Relationship between indices of adiposity obtained by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in pre-pubertal children

Background/Aim: The study investigated the relationship between indices of adiposity measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in pre-pubertal children.

Subjects and methods: DXA-derived per cent body fat (%BF) was measured in 284 boys and 288 girls, aged 7–10 years. Cross-sections of the forearm (n=427) and lower leg (n=560) were obtained by pQCT to measure total cross-sectional area of the limb (Total CSA), Muscle CSA, Fat CSA, %Fat CSA (Fat CSA/Total CSA×100) and muscle density.

Results: Peripheral QCT-derived %Fat CSA in the forearm and lower leg correlated strongly with DXA-derived %BF (r=0.83–0.89, p<0.01) in both boys and girls. However, forearm and lower leg %Fat CSA were higher than whole body %BF by 5% and 10%, respectively. A better prediction of whole-body %BF was achieved by including %Fat CSA, muscle density and height into a hierarchical regression model. Using sex-specific regression equations, 87.7% of the boys and 83.7% of the girls had a predicted %BF within 3% units of the %BF obtained by DXA.

Conclusion: In pre-pubertal children, pQCT measures of adiposity are strongly associated with whole-body per cent body fat. This reproducible method could be an alternative technique to estimate body composition in this population.     

定量CT与双能X线骨密度仪测量腰椎骨密度准确性比较

目的:观察并比较定量CT与双能X线骨密度仪测量腰椎各椎体间骨密度的准确性。 方法:100例研究对象选自健康体检者,将其按照不同测量方式分为观察组和对照组。观察组采取双能X线方式,对照组采取定量CT方式,测量腰椎体的骨密度,观察两种方式的测量准确性。 结果:对照组男性和女性的L2-L4椎体骨密度不尽相同,椎体间骨密度值存在明显差异（P<0.05）,且由L2-L4以递增趋势呈现。观察组男性和女性的L2-L4椎体骨密度数值无显著差异（P>0.05）。 结论:对腰椎各椎体间骨密度采用定量CT进行测量,可有效提升测量准确度,为临床诊断和治疗疾病提供有效参考。     

Association of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and micro-architectural changes in the bone tissue. The risk of osteoporosis is partly determined by genetic factors. The role of C677T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene has been investigated in postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, the relationship between MTHFR polymorphism and BMD is still controversial. We carried out a meta-analysis of 5,833 subjects to evaluate the association of MTHFR and BMD in postmenopausal women. Databases of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI were retrieved for all publications relating to MTHFR polymorphism and BMD in postmenopausal women. Five eligible studies were selected for meta-analysis. All these articles studied the association of MTHFR polymorphism and BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women. Our analysis suggested that postmenopausal women with the TT genotype had lower femoral neck BMD than the women with the CC/CT genotype, and the weighted mean difference (WMD) was -0.01 g/cm² [95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.01, -0.01), P < 0.01]. However, BMD of the lumbar spine of postmenopausal women with the TT genotype was not significantly different from that of women with the CC/CT genotype. In the random effects model, the WMD between the TT and TC/CC genotype was -0.01 g/cm² [95% CI: (-0.04, 0.01), P = 0.32]. The C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene is associated with BMD of the femoral neck in postmenopausal women. Women with the TT genotype of the MTHFR gene have lower BMD, suggesting that the TT genotype may be a risk factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

In vivo measurement of bone quality in the horse: Estimates of precision for ultrasound velocity measurement and single photon absorptiometry

The in vivo precision of ultrasound velocity measurement and single photon absorptiometry for the assessment of equine bone quality is discussed. In vivo precisions for ultrasound velocity measurements were less than 0.5 per cent, whereas cortical cross-sectional area, compact bone density and modulus of elasticity were around 1 per cent, and bone mineral content and density were just over 2 per cent. Except for ultrasound velocity, substantial improvements could be achieved by taking the mean of five readings for each measurement. The long-term precision of the techniques was also high, with all precision values being less than 3 per cent. The possible sources of variation in ultrasound velocity measurements were also investigated. The method for combining ultranonic and photon absorptiometric data for equine bone quality assessment has been proven to be highly accurate and precise. There appears to the no reason why the same principles cannot be applied with equal success to the noninvasive assessment of bone quality in humans.     

