骨内腱鞘囊肿的影像学表现

目的:探讨骨内腱鞘囊肿的影像学表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的23例骨内腱鞘囊肿的临床及影像资料,X线平片检查15例,螺旋CT检查9例,MRI检查6例。4例同时行X线平片和CT检查,3例同时行X线平片和MRI检查。结果:X线、CT表现为骨内邻近关节面的类圆形囊样透亮区,边界清楚,有薄层硬化边,3例CT及其三维重建显示病灶与关节腔相通。MRI在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI和脂肪抑制T2表现为高信号,MRI显示病灶与关节腔相通2例。结论:骨内腱鞘囊肿影像学表现有一定特征,CT及其三维重建对病灶细节显示清晰,可作为首选检查方法。     

骨内腱鞘囊肿的影像学表现

目的:探讨骨内腱鞘囊肿的影像学表现及诊断与鉴别诊断.方法:回顾性分析经手术证实的20例骨内腱鞘囊肿的临床及影像资料,均行X线、CT检查,2例行MRI检查.结果:X线、CT表现为邻近关节面的类圆形囊样透亮区,边界清晰,18例有完整硬化边,10例病灶内见粗细不均的条状骨性间隔,3个病灶通过裂隙与关节腔相通,CT值20～60 HU,MRI在T2WI和脂肪抑制序列均表现为高信号.结论:骨内腱鞘囊肿的X线、CT典型表现为骨内邻近关节面的囊状破坏,边界清晰硬化,MRI在T2WI和脂肪抑制序列均表现为高信号,结合发病部位和临床症状及影像学表现,对本病可作出正确诊断.     

骨内脂肪瘤的X线及CT表现（附6例报告并文献复习）

目的：探讨骨内脂肪瘤的X线及CT表现,提高其诊断准确率。方法：收集6例经病理证实的骨内脂肪瘤的X线及CT影像资料,结合文献对其临床、病理及影像表现进行回顾性分析。结果：6例均为单发病灶,其中1个病灶位于肩胛冈、1个病灶位于第四腰椎下关节突、3个病灶位于股骨头、1个病灶位于跟骨。X线平片表现为边界清或不清的圆形、类圆形或不规则形透亮区,可伴硬化缘。CT图像上病灶表现为圆形、类椭圆形或不规则形脂性密度区,CT值为-3 5～-110HU,其中1例病灶中央见结节状钙化,病灶最大径为1.8～2.6cm。边缘不规整,伴有厚薄不等的硬化边。结论：X线平片有助于显示骨内脂肪瘤的发生部位,而CT检查能够在术前对其做出定性诊断,从而为临床制定治疗方案提供影像学依据。     

纤维性骨皮质缺损的X线、CT诊断分析

目的:总结纤维性骨皮质缺损的影像学表现特点,加深对本病的认识,提高影像诊断能力。方法:回顾性分析2006～2012年经临床追踪或手术病理证实的28例纤维性骨皮质缺损患者的影像资料。28例均行X线正侧位片检查,其中12例加行病变处切线位片检查,16例行CT检查,分析纤维性骨皮质缺损的X线、CT检查的诊断特点。结果:28例纤维性骨皮质缺损的病灶均位于长管状骨,其中股骨远侧干骺端16例,1例累及双股骨远侧干骺端;胫骨近侧干骺端6例;腓骨近侧干骺端2例;胫骨远侧干骺端2例;肱骨干2例。病灶位于病骨侧后缘20例;位于后缘8例。其典型的影像学表现为:病灶X线正位片呈椭圆形或圆形低密度透亮区,边缘多清晰、锐利,见硬化边;X线切线位片和CT图像示局部骨皮质凹陷缺损、病灶表浅、不深入髓腔、病灶表面未见骨壳。结论:纤维性骨皮质缺损通过X线正侧位片、切线位片和CT图像分析可明确诊断。     

骨内腱鞘囊肿的影像学表现

目的 :探讨骨内腱鞘囊肿的影像学表现,以提高其诊断准确率。方法 :回顾性分析经手术证实的15例骨内腱鞘囊肿患者的临床及影像学资料。结果:本组15例中,14例单发,1例双侧对称。16个病灶位于承重关节面下。X线表现圆形或类圆形透亮区,境界清晰,有硬化缘。CT表现为多房、花瓣形透亮区,有明显的硬化边,1例三维重建示病灶与关节腔相通。MRI病灶呈圆形或椭圆形长T_1、T_2信号,病灶周围可见低信号硬化边,1例病灶内见低信号间隔,1例病灶与关节腔相通。结论:骨内腱鞘囊肿特征性的影像学表现,主要有承重关节面下圆形或类圆形骨质破坏,边缘有硬化边,边界清晰。CT对病灶细节显示清晰,可作为首选检查方法,MRI可显示病灶的信号特征、邻近软骨有无受累及与关节关系,有重要的临床价值。     

