our studies demonstrate that CmNCSCs offer a new tool for investigating neural crest development and neural crest-associated human disease and suggest that this non-human primate model may facilitate tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efforts.     

ADSC源性神经干细胞向神经元和星形胶质细胞不同方向分化时的超微结构变化研究

目的: 观察成人脂肪基质细胞(ADSC)源性神经干细胞在体外向神经元和星形胶质细胞分化过程中的细胞超微结构变化。方法: 体外培养、扩增ADSC,分别采用β-巯基乙醇和以3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤(IBMX)为主要成分的诱导剂对ADSC进行诱导分化。应用免疫荧光化学染色法对2种诱导剂诱导后的细胞进行神经巢蛋白(nestin)的鉴定及诱导率分析,透射电子显微镜观察不同方法诱导出的神经干细胞的超微结构特征。结果: 体外培养的成人ADSC在β-巯基乙醇的诱导作用下3 h nestin的表达达高峰,以IBMX为主要成分的诱导剂诱导的细胞14 d达高峰,且前者的峰值(86%)显著高于后者(23%),但以IBMX为主要成分的诱导剂诱导的细胞nestin表达持续时间明显长于β-巯基乙醇组。透射电镜下观察不同诱导剂诱导的神经干细胞超微结构,发现细胞的大体形态相似,但细胞器有差异。结论: β-巯基乙醇或以IBMX为主要成分的不同诱导剂在使成人ADSC向星形胶质细胞或神经元等不同方向分化时,可使ADSC源性神经干细胞胞浆中细胞器发生不同的超微结构变化,而细胞核的超微结构变化不明显。