Comparison of effect of treatment with etidronate and alendronate on lumbar bone mineral density in elderly women with osteoporosis

The purpose of this open-labeled prospective study was to compare the treatment effects of cyclical etidronate and alendronate on the lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), bone resorption, and back pain in elderly women with osteoporosis. Fifty postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, age ranging from 55 to 86 years (mean: 70.7 years), were randomly divided into two groups with 25 patients in each group: the cyclical etidronate group (etidronate 200 mg daily for 2 weeks every 3 months) and the alendronate group (5 mg daily). The BMD of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) measured by DXA, the urinary cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX) level measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and back pain evaluated by the face scale score were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics including age, body mass index, years since menopause, lumbar BMD, urinary NTX level, and face scale score between the two treatment groups. Etidronate treatment sustained the lumbar BMD following a reduction in the urinary NTX level and improved back pain, while alendronate treatment reduced the urinary NTX level more significantly, resulting in an increase in the lumbar BMD, and similarly improved back pain. No serious adverse events were observed in either group. This study confirmed that alendronate treatment had a greater efficacy than etidronate treatment in increasing the lumbar BMD through the reduction of bone resorption in elderly women with osteoporosis.     

Usefulness of quantitative ultrasound in evaluating structural and mechanical properties of bone: comparison of ultrasound, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, and mechanical testing of human phalanges in vitro.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound studies evaluating bone tissue generally concentrate on two parameters--velocity and attenuation. This study aimed to determine whether ultrasound signal analysis techniques could provide additional information on the structural and mechanical characteristics of bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro measurements were made on 26 left index fingers from human cadavers. Ultrasound measurements at the distal metaphysis and epiphysis; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the whole phalanx; micro-computed tomography at the distal quarter of the phalanx (that is, the distal epiphysis and metaphysis), and mechanical three-point bending tests were performed. Univariate and multivariate linear regression techniques were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: The ultrasound parameters, speed of sound and ultrasound peak amplitude correlated significantly with the three micro-computed tomography measures used to describe the characteristics of mineralized material (r=0.69-0.79, p<0.05). Low frequency ultrasound correlated significantly with micro-computed tomography parameters describing inter-trabecular or marrow spaces (r=0.68-0.78, p<0.05). Comparison of ultrasound parameters with geometric characteristics showed that while speed of sound and ultrasound peak amplitude were related to the cortical area, moment of inertia, and mechanical load (r=0.57-0.83, p< 0.05), the amplitude of the fastest part of the ultrasound signal and full width at 80% maximum of the low frequency peak were related to the relative area of the medullary canal (r=0.40-0.43, p<0.05). DISCUSSION: Quantitative ultrasound may provide information on structural, material and mechanical characteristics of bone to the same extent and even better than DXA Bone Mineral Density. These results have been obtained by a complete and exhaustive use of QUS technology in situ but under clinical conditions. The ultrasound parameters, correctly used and combined, seem to be effective tools for investigating bone tissue.     