纤维性骨皮质缺损的影像诊断

目的：探讨纤维性骨皮质缺损的各种影像表现，评价X线、CT、MRI对纤维性骨皮质缺损的诊断价值。方法：搜集经临床追踪或手术证实21例患者，其中15例摄X线平片；10例行CT扫描，5例行MRI扫描，分析X线、CT、MRI影像特点。结果：21例共22个病灶，其中股骨远侧干骺端13个，胫骨近侧干骺端6个，股骨近侧干骺端2个，肱骨下干骺端1个。单发20例，对称发生1例。X线表现：病灶呈类圆形、椭圆形、泪滴状或不规则形，骨质缺损区，病灶长轴与骨干平行，边缘可见硬化边，病灶切线位上可见杯口状或碟状的骨皮质缺损，局部未见骨膜反应及软组织肿胀。CT表现：位于骨皮质表层或骨皮质内的不规则骨质破坏区：CT值40-69HU，病灶局部可见骨皮质缺损，内缘可见硬化环。病变均无骨膜反应，周围软组织未见肿胀及钙化。MRI表现：4个病灶在T1WIT2WI上均呈低信号，1个病灶呈T1WI上低信号，T2WI上高信号，边缘皆有更低信号线环绕。19例（20个病灶）经随访观察，11个病灶缩小，8个病灶未见明显变化，1个病灶消失。结论：FCD通过影像检查可以确诊。X线平片是检查的首选方法，但CT、MRI比平片更有价值。     

Imaging diagnosis of chondroblastoma in unusual locations

目的:探讨少见部位软骨母细胞瘤的影像学表现及其临床诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的7例少见部位软骨母细胞瘤患者的病例资料.肿瘤位于距骨2例、跟骨2例、髌骨、坐骨结节及耻骨下支各1例.行X线平片检查7例,CT平扫4例,MRI平扫及增强检查4例.结果:X线平片示膨胀性骨质破坏5例,囊状骨质破坏1例,灶周硬化3例,病灶内小斑片状钙化1例;平片漏诊1例.4例CT均显示膨胀性骨质破坏,灶周硬化,病灶内斑点状或小斑片状钙化.MRI上病变呈膨胀性骨质破坏3例,囊状骨质破坏1例,4例病灶信号均混杂,灶周均可见低信号线状影及明显的骨髓水肿.结论:少见部位软骨母细胞瘤具有膨胀性骨质破坏及灶周骨髓水肿明显的特点,平片、CT和MRI三种检查方法联合应用对本病的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

长骨转移瘤的影像学诊断

目的探讨长骨转移瘤的影像学特点,提高诊断准确率。方法选择具有明确原发病史或病理证实的45例长骨转移瘤患者为研究对象,对其骨转移瘤病灶的X线、CT和MRI影像表现进行回顾性总结及分析。其中X线检查18例,CT检查26例,MR检查18例(部分患者同时做2种或3种检查)。结果 X线发现20处病灶的基本特点为呈不规则形、多发斑点虫蚀样破坏或类椭圆形透亮区。无论累及骨端还是累及骨干病变,均伴有周围骨质破坏,并部分相邻皮质伴有不连续条带状骨膜增生。CT发现27处病灶均呈溶骨性骨质破坏,破坏范围可单侧或四周,部分周围形成软组织肿块。累及骨干分为皮质型和常见型。MRI发现20处病灶表现为长T1长T2、压脂像为高信号。结论长骨转移瘤在影像学表现上具有多样化特点,具体在X线、CT、MRI表现各自具有其特征性。相对而言CT、MRI在敏感性方面显示出较显著优势,尤其是MRI在发现早期髓腔病变具有较高敏感性。但X线检查在骨膜反应方面则优于其他检查。若将X线、CT和MRI三者相结合进行综合分析验证,对于诊断长骨转移瘤和与骨其他病变相鉴别具有显著意义,可提高诊断准确率。     

蜡流样肢骨硬化合并骨斑点症的影像学诊断 (附家族三代3例报告及文献复习)

目的 探讨蜡流样肢骨硬化合并骨斑点症的影像学诊断.方法 对一家族祖孙三代4人进行X线(4例)、MR(1例)检查并作文献复习.结果 发现4例中3例患病,病变均表现双手、足、膝、骨盆、肩、长骨骨骺及骨端,松质骨内呈对称性多发的大小不等的,圆形或椭圆形致密骨斑点病变的阴影,2例发现手、足、股骨皮质蜡流样肢骨硬化.MR扫描可见长T1短T2异常信号.结论 X线、MRI蜡流样肢骨硬化合并骨斑点症在X线、MRI具有典型的特征性征象,可明确本病诊断.     

