法洛四联症的外科治疗

目的　总结连续 14 3例法洛四联症 (TOF)根治术的手术治疗经验。方法　 14 3例法洛四联症患者 ,平均(10 .1± 6 .7)岁 ,合并肺总动脉闭锁 1例、房间隔缺损 (ASD)及卵圆孔未闭 (PFO) 2 8例、动脉导管未闭 (PDA) 9例、永存左上腔静脉 (PLSVC) 4例。所有患者均施行根治术 ,用涤纶补片修补室间隔缺损 (VSD) ,其中 133例经右心房切口修补 ,10例经右心室流出道 (RVOT)切口修补。用自体心包片行右心室流出道及肺动脉扩大。结果　 14 0例治愈出院 ,手术死亡 3例 ,手术死亡率为 2 .1%。结论　法洛四联症根治术成功的关键在于右心功能的保护 ,彻底解除右心室流出道及肺动脉的梗阻 ,加强手术后的管理等。     

右室双出口心室内隧道修补术的优化

目的对心室内隧道修补术的适应证和方法提出优化意见。方法120例右室双出口(DORV)患者接受心室内隧道修补手术,采用纵行切开右室流出道,用一补片作右心室内隧道,连接室间隔缺损与主动脉口,引导左心室血在补片下进入主动脉,根据解剖情况扩大右室流出道和肺动脉。另有2例内隧道通过右房切口建立;对限制性室间隔缺损．同时扩大室间隔缺损直径。结果术后发生低心排37例,总住院死亡为20例(16．7％),近5年死亡3例(6．0％),其中室间隔缺损远离大动脉开口的DORV病例行心室内隧道修补手术死亡率明显高于室间隔缺损在主动脉下。结论心室内隧道修补术选择受室间隔缺损解剖位置的影响,但术前心内探查三尖瓣与肺动脉瓣间距离至关重要;通过右房切口建立心内隧道并采用连续缝合的方法,有利于术中心肌保护。     

老年房间隔缺损病人的手术治疗

目的总结老年房间隔缺损病人手术治疗经验。方法对12例60岁以上继发孔型房间隔缺损病人进行手术治疗,年龄为60～66岁,平均(62.3±2.4)岁,全部合并三尖瓣关闭不全,其中还合并二尖瓣关闭不全10例;房颤9例,房扑1例;术前采用右心导管进行肺动脉测压,肺动脉平均压为(5.31±3.12)kPa,最高为8.4kPa。本组房缺修补采用心包片或涤纶补片修补,同期行三尖瓣成形术12例,其中3例行Kay’s二叶瓣成形术,9例行Devage成形术;二尖瓣成形术6例,二尖瓣置换术2例,3例合并有房颤者同期行右房迷宫术。结果12例病人术后全部存活,心功能均有明显改善,但与其他年龄组手术病人比较,术后多巴胺使用时间和住院时间明显延长,6例发生胸腔积液,术后随访3～60个月。结论老年房缺病人修补手术成功的关键在于合并症的同期手术处理和手术后的心功能支持。     

主-肺动脉间隔缺损的外科治疗

目的总结先天性主-肺动脉间隔缺损（APSD）的外科治疗经验。方法2000年10月到2009年3月共收治的主-肺动脉间隔缺损患者15例,年龄为2个月～5岁,平均1.8岁。按Richardson分形,Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型2例。其中Ⅰ型中2例经间隔缺损前壁径路涤纶补片修补,Ⅲ型中1例行人工血管右肺动脉-肺动脉干连接术,1例行直接切断右肺动脉与主肺动脉行端侧吻合。其余行经主动脉切口涤纶补片修补术,合并心脏畸形同期予以纠正。结果全组病例无死亡,8例随访5个月～3年,效果满意,复查超声心动图均无主-肺动脉残余分流,主动脉及肺动脉无狭窄,肺动脉压力较前明显下降。结论主-肺动脉间隔缺损（APSD）一经确诊应及早手术,手术年龄以婴儿早期为佳;术前诊断明确,充分认识病理生理及解剖类型,选择合适的手术方法是手术成功的关键。     

成人法洛四联症的外科治疗

目的总结成人法洛四联症的外科治疗及疗效。方法成人法洛四联症外科治疗78例,所有病例均经右房或右室流出道切口完成疏通和室间隔缺损修补,室间隔缺损均用涤纶补片修补,单纯补片加宽流出道63例,跨瓣环补片15例。结果死亡5例,病死率6．4％;死亡原因：低心排血量综合征4例,心律失常1例;室间隔缺损残余漏3例（3～5mm）;Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例。结论成人法洛四联症根治术合理设计,彻底矫正畸形,加强心肌保护及术后管理可取得满意的远期临床效果。     

