慢性咳嗽与声带功能障碍

慢性咳嗽是一种常见的临床症状,但是至少有10%的慢性咳嗽患者对于常规药物治疗无效,其中部分可能与声带功能障碍有关.声带功能障碍系由于声带矛盾运动引起气道功能紊乱所致,临床上表现为一系列的气道阻塞症状,有时亦仅表现为慢性咳嗽.语言病理学疗法可用于治疗声带功能障碍引起的慢性咳嗽.     

气道炎症在慢性咳嗽中的作用

慢性咳嗽由肺内外的疾病引起,气道炎症可能是其共同特征。引起的气道炎症类型不同。气道炎症在慢性咳嗽的发生中起重要作用,但咳嗽本身也可引起气道炎症性改变。控制气道炎症可能是慢性咳嗽治疗的一种有效手段。     

以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的儿童多发性抽动症的临床诊治

目的 探讨以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的儿童多发性抽动症儿童的临床特征,提高慢性咳嗽中多发性抽动症的诊断准确率,减少误诊率.方法 回顾性分析24例以慢性咳嗽为表现的多发性抽动症患儿的临床特点、咳嗽症状积分、视觉模拟评分（VAS）、误诊误治情况,并对其进行治疗和随访分析.结果 24例多发性抽动症患儿咳嗽表现为清咽样10例次（41.7％）,干咳14例次（58.3％）,咽部不适14例次（58.3％）.抽动表现频繁眨眼21例次,耸肩3例次,面部局部抽动6例次,缩鼻3例次.误诊为咳嗽变异性哮喘者7例,变应性咳嗽5例,肺炎3例,反复呼吸道感染4例,过敏性结膜炎5例.咳嗽症状总积分和VAS评分在治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 发声性抽动是引起儿童慢性咳嗽的原因之一,常规治疗效果差的慢性咳嗽患儿应排除多发性抽动症可能.     

老年患者慢性咳嗽症状的临床分析

目的分析老年患者慢性咳嗽症状的病因及临床特点。方法本次研究80例对象,皆为我院2011年1月~2013年8月接待的老年慢性咳嗽患者,全部以咳嗽就诊同时经常规与病理等检查符合慢性咳嗽诊疗指南,回顾性分析他们的临床资料,分析咳嗽症状病因及临床特点。结果 80例老年慢性咳嗽患者主要咳嗽病因包括咳嗽变异性哮喘、胃食管返流性疾病、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂相关咳嗽、上气道咳嗽综合征、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎等;治疗后,全部经常规、CT、鼻咽镜等检查,其中病因确诊75例,确诊率为93.75%;80例患者经过相关对症处理后,咳嗽症状有所减轻或者消失。结论老年患者慢性咳嗽主要病因是咳嗽变异性哮喘、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂相关咳嗽及胃食管返流性疾病,必须引起高度重视,做好早期诊断与治疗,尽早减轻或者消除患者的咳嗽症状。     

慢性咳嗽与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征相关性研究进展

慢性咳嗽是以咳嗽为唯一或主要症状,咳嗽持续时间超过8周、无吸烟史且肺部影像学检查无异常的咳嗽.慢性咳嗽对患者的工作、生活和社会活动均造成严重的影响.常见的病因包括:咳嗽变异性哮喘、上气道咳嗽综合征、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎、胃食管反流疾病等.近年来多项研究提示OSAHS与慢性咳嗽之间存在一定的相关性,经过无创呼吸机治疗OSAHS可明显改善慢性咳嗽的症状.本文就OSAHS与慢性咳嗽的相关性及治疗进展作一综述.     

支气管镜球囊扩张治疗良性气道狭窄12例临床观察

气道狭窄为支气管结核常见的并发症,临床上患者可出现活动受限、气促、呼吸困难,导致劳动力的丧失,亦可引起狭窄远端反复肺部感染.支气管腔内介入治疗气道狭窄是近年开展的一项新技术,使得许多以往需要手术治疗或者无法治疗的一些气道腔内病变,可以借助支气管镜下介入治疗而获得满意疗效.经支气管镜介导球囊扩张术治疗良性气道腔内疾病引起的气道狭窄可改善患者通气功能障碍.[第一段]     

成人慢性咳嗽临床诊治探讨(附78例病例分析)

目的为了临床医师在诊治慢性咳嗽病因时有所借鉴和帮助。方法对病因诊断明确、治疗有效的78例慢性咳嗽患者进行了回顾性临床分析。结果本文78例慢性咳嗽患者的病因依次为慢性咽炎(23%),鼻后滴漏综合症(20.5%),气道变应性咳嗽(19.2%),咳嗽变异性哮喘(16.7%),胃食管返流(10.3%),药物诱发(7.7%),嗜酸细胞性支气管炎(2.6%)。针对病因治疗后,全部患者的咳嗽症状明显减轻,或消失。结论规范慢性咳嗽的诊断流程有助于提高慢性咳嗽病因正确诊断率。     