扁骨和不规则骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像诊断

目的:提高对扁骨和不规则骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿影像学表现的认识.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的17例扁骨和不规则骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像表现.17例中9例行X线检查,10例CT检查,8例MRI检查.结果:17例发生于扁骨和不规则骨的动脉瘤样骨囊肿主要表现为,①皂泡状和吹气球样膨胀性骨质破坏:平片4例,CT 8例,MRI 6例;②病灶内骨间隔及骨嵴:平片4例,CT 8例;MRI 5例;③病灶周围骨硬化:平片3例,CT6例,MRI 4例,MRI表现为病灶周围线状低信号影;④骨壳部分断缺:平片2例,CT3例,MRI 2例;⑤液-液平面:CT 5例,MRI 6例;⑥骨膜反应:无;⑦软组织肿块:CT 1例,MRI 1例.结论:扁骨和不规则骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿影像学特征与长管状骨大致相仿,螺旋CT及MRI能明显提高诊断准确率.     

Imaging findings of extrapulmonary metastases of osteosarcoma

PURPOSE: To review imaging findings of extrapulmonary metastasis from osteosarcoma and to evaluate them for any consistent pattern and correlation between imaging findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was retrospectively conducted in 13 patients with extrapulmonary metastasis of pathologically confirmed osteosarcoma. We evaluated the radioisotope (RI) scans (n=16), ultrasonography (USG) (n=4), computed tomography (CT) scans (n=10), MRIs (n=6), clinical records, and pathological reports for assessment of imaging findings and correlation between radiologic findings and RI uptake of the lesions. Points evaluated were the following: uptake on RI scans, presence of mineralization on CT, and MRI, size, enhancement pattern, attenuation on CT, signal intensity (SI) on MRI, and echogenicity on USG. RESULTS: Extrapulmonary metastatic sites were diverse, including another bone other than the primary site (n=6), lymph node (n=4), pleura (n=2), liver (n=2), pancreas (n=1), kidney (n=1), peritoneum (n=1), muscle (n=1), and subcutaneous fat layer (n=1). One patient had tumor growth within the pulmonary artery and jejunum. Among 21 metastatic sites in 13 patients, bone scan was performed in 16 cases and RI uptake was detected in 10 lesions. Calcification was detected in eight lesions on radiologic imaging, including plain radiography, USG, CT, and MRI. Two lesions showed RI uptake without definite calcification or ossification on MRI and plain radiography, respectively. We analyzed the enhancement pattern and mass size in 18 metastatic sites and these factors had poor correlation with uptake on RI scans. CONCLUSION: The sites and imaging findings of extrapulmonary metastasis of osteosarcoma were variable. All the lesions with mineralization were detectable on RI scans prior to radiologic imaging. RI scan has a limited role in the evaluation of metastatic lesions without mineralization.     

Whole-body bone marrow MRI in patients with metastatic disease to the skeletal system

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a whole-body bone marrow MR protocol in the detection of bone metastases. METHOD: Whole-body bone marrow MRI was performed in 18 patients with known malignant tumors and suspected bone metastases. The imaging protocol consisted of fast T1-weighted and STIR sequences applied in different anatomical positions covering the whole skeleton. MRI findings indicating bone metastases were compared with findings from bone scintigraphy. Metastatic lesions were confirmed by follow-up MR examinations, bone scintigraphy, radiography, or CT. RESULTS: A total number of 216 lesions were detected with MRI in comparison with 159 lesions detected with bone scintigraphy. Follow-up examinations confirmed 105 lesions. MRI detected 96 (91.4%) of the confirmed lesions, whereas bone scintigraphy detected 89 (84.8%). The entire examination, including patient positioning and changing of imaging coils, required 45 min of room time. CONCLUSION: Whole-body bone marrow MRI as used in this study is an effective method for evaluating the entire skeletal system in patients with suspected metastatic disease.     