锥形束CT评价仙灵骨葆胶囊治疗绝经后女性牙周炎患者牙槽骨骨量的变化

文题释义：牙周炎：是一种由牙菌斑微生物感染引起的牙周支持组织感染性疾病,可导致牙槽组吸收,骨量丢失,是成年人牙齿丢失和缺损的主要病因。绝经后女性是牙周炎易感人群,绝经后机体雌孕激素的变化可恶化牙周炎病情,加速骨量丢失和骨组织微结构的变化。 仙灵骨葆胶囊：是临床治疗骨折、骨质疏松等常用中药制剂,滋补肝肾、活血通络、强筋壮骨。仙灵骨葆胶囊具有雌激素样作用,并能显著促进成骨细胞生成,对于绝经后女性骨质疏松有确切疗效。然而仙灵骨葆胶囊在绝经后女性牙周炎的报道较为少见,其对牙槽骨骨量影响值得探讨。 背景：仙灵骨葆胶囊具有减少骨质流失、促进成骨细胞生成作用,在骨质疏松骨折中疗效已经得到初步证实,但在绝经后女性牙周炎的疗效尚未阐明。 目的：应用锥形束CT技术评价仙灵骨葆胶囊对绝经后妇女牙周炎患者牙槽骨骨量的影响,为临床治疗提供有效依据。 方法：选择2015年10月至2017年4月贵阳中医学院第一附属医院口腔科诊治的135例牙周炎患者,随机分为空白组、对照组、试验组(基础治疗+仙灵骨葆胶囊),各45例。所有患者接受口腔卫生健康教育、指导患者正确刷牙方法、自我控制菌斑,实施龈上洁治、龈下刮治、根面平整等以消除菌斑及牙石的牙周病基础治疗,每3个月进行一次,连续治疗6个月。对照组同时口服钙尔奇-D(每片含钙600 mg、维生素D 125 U),1片/次,1次/d,连续治疗6个月;试验组口服仙灵骨葆胶囊1.0 g/次,3次/d,3个月为一疗程,连续治疗2个疗程。采用锥形束CT检测患者治疗前、治疗3个月、治疗6个月牙槽骨缺损高度及骨密度的变化。试验已于2015-05-29获得贵阳中医学院第一附属医院伦理会批准(编号：K2015-186)。 结果与结论：①与治疗前相比,试验组和对照组患者治疗后牙槽骨缺损高度显著缩小(P < 0.05),骨密度显著增高(P < 0.05),空白组牙槽骨缺损高度及骨密度均无变化(P > 0.05),试验组牙槽骨缺损高度和骨密度改善程度高于对照组(P < 0.05);②随着年龄增长,牙周炎病情加重,牙槽骨缺损高度逐渐增加,骨密度逐渐降低(P < 0.05),与治疗前相比,46-50岁组患者治疗后牙槽骨缺损高度和骨密度均显著改善(P < 0.05),51-55岁组患者骨密度增加明显(P < 0.05),牙槽骨缺损高度无显著改变(P > 0.05),>55岁组牙槽骨缺损高度、骨密度均无变化(P > 0.05);③轻度和中度牙周炎患者牙槽骨缺损高度和骨密度均显著改善(P < 0.05),重度牙周炎患者牙槽骨缺损高度和骨密度变化的差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④结果提示仙灵骨葆胶囊治疗绝经后妇女牙周炎可显著改善牙槽骨缺损高度、骨密度,同时锥形束CT可用于评估其临床疗效。 ORCID: 0000-0002-1977-639X(张钰晶) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

抗阻训练干预绝经后骨质疏松患者骨密度的系统综述和Meta分析

背景:抗阻训练已经被证实对于改善绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者的骨密度有所帮助,但抗阻运动的运动方式、训练强度、训练时间、训练频率,以及与不同运动(有氧运动等)方式的结合是否效果更好还有待研究。目的:评价抗阻训练对绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者骨密度的干预效果。方法:搜集抗阻训练干预绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者骨密度的相关随机对照试验,研究对象分为抗阻训练组及空白对照组,检索Pub Med、EMBASE、Web of Science、中国知网和万方医学数据库,检索的时间范围从建库到2019年12月,并且对纳入文献的相关参考文献进行检索。由2名研究者按纳入和排除标准筛选文献并提取有效数据,进行质量评价。采用Rev Man 5.3软件对最终纳入的文献数据进行Meta分析。结果与结论:①最终纳入23篇随机对照试验,对纳入的文献进行风险偏倚评价,结果显示整体文献质量为中等偏上;②Meta分析结果显示,与空白对照组相比,抗阻训练组可显著改善绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者的腰椎骨密度[SMD=0.02,95%CI(0.01,0.03),P<0.0001]、全髋骨密度[SMD=0.25,95%CI(0.06,0.44),P=0.03]、股骨颈骨密度[SMD=0.28,95%CI(0.12,0.04),P=0.0005]及大转子骨密度[SMD=0.02,95%CI(0.00,0.03),P=0.02];③提示抗阻训练有利于维持绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者的骨密度水平,可以作为绝经后妇女骨质疏松运动治疗的重要组成部分。     

Lower calcaneal bone mineral density and broadband ultrasonic attenuation,but not speed of sound,in South Asian than white European women

Background: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures of bone predict fracture risk in older white women. South Asian women have low bone mineral density (BMD), perhaps related to smaller body size or vitamin D insufficiency, but it is unknown whether this is accompanied by lower QUS.