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1慢性咳嗽概念咳嗽是患者就诊的常见主诉症状,据统计在呼吸专科门诊,约80%以上就诊者均有咳嗽症状。慢性咳嗽往往无明确界定,常被认为属感染疾病(支气管炎),而随意长期使用抗菌药物治疗,造成药物资源的浪费和身体健康的损害。慢性咳嗽通常指咳嗽症状持续8周或以上。按病因可分为两大类,其中一类为各种肺部基础疾病引起的慢性咳嗽,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管扩张症、气管-支气管癌、弥漫性间质性肺疾病、免疫性和血管炎症疾病等;另一类为未见明显肺部基础病变的慢性咳嗽,如上气道咳嗽综合征(upperairwaycoughsyndrome,UACS)、咳嗽变异性哮…     

气管支气管骨化症2例并文献复习

目的 提高对气管支气管骨化症的认识,提高疾病诊断率.方法 收集经郑州大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科确诊的气管支气管骨化症2例,对患者的临床症状,胸部CT、纤维支气管镜下表现、组织病理、治疗及效果进行回顾性研究,并复习相关文献对气管支气管骨化症进行分析.结果 2例患者均为女性,分别为55岁和33岁,均表现为咳嗽、咳痰,纤维支气管镜下可见结节样隆起突出气管、支气管管腔,质硬.1例患者经气道内结节高频电、氩气刀及冷冻治疗,另1例患者给予糖皮质激素口服治疗.2例患者治疗后患者临床症状较前均有所改善.结论 气管支气管骨化症临床症状各异,临床医师、影像学医师对气管支气管骨化症认识不足,导致该病诊断率低,易被误诊、漏诊,对原因不明的慢性咳嗽患者应行支气管镜检查排除气管支气管骨化症.     

食管内灌酸对慢性咳嗽患者气道阻力与咳嗽敏感性的影响

目的 观察向食管下段灌注盐酸对慢性咳嗽患者咳嗽症状、咳嗽敏感性和气道阻力的影响.方法 17例慢性咳嗽患者经鼻插入5F胃管至食管下段,注入0.1 N盐酸共10 min,于灌酸前后测量肺通气功能、气道阻力和辣椒素咳嗽激发试验,记录灌酸期间患者自觉症状、咳嗽次数.比较灌酸前后咳嗽症状、咳嗽敏感性和肺通气功能、气道阻力的变化.结果 灌酸后呼吸阻抗Zrs、中央气道阻力R20显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);第一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1),用力肺活量(FVC)、共振频率(Fres)及外周气道阻力(R5-R20)无显著性变化(P＞0.05);灌酸前后患者咳嗽敏感性也无显著性差异.相关分析显示,远端电极多项反流指标与灌酸总量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),而与停止灌酸后pH值恢复正常的时间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 向慢性咳嗽患者食管下段灌注盐酸可使气道阻力增加,尤其是中央气道阻力,这可能与胃食管反流诱发咳嗽有关.     

Chronic 'cough hypersensitivity syndrome': a more precise label for chronic cough

Chronic cough remains a challenge to many clinicians because there is often no diagnostic link to causation, and because indirect antitussives are largely ineffective. Chronic cough can also be a predominant symptom associated with many chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Chronic cough itself does impair the quality of life and is associated with psychological impairment. The symptoms associated with chronic cough include persistent tickling or irritating sensation in the chest or throat, hoarse voice, dysphonia or vocal cord dysfunction. Currently, the clinical diagnosis of cough is associated with chronic cough caused by airway eosinophilic conditions such as asthma, gastrooesophageal reflux disease or post-nasal drip (or upper airway syndrome), which implies cause and effect, or with chronic cough associated with other diseases such as COPD, cancer or heart failure, that does not necessarily imply cause and effect. A recently-recognised category is idiopathic cough, with no associated or causative diagnosis. We suggest that there is a better label needed for chronic cough, that includes the common association with a hypersensitive cough response to tussive stimuli such as capsaicin or citric acid. This would invoke a hypersensitive syndrome, and there are good reasons to use a new label that would encompass the problem of chronic cough: the chronic 'cough hypersensitivity syndrome'. This would focus the problem on the cough symptomatology and lead to greater focus on understanding the mechanisms of cough sensitisation, with the ultimate aim of obtaining more effective antitussives.     

Differential diagnosis of chronic cough.

Coughing that lasts >3 weeks is generally considered chronic. The causes of chronic cough are many. Most often, chronic cough is due to postnasal drainage, asthma, and/or gastroesophageal disease. However, other causes such as laryngopharyngeal reflux, vocal cord dysfunction, occult sinusitis, pertussis, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor should be considered. Even rarer entities will be discussed as well as some of the pathophysiology associated with the cough reflex.     

