人工全膝关节置换术后感染的临床分析

目的　探讨全膝关节置换术后感染的原因、处理方法及临床效果。　方法　对 1987年～ 1999年 13例全膝关节置换术后感染患者的病因以及清创、一期或二期再置换等治疗方法进行总结分析。 13例患者术前膝关节平均活动度为 5 5°,HSS评分为 36 5分 ;平均随访 3年 5个月。　结果　13例感染患者经治疗后均未复发 ,80 %的患者对手术满意 ;膝关节活动度恢复至平均 85° ,HSS评分为73 5分。　结论　类风湿关节炎 (RA)、服用激素、合并糖尿病、使用铰链式假体及初次置换术前膝关节曾行其它手术是膝关节术后感染的高危因素 ;感染明确后 ,应积极进行清创合并应用敏感抗生素 ;二期置换的临床效果优于单纯清创及一期置换     

二期假体再置换治疗人工全膝关节置换术后深部感染

目的　探讨二期假体再置换术治疗人工全膝关节置换术后深部感染的效果。方法　 3例TKR术后深部感染 ,为急性和亚急性感染 ,平均为 5个月。采取清创、二期假体再置换术并结合抗感染治疗。结果　经治疗后随访 ,3例患者膝部肿、痛消失 ,感染无复发。HSS评分平均为 6 8分 ,膝关节活动平均为 75°。结论　二期假体再置换术是在目前众多全膝关节置换术后深部感染治疗方法中成功率较高 ,有较高临床价值的治疗措施     

关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染

目的探讨全膝关节置换术后深部感染用自制的关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体治疗后二期再翻修的处理方法的临床效果。方法2001年1月～2007年4月间,采用二期再翻修的处理方法治疗6例全膝关节置换术后深部感染患者。女性4例,男性2例;年龄47～73岁,平均65岁。一期手术彻底清创,取出假体并置入自制可以活动的关节型抗生素骨水泥临时假体,术后即可早期活动并可以完全负重。术后选用敏感抗生素静脉滴注6周,感染治愈后再置入翻修假体。结果本组6例Ⅱ期再置换患者中,经二期翻修后随访26个月,膝关节活动度恢复至平均95°,（SS平均评分为73.5分,无出现感染复发。在使用抗生素骨水泥临时替代期间,2例患者不需要任何帮助行走,另外4例需要手仗帮助行走。但关节活动度均满意,平均为80°。结论采用关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体可以成功治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染,在间歇期能够保留关节活动度,为二期再置换假体提供方便彻底治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染的好方法。     

人工全膝关节置换术后深部感染的治疗

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后深部感染的处理方法及疗效。方法2004年1月-2010年1月,收治TKA术后深部感染患者32例(32膝)。男13例,女19例;年龄52～79岁,平均64.6岁。TKA手术距发生感染时间为3周～10年。膝关节功能采用膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)为(104.6±9.1)分,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(7.8±1.4)分。急性感染3例行关节切开清创后持续冲洗;急性血源性播散感染3例于关节镜下清创;慢性感染26例,其中行关节切开清创后持续冲洗9例,抗生素骨水泥隔体植入4例,二期翻修12例,抗生素保守治疗1例。结果急性感染者治疗均失败,急性血源性播散感染者1例治疗失败,慢性感染者7例清创及1例保守治疗失败;均经对症治疗后治愈。32例患者均获随访,随访时间2～8年,平均4.6年。末次随访时KSS评分为(158.4±8.3)分,VAS评分为(4.1±0.8)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间再感染3例,均为二期翻修患者。结论TKA术后耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌急性感染切开清创成功率低;急性血源性播散感染可试行关节镜下清创;慢性感染二期翻修膝关节功能恢复良好,但远期存在再感染风险。     

人工全膝关节置换术后感染的临床分析及处理(附2例报告)

目的:探讨全膝关节置换术后感染的原因、处理方法、临床效果及预防措施。方法:对1998年8月～2004年10月单、双膝共92例其中2例术后感染患者的病因以及清创、Ⅱ期再置换等治疗方法进行总结分析。2例患者术前膝关节平均活动度为55°,HSS评分为36.5分;平均随访10个月。结果:2例感染患者经治疗后均未复发,患者对手术满意,膝关节活动度恢复至平均85°,HSS评分为73.5分。结论:感染明确后,应积极进行清创并应用敏感抗生素;Ⅱ期置换的临床效果优良。     