Aim: The study compared QUS, BMD and vitamin D status between South Asian and white European women.

Subjects and methods: Participants were 47 postmenopausal women (23 white European, 24 South Asian) aged 55–65 years. BMD was measured at the calcaneus and radius by dual X-ray absorptiometry. The QUS measurements were broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) at the calcaneus and speed of sound (SOS) at the calcaneus, radius and tibia. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D was determined in late summer.

Results: South Asian women had significantly lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D than white Europeans (13.0 ± 5.1 versus 30.3 ± 7.1 ng mL^–1; p < 0.001). Calcaneal BMD and BUA were 14% and 10% lower (p = 0.016 and 0.045), respectively, in South Asian women. Radial BMD, and SOS at all sites, did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion: In this study, postmenopausal South Asian women living in the UK had a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and lower calcaneal BMD than white European women, consistent with previous findings. Differences were detected in calcaneal BUA but not SOS. Further research is needed to evaluate fracture risk and its detection in South Asian women.     

Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus in a Korean population: reference data and relationship to bone mineral density determined by peripheral dual X-ray absorptiometry

The aim of this study was to establish reference data for the quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus and for the bone mineral densities (BMD) of the calcaneus and distal forearm, and to evaluate the correlation between QUS parameters and BMD in a Korean population. We performed a cross-sectional study involving 3,053 subjects (1,225 men and 1,828 women). QUS was conducted on the calcaneus and was quantified as speed of sound (SOS, m/sec), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), and stiffness index. The BMD of the calcaneus and distal forearm were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. The peak mean values for the QUS parameters occurred in the 20 to 29-yr-old subjects of both sexes, with the exception of the BUA, which reached the highest values in women of 30-39 yr. For both sexes, the mean BMD of the calcaneus was highest in those 20-29 yr old and that of the distal forearm was highest in those 40-49 yr old. The correlations between the QUS and BMD results were found to be 0.41 to 0.73 in men and 0.51 to 0.76 in women. Theses data can serve as a reference values for both sexes in Korea.     

Effects of alendronate and hormone replacement therapy, alone or in combination, on bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a prospective, randomized study

The effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and alendronate, alone and in combination, was evaluated in 120 postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis with bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at least 2 SD below the mean value for young premenopausal subjects. They had no contra-indications to HRT or alendronate use and were randomized to three different treatment groups. Group I was treated with micronized 17 beta-oestradiol 2 mg and norethisterone acetate 1 mg/day per os, group II received alendronate 10 mg/day per os and group III received micronized 17 beta-oestradiol 2 mg, norethisterone acetate 1 mg/day per os and alendronate 10 mg/day per os for 1 year. Elementary calcium 1500 mg/day was supplied to patients in all three groups. Spinal and femoral neck BMD and markers of bone mineral metabolism were measured on each patient before treatment and 6 and 12 months after treatment in 95 patients. At the end of the 12th month, significant increases in spinal and femoral neck BMD were found in all groups. Increases in spinal BMD were significantly higher in patients treated with alendronate and alendronate with HRT when compared with patients treated with HRT only. No significant difference was found in femoral neck BMD changes between the groups. Significant decreases in bone resorption and markers of bone formation were observed in all groups. Alendronate was found to be more effective than HRT and could have a very beneficial effect when added to the HRT regimen in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Alendronate might also be used in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis when HRT is contra-indicated or when there is reluctance to use hormonal treatment.     