骨梗死的影像学改变及病理表现

目的 探讨骨梗死的病理演变及其影像学表现。方法6例骨梗死中5例行平片检查，4例行CT检查，3例行MR检查。结果 6例骨梗死共累及10个部位，股骨下段4个，胫骨上段4个，胫骨下段1个，股骨颈及粗隆部1个。其中2个部位经手术病理证实，平片均显示髓腔内不均匀性骨化。CT显示髓腔内呈地图样改变，周围环以硬化边。MRI显示病变的组成分为3部分，中心是完全坏死的骨髓和骨组织，外围是部分坏死的骨髓和骨组织，再外边是充血区及正常骨组织。1例于骺早闭的上方发现骨梗死，根据骨折愈合动物实验研究，认为是静脉窦栓塞所致。结论 MRI是检查诊断早期骨梗死最为有效的方法，可以发现早期病变。X线平片对于中晚期病变有帮助，CT较平片敏感，骨梗死的诊断最好采用MRI、CT以及平片相结合。     

原发性软骨肉瘤的影像诊断

目的探讨原发性软骨肉瘤影像特点及诊断要点。方法回顾性分析13例病理证实的原发性软骨肉瘤的X线、CT、MRI表现,并与病理对照。结果13例中,常见型9例,黏液型3例,去分化型1例。发病部位：长骨7例（股骨6例,肱骨上端1例）,躯干骨6例（骨盆3例,肋骨2例,胸椎1例）。X线及CT表现：呈斑片状、大片状溶骨性骨质破坏,周围骨质密度增高,骨皮质破坏、中断,局部软组织肿块。11例病灶内出现钙化。MRI表现：5例病灶T1WI呈稍低及等信号,T2WI呈显著高信号,增强后呈分隔状强化。结论X线、CT、MRI检查的综合运用,对原发性软骨肉瘤的诊断有重要的价值。     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节改变的X线、CT和MRI对比研究

目的 探讨强直性脊柱炎(AS)髋关节受累的影像表现,比较X线平片、CT和MRI显示AS髋关节受累的敏感度.方法 对55例AS患者行骨盆X线平片和MR检查,其中29例行髋关节CT检查.MR平扫均包括冠状面T1WI、T2WI、STIR、附加水激励的三维稳态快速梯度回波序列(3D-BTFE-WATS),其中24例同时行脂肪抑制T1WI增强检查.分析患者的影像资料,应用x2检验对X线平片、CT和MRI显示AS髋关节受累改变的敏感度进行分析.结果 55例AS患者110侧髋关节中,X线平片和MRI显示异常分别为13侧和85侧;X线平片改变包括关节面下骨侵蚀破坏13侧、关节间隙变窄4侧、韧带骨赘5侧;MRI显示关节面下骨侵蚀破坏31侧、关节间隙变窄4侧、关节少量积液80侧、骨髓水肿32侧、脂肪沉积28侧、韧带附着点炎21侧,24例行MR增强检查患者中19例见双侧滑膜异常强化.CT检查29例共58侧髋关节,CT在显示X线平片和MRI所显示的骨破坏同时,发现X线平片未能显示的10侧骨破坏和MRI未显示的1侧骨破坏.X线平片、CT、MRI显示异常分别为10.3％ (6/58)、27.6％ (16/58)和77.6％ (45/58),MRI显示髋关节受累的敏感度优于X线平片和CT(x2值分别为53.22和29.08,P值均＜0.05).MRI除显示X线平片和CT所能显示的慢性骨结构改变外,还发现X线平片和CT未能显示的急性炎症改变.结论 MRI能显示X线平片和CT不能显示的AS髋关节受累的急性炎症改变,滑膜炎所致的少量积液和滑膜异常强化是髋关节受累最常见的MRI表现.     

软骨母细胞瘤MRI及X线平片和CT的表现特征

目的 研究软骨母细胞瘤的影像表现,探讨其MRI与X线平片、CT征象的对应关系.方法 分析16例经手术、病理证实的良性软骨母细胞瘤的影像资料,总结其MRI表现与X线平片、CT征象的对应关系.结果 16例软骨母细胞瘤均位于骨骺,大小为0.9 cm×0.8 cm×1.0 cm～4.8 cm×4.3 cm×5.1 cm,呈不同程度的分叶状.在T1WI上以等、低信号为主,T2WI上呈混杂信号,CT上为软组织密度,内见钙化和更低密度区.边缘呈长T1、短T2信号,在CT上表现为硬化边.MRI可见病灶周围有骨髓水肿,在X线和CT上表现为骨质硬化区.病灶邻近软组织肿胀.MRI显示骨膜异常9例,8例与病灶不相邻;X线和(或)CT显示骨膜新生骨6例.MRI显示关节积液12例,CT显示6例.MRI上病灶均呈不均匀强化,骨髓水肿、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀均见强化.软骨母细胞瘤在扩散加权成像(DWI)上呈等、高信号,在MR平扫中的等T1、等T2成分和长T1、长T2成分,以及骨髓水肿、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀在DWI上均呈高信号.结论 MRI和X线平片、CT从不同方面反映软骨母细胞瘤的病理改变,联合应用不同检查手段可更全面显示软骨母细胞瘤的特点.     