膝关节置换术后感染的治疗策略

目的探讨膝关节置换(TKA)术后感染的治疗策略。方法对2000年7月至2008年6月诊断为TKA术后感染的12例患者的治疗进行回顾性分析。随访1.1~6.9年,平均随访时间2.3年,其中4例早期感染患者予切开清创假体保留术;7例延迟感染患者中3例行保留假体,关节腔穿刺灌洗清创引流术,术后用敏感抗生素液直接注入关节腔,全部复发,后取出假体,使用可活动间隔物临时代替,感染控制后行二次置换;3例保守治疗;1例患者行膝关节融合术;1例后期感染患者行膝关节融合术。结果早期感染患者清创后治愈。7例延期感染患者中3例保守治疗患者反复复发,3例清创失败后行二期翻修成功,1例延期感染患者和1例后期感染患者,经膝关节融合术,感染获得控制。无一期翻修或需要截肢的个案。结论感染发生的时间是指导治疗的重要指征。早期感染有保留假体治疗成功的可能性,延迟感染的治疗原则是必须去除假体。二期假体置换仍是TKA术后感染治疗的金标准,抗生素的应用主要作为抑制感染和辅助治疗,后期感染膝关节融合术可能是较好的选择。     

人工全膝关节置换术后感染的治疗

目的：探讨人工全膝关节置换术后感染的治疗方法及效果。方法：6例TKA术后感染患者。感染发生时间为TKA术后1个月－11年,2例为早期感染,4例迟发性感染,平均4年2月。其中骨关节炎4例,类风湿性关节炎2例。单纯清创、抗感染治疗3例;清创、一期假体再置术1例;清创、二期假体再置换术1例;关节融合术1例。结果：在3例单纯清创、抗感染治疗中,1例经5次清创后痊愈,1例2次清创后感染未控制,改行关节融合术,1例3次清创,感染未愈;2例关节再置换术病例痊愈,功能恢复满意;2例关节融合术后痊愈。所有病例平均随访4年,除1例失去随访外,其余感染均未复发。结论：对全膝关节置换术后感染可行的治疗包括：单纯清创、抗感染治疗;清创、一期或二期假体再置换术;关节融合术等方法。每种方法都有其适应证,应根据患者的具体病情采用合适的治疗方法。     

采用二期翻修置换治疗TKA术后膝关节假体周围感染

目的探讨采用二期假体翻修置换治疗人工全膝关节置换(TKA)术后假体周围感染的疗效。方法对5例(5膝)TKA术后出现假体周围感染患者行二期假体翻修置换术:一期清创后,置入抗生素骨水泥旷置,术后使用6周敏感抗生素,停药后连续2次穿刺培养细菌阴性,C反应蛋白(CRP)和血沉(ESR)逐步下降至正常后行二期假体置换,并用抗生素骨水泥固定。结果术后5例均获平均随访20(3~36)个月,均无感染复发。HSS评分由术前平均38(10~60)分提高至术后6周的78(65~84)分,末次随访时HSS评分平均82(65~88)分,膝关节活动度平均86°(60~100°)。结论二期假体翻修置换可以彻底清除感染灶,并使膝关节获得良好的功能,是治疗TKA术后假体周围感染的有效方法。     

人工全膝表面关节置换治疗骨性膝关节炎47例

目的　分析总结人工全膝表面关节置换治疗骨性膝关节炎的临床效果及经验。方法　对 4 7例 5 3膝的骨性膝关节炎病例行人工膝关节置换术 ,单膝关节置换 4 1例 ,双膝关节置换 6例 1 2膝。应用后方稳定型假体 2 1例 2 5个膝关节 ,保留后交叉韧带型假体 2 6例 2 8个膝关节。结果　 39例 4 5个膝关节获 1年以上随访 ,采用HSS评分标准 ,膝关节评分从术前 35分提高到术后 89分 ,术后 4 0个膝关节活动度≥ 90°,4 2 / 4 5膝关节术后膝关节力线正常 ,3例残留 5°～ 7°内翻。结论　人工全膝表面关节置换治疗骨性膝关节炎可取得良好效果。术中精确的截骨操作与正确的软组织松解获得的软组织平衡是手术治疗成功的关键。     

可旋转绞链膝假体二期翻修治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染

目的 总结采用可旋转绞链膝假体二期翻修方法 治疗人工膝关节置换(TKA)术后感染的体会.方法 对1999年10月～2003年10月收治的12例(14膝)TKA术后感染患者,采用一期清创加自制含抗生索骨水泥植入,可旋转绞链膝假体二期翻修方法 治疗.结果 全部病例获6～36个月随访,平均随访时间24个月.其中10例12膝治愈,1例再次行二期置换后治愈,1例因软组织条件太差致感染无法控制截肢.结论 对膝关节置换术后感染采用二期翻修方法 治疗,效果确切,采用可旋转绞链膝假体翻修术后膝关节功能恢复满意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.