雌激素受体-α基因Xba Ⅰ、 Pvu Ⅱ和BstU Ⅰ多态性与男性骨量的关系

目的 了解雌激素受体-α（estrogen receptor-α,ER-α）基因多态性与男性骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）的关系。方法 PCR-限制性片段长度多态性检测上海市388名46－80岁无血缘关系的健康汉族男性ER-α基因XhaⅠ、Pvu Ⅱ和BstUⅠ多态性，双能X线吸收仪检查腰椎1－4（L1-4）和股骨近端股骨颈（femoral neck）、大转子区（trochanter）和Ward＇s三角部位BMD。结果 被研究人群XhaⅠ和Pvu Ⅱ等位基因频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg定律。未发现ER-α基因第1外显子区存在BstUⅠ多态性，所有对象均是BB基因型。XhaⅠ多态性与各部位BMD值均无相关；Pvu Ⅱ多态性与L1-4和Ward＇s三角部位BMD值均有关联（P＜0.05），Pp基因型在上部位平均BMD值明显高于PP和pp基因型（P＜0.05）。结论 本研究结果提示中国汉族人群缺乏或罕有ER-α基因BstUⅠ多态性；ER-α基因PvuⅡ多态性可能影响老年男性松质骨骨量的丢失。     

广西罗城仫佬族中老年人跟骨超声骨密度检测分析

目的:调查广西罗城仫佬族中老年人骨密度,探讨该人群骨质疏松(OP)发病率及影响因素。方法:随机抽取45岁以上广西罗城世居仫佬族中老年健康人群,测量其跟骨超声骨密度,身高、体质量、体质量指数(BMI)。测试对象每5岁为1组,分析每组骨密度、骨质疏松患病率及相关影响因素。采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行分析。结果:罗城仫佬族中老年骨密度随年龄增长而降低。男性75以上年龄组与45岁年龄组对比差异有统计学意义,女性55岁以上各个年龄组与45岁年龄组对比差异有统计学意义,70岁年龄组,75岁以上年龄组与其余年龄组相比BUA值差异有统计学意义。从45岁年龄组至75岁以上年龄组,骨质疏松发生率在男性由0增至19%,女性则由0增至50%。骨密度与年龄呈负相关,与身高、体质量、BMI呈正相关。结论:罗城仫佬族男性骨密度降低程度较女性平缓。男性在75岁之后,女性55岁之后骨密度下降明显,发生时间早于男性。在该人群中倡导健康生活方式,积极干预,及早诊治对于防治骨质疏松具有重要意义。     

X线骨密度及股骨颈几何参数测量在不同海拔地区老年患者股骨结构评价的价值分析

【摘要】目的:探究分析X线骨密度及股骨颈几何参数测量在不同海拔地区老年患者股骨结构评价的价值。方法:收集平原和高原地区老年人经双能X骨密度测量仪测得的骨密度及相应的T值,和股骨颈的相关几何参数资料,包括股骨颈轴长中点的外周直径（OD）、横截面积（CSA）、内皮质直径（ED）、平均皮质厚度（CT）、抗曲比率（BR）、截面系数（SM）、截面转动惯量（CSMI）和抗压强度指数（CSI）等。根据地区海拔不同,将老年人分为高原组和平原组,利用统计学软件分析两组患者数据之间的关系。结果:[①]高原组老年人骨质正常、低骨质和骨质疏松所占人数及比例分别为:120（24.0%）、263（52.6%）、117（23.4%）,骨密度为（0.643±0.124） g/cm2;平原组老年人骨质正常、低骨质和骨质疏松所占比例分别为:118（23.6%）、272（54.4%）、110（22.0%）,骨密度为（0.664±0.117） g/cm2,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。[②]高原组老年人股骨颈几何参数与平原老年人股骨颈几何参数相比（FN表示股骨颈）,其中FN-OD、FN-CSA、FN-BR和FN-SM参数数值差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）,FN-CT、FN-ED、FN-CSMI和FN-CSI参数之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。结论:X线骨密度及股骨颈几何参数测量对不同海拔地区老年患者股骨结构的评价具有一定价值,老年群体骨密度的大小与股骨颈的相关参数（FN-CT、FN-ED、FN-CSMI、FN-CSI）之间存在一定联系,其是评价老年患者股骨结构的重要参考,值得临床上进一步深入研究。