Evaluation of combined transmission and emission tomography for classification of skeletal lesions

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the benefit of transmission emission tomography (TET) for classification of skeletal lesions in patients with known malignant disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The TET technology combines acquisition of SPECT and CT data using the same imaging device, thus allowing perfect overlay of anatomic and functional images. We performed TET in 47 patients with tumors who had a total of 104 focal lesions found on bone scintigraphy. Technetium-99m diphosphonate was used as the radiopharmaceutical in all patients. Findings of bone scintigraphy (planar and SPECT), SPECT + CT or radiography, and TET were compared with regard to the precise location and nature (benign vs malignant) of each lesion. Validation was achieved by radiologic follow-up on CT, MRI, or radiography, especially for the extremities, and using biopsy results in five patients. RESULTS: TET could classify 88 (85%) of 104 lesions compared with 37 (36%) of 104 on SPECT. When we counted inconclusive studies as positive for cancer, discrepant findings between SPECT and TET were obtained in 39 lesions. In 38 (97%) of these, TET was correct. Sensitivity for cancer detection was 98% for TET and 94% for SPECT (p = 0.63), and specificity was 81% for TET and 19% for SPECT (p < 0.0001). The highest diagnostic gain was in the spine, thoracic cage, skull, and pelvis. Small osteolytic lesions were missed because of the limited resolution of transmission images. SPECT + CT or radiography and TET were discordant in nine of 104 lesions. TET was false-negative in one lesion and false-positive in another, and SPECT + CT or radiography was false-positive in seven lesions. As a result, sensitivities of TET and SPECT + CT or radiography were nearly the same, but the specificity of TET was significantly higher (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: TET improves the accuracy of bone scintigraphy by correctly classifying equivocal lesions, especially by identifying benign abnormalities in the axial skeleton and thus increasing the specificity of positive findings.     

股骨颈疝窝的影像学表现及诊断误区

目的研究股骨颈疝窝X线、CT及MRI影像表现与诊断误区。方法 5例由临床或手术证实为股骨颈疝窝患者均经CT扫描,3例又经X线平片检查,4例又经MRI检查。对所有患者的影像资料进行了回顾性分析。结果 5例股骨颈疝患者中,CT误诊为骨腱鞘囊肿2例,X线平片误诊为缺血性骨坏死和骨样骨瘤各1例,MRI与CT、X线平片共同正确诊断股骨颈疝窝1例。5例疝窝均位于股骨颈前外侧1/4处,疝窝大小为0.6cm×0.8cm～1.4cm×2.0cm。X线平片示股骨颈区囊状低密度区,边缘清楚且围以硬化边。CT示股骨颈皮质下低密度区,有硬化边缘,其中2例伴发骨皮质细微断裂。4例经MRI检查的患者,其病变在T1WI呈低信号,在T2WI呈高信号,在脂肪抑制T2WI呈更高信号,其中2例病灶边缘围以低信号带。T2WI显示髋关节少量渗液2例。结论股骨颈疝窝具有特征性CT、MRI表现,X线平片、CT、MRI相互结合有助于股骨颈疝窝的确诊。     

长管状骨非潜水性骨梗死影像学表现分析

目的:总结9例长管状骨非潜水性骨梗死的X线、CT、MRI表现,探讨各影像学检查方法对骨梗死的诊断价值。方法:9例患者均拍摄了X线平片,7例行CT检查,2例行MRI检查;2例手术活检。结果:9例长管状骨非潜水性骨梗死共累及13个部位,股骨下段7个,胫骨上段4个,胫骨下段2个。其中2个部位经手术活检病理证实。X线平片显示髓腔内不均匀性骨化;CT显示髓腔内呈地图样改变,周围环以硬化边;MRI在T1WI和T2WI上病变中心区出现高低不等的混杂信号。结论:X线平片可以满足中晚期骨梗死的诊断,CT检查可以进一步明确诊断。MRI检查对早期骨梗死的诊断具有较高的敏感性。