Dysfunktionelle respiratorische Symptome bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Dysfunctional respiratory symptoms are easily overlooked. They are characterized by recurrent or chronic respiratory symptoms, which are not explained by structural abnormalities and which may mimic symptoms of somatic disease (somatoform respiratory disorders). Typical dysfunctional respiratory symptoms include habit cough, sighing dyspnea, hyperventilation syndrome, vocal cord dysfunction, and primary psychogenic respiratory symptoms. Diagnosis should be based on clinical symptoms and be made according to positive diagnostic criteria. Careful discrimination from somatic disease is mandatory, also because co-existence of somatic disease and somatoform disease is not unusual. Therapy should be prompt to avoid development of maladaptation. In established dysfunctional respiratory disorder, interdisciplinary care by physician, speech therapist and psychologist may be warranted for successful therapy.     

Speech pathology for chronic cough: A new approach

Chronic cough may persist despite systematic evaluation and medical treatment of known associated diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, and gastro-esophageal reflux. These patients have refractory chronic cough and many exhibit laryngeal hypersensitivity that is manifest at both a sensory and motor level. Examples of this are heightened sensitivity of the cough reflex to capsaicin, and laryngeal motor dysfunction with hoarse vocal quality and paradoxical vocal cord movement. Chronic cough that persists despite medical treatment may respond to speech pathology intervention. A multidimensional speech pathology treatment programme was designed based upon methods used to treat hyperfunctional voice disorders and paradoxical vocal fold movement. This included education, vocal hygiene training, cough suppression strategies and psychoeducational counseling. When tested in a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 87 patients, participants in the treatment group demonstrated a significant reduction in cough, breathing, voice and upper airway symptoms following intervention, as well as improvements in auditory perceptual ratings of voice quality (breathy, rough, strain and glottal fry) and significant improvement in voice acoustic parameters (maximum phonation time, jitter and harmonic-to-noise ratio). Speech pathology intervention can be an effective way to treat refractory chronic cough.     

Severe vocal cord dysfunction resistant to all current therapeutic interventions

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is characterised by paradoxical vocal cord adduction during inspiration or throughout the respiratory cycle, it results in wheeze, stridor, cough and dyspnoea. Although asthma and VCD can coexist, patients with VCD are frequently misdiagnosed with refractory asthma. It can severely restrict an individual's level of activity and effective therapeutic control can be difficult to achieve. We report the case of a patient who was treated with all available therapeutic interventions, including intralaryngeal botulinum toxin injection, but failure resulted in a permanent trachesotomy.     

Vocal cord hematomas complicating anticoagulant therapy

Described are the cases of two patients who presented with vocal cord hematomas consequent to poor control of anticoagulation. Both patients presented with hoarseness and cough. One required intubation due to respiratory obstruction. Vocal cord hematomas should be considered in patients who present with upper airway symptoms while anticoagulated.     

Breathing‐related changes of respiratory resistance in vocal cord dysfunction

Vocal cord dysfunction induced by exercise in children with uncontrolled asthma was identified by laryngoscopy. The paradoxical adduction of the vocal cords was also indicated by the breathing‐related changes of the forced oscillation respiratory resistance showing prominent increase during inspiration and a large positive difference between inspiration and expiration. The breathing‐related changes of respiratory resistance offer thus a useful first‐line technique to diagnose vocal cord dysfunction.     

Acute Asphyxia Caused by Gerhardt's Syndrome Associated with Asthma

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) has been frequently discussed as confounding the diagnosis of asthma, and it is recommended to examine vocal cord function in cases of difficult asthma. However, there is also strong evidence that asthma may be associated with VCD, sometimes masquerading as exercise-induced asthma. Gerhardt's syndrome frequently induces severe acute respiratory distress requiring ventilatory support, and this condition might be mistaken for a severe acute asthma attack. Here, a case of bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords, which was associated with asthma, is described.     

Acute Asphyxia Caused by Gerhardt's Syndrome Associated with Asthma

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) has been frequently discussed as confounding the diagnosis of asthma, and it is recommended to examine vocal cord function in cases of difficult asthma. However, there is also strong evidence that asthma may be associated with VCD, sometimes masquerading as exercise-induced asthma. Gerhardt's syndrome frequently induces severe acute respiratory distress requiring ventilatory support, and this condition might be mistaken for a severe acute asthma attack. Here, a case of bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords, which was associated with asthma, is described.     

Vocal cord dysfunction in children and adolescents

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a nonorganic disorder of the larynx that involves unintentional paradoxical adduction of the vocal cords while breathing. The resultant symptoms can include dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, throat tightness, wheezing, or voice change. Most patients with VCD are female, and among adolescents and children, VCD tends to be triggered by exercise and is typically confused with exercise-induced asthma. Both gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and psychiatric illness have been reported as having strong associations with VCD, although, to date, there is no evidence that either causes VCD. VCD often coexists with asthma, and should be suspected in any patient in whom asthma treatment fails. Confirming the diagnosis involves direct visualization of abnormal vocal cord motion, and this usually only occurs during symptoms. Adolescent athletes often require free running exercise challenge to reproduce their symptoms and confirm abnormal vocal cord motion laryngoscopically. The primary treatment for VCD involves a combination of patient education and speech therapy, and, in most cases, patients may resume their activities without significant limitation.