右胸前外侧小切口行微创室间隔缺损修补术

目的　总结右胸前外侧小切口行室间隔缺损修补术的治疗结果及手术经验。方法　右胸前外侧小切口行室间隔缺损修补手术 61例 ,男 3 8例 ,女 2 3例 ,年龄 2 .5～ 2 7岁 ,平均 ( 7.1± 4.8)岁 ,体质量 11～ 71kg ,平均 ( 2 2 .0± 11.6)kg。肺动脉压中度增高 10例。手术在浅低温深度血液稀释体外循环下施行 ,皮肤切口沿右侧第 5肋间长 5～ 8cm ,经第 3或第 4肋间入胸 ,距右膈神经前 2 .0cm纵向切开心包 ,主动脉及上、下腔静脉插管常规建立体外循环。心脏停跳下切开右心房 ,经三尖瓣显露和修补室间隔缺损。结果　 61例患者均痊愈出院 ,皮肤切口长 ( 6.9± 0 .9)cm。体外循环时间 ( 5 7.4±2 1.8)min ,主动脉阻断时间 ( 3 6.2± 14 .8)min ,术后气管插管呼吸机辅助时间 ( 8.5± 5 .8)h ,ICU时间 ( 3 3 .6± 16.9)h ,术后住院 ( 8.2± 1.9)d。术后胸腔引流量 ( 2 0 6.1± 15 0 .7)ml。 5 2例 ( 85 % )未输库血。术后随访 3个月至 4年 ,心功能较术前改善 ,残余分流 2例。结论　采用右胸前外侧小切口技术修补室间隔缺损 ,微创美观 ,安全可靠 ,手术操作简单 ,库血用量小 ,疗效满意。可经三尖瓣修补的室间隔缺损均可采用右胸前外侧小切口术式。     

室间隔缺损合并主动脉缩窄、动脉导管未闭、重度肺动脉高压手术成功1例

1病历摘要 患者，女，5岁，因发现心脏杂音5年，活动时心悸、气短3年，于2006年8月24日入院。经心脏彩色超声检查，诊断为先天性心脏病、室问隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭、主动脉缩窄。在全麻低温下经左后外侧切口进胸行动脉导管结扎、主动脉成形术，术后恢复顺利，出院。2007年2月24日再次入院。查体：心前区隆起，胸骨左缘第3—4肋间触及震颤，闻及3／6级收缩期吹风样杂音。胸部X线片示：脊柱侧弯，肺血多，右心缘略突出，主动脉结缩小，肺动脉段中度突出，心胸比值0．53。彩色多普勒超声心动图示：室间隔膜周回声中断约18mm，室间隔左向右为主双向分流，估测肺动脉压83mmHg。心导管检查：肺动脉压力143／82／109mmHg，肺总阻力17．69woodU。于3月3日，全麻体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术，术中见：室缺20ram×20mm，涤纶片修补，术后给予呼吸机辅助呼吸，同步间歇指令通气＋压力支持，50h后经充分吸痰后拔出气管插管。给予多巴胺、肾上腺索、异丙肾上腺索等血管活性药，加用米力农、西地兰等强心药，使用前列腺素E1，肺动脉测压管内泵入，24h后鼻饲、口服西地那非（万艾可）、硝普钠中心静脉泵入，降低肺动脉压，使肺动脉压由52／47mmHg降至30／26mmHg。间断给予气囊胀肺，患者于4d后转出ICU。10d后治愈出院。     

单向活瓣补片在先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者外科治疗中的应用

目的探讨单向活瓣补片在先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者外科治疗中的临床应用价值。方法选择47例成人先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压病例,采用单向活瓣补片进行心脏间隔缺损修补,麻醉行深静脉穿刺过程中放置Swan-Ganz漂浮导管监测手术前后肺动脉压（PAP）、肺血管阻力（PVR）、心排量（CO）,另抽取外周动脉血检测动脉氧分压（PaO2）等项指标;手术前后行心脏彩超检查了解心脏间隔缺损状况及肺动脉压、间隔分流变化情况,同时检测PAP变化。结果采用单向活瓣补片修补技术,患者术后早期PAP、PVR即较术前明显减低（P〈0.05）,PaO2、CO增加,随访4~20个月,PAP进一步减低,心功能明显改善。全组除1例因术后低心排死亡外,其余均无肺动脉高压危象或心力衰竭发生。随访中发现2例术后PH持续存在,单向活瓣持续右向左分流,其余44例心脏彩超提示术后1~6个月活瓣关闭（平均3.6个月）、分流消失,PH自术前的（76.81±13.33）mmHg降至（37.23±9.46）mmHg（P〈0.01）。结论应用单向活瓣补片修补技术能显著降低先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压病例的手术风险。     

右胸前外侧小切口心脏跳动下矫治先天性心脏缺损

目的　评价右胸前外侧小切口心脏跳动下的心内直视矫治手术的应用价值。方法　 1999年 11月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月采用右胸前外侧小切口路径 ,在心脏跳动下行 2 4例房间隔缺损修补术 ,部分型心内膜垫缺损矫正术 16例作为对照组。其中男 14例 ,女 2 6例 ,年龄 3～ 4 0岁。结果　手术顺利 ,所有患者随访 2～ 2 0月 ,均健在 ,无术后并发症。房间隔缺损修补术患者体外循环 (32 5 0± 18 5 0 )min ,术后呼吸机辅助呼吸 (2 0 0± 1 2 0 )h ;对照组患者体外循环 (6 8 5 0±17 5 0 )min ,术后呼吸机辅助呼吸 (4 2 0± 1 10 )h。结论　右胸前外侧小切口心脏跳动下矫治先天性心脏缺损的心内直视手术是可行、有效、安全的技术     

室间隔缺损合并严重肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的探讨室间隔缺损合并严重肺动脉高压的外科治疗效果．方法１９９１年～１９９４年间，手术治疗室间隔缺损合并严重肺动脉高压１９例，室缺均用涤纶补片修补．术后应用血管扩张剂，呼吸机充分供氧．适当过度通气。结果本组发生呼吸窘迫综合征１例，经处理后治愈。手术死亡１例，死亡率为５．２６％．余病人恢复顺利，一般情况良好。结论术后应用血管扩张剂，呼吸机充分供氧适当过度通气．可有效降低肺动脉压。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.