短臂离心机不同转速暴露时飞行员前庭性错觉及前庭自主神经反应对比

目的 观察飞行员短臂离心机不同转速暴露时前庭性错觉诱发效果及前庭自主神经反应情况,寻求利用短臂离心机进行前庭性错觉地面模拟训练时的合适转速. 方法 90名健康歼击机飞行员根据不同离心机转速（21、30、37 r/min）分为3组,每组30人.参考电动转椅的前庭性错觉模拟训练方案,采用适合短臂离心机运行特点的前庭性错觉诱发方法,在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机上进行反旋转错觉及科里奥利错觉模拟.每组仅进行1个转速下的错觉模拟.对比不同转速下飞行员错觉诱发情况及前庭自主神经反应情况. 结果 ①离心机不同转速时飞行员反旋转错觉、科里奥利翻转错觉（包括头右旋及左旋时）及科里奥利旋转错觉（包括头前倾和回靠时）的诱发率差异均有统计学意义（X2 ＝6.477～20.000,P＜0.01或P＜0.05）.21 r/min暴露时的诱发率低于30 r/min和37 r/min暴露时（x2＝0.073～0.351,P＞0.05）.②3种转速下,离心机反旋转错觉形态表现相同,但错觉强度随离心机转速加快而增强.科里奥利翻转错觉形态表现稳定,3种转速下其表现分布差异无统计学意义（（x2＝0.090、0.056,P＞0.05）.科里奥利旋转错觉形态表现较为多样,3种转速下头前倾时错觉形态表现分布差异无统计学意义（X2＝1.810,P＞0.05）;头回靠时错觉发生例数较少,未行统计学处理.③3种转速下前庭自主神经反应评分分值随转速增加而增高,且差异有统计学意义（F＝ 15.058,P＜0.01）;37 r/min暴露时的分值明显高于21 r/min和30 r/min暴露时（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）;30 r/min与21 r/min暴露时的分值差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）. 结论 臂长2 m的短臂离心机上以30 r/min暴露时,飞行员前庭性错觉的诱发率较高,且前庭自主神经反应较轻,此转速用于飞行人员前庭性错觉的地面模拟训练较为合适.     

短臂离心机诱发前庭本体性错觉形态多样性表现的观察

目的观察短臂离心机不同暴露阶段前庭本体性错觉的形态表现特点,探寻可用短臂离心机进行模拟训练的前庭本体性错觉类型。方法在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机上对145名健康歼击机飞行员进行前庭本体性错觉模拟,观察其在离心机启动加速、匀速不动头、匀速动头和制动减速4个阶段的主观感觉。结果启动加速阶段诱发出前倾扭转错觉,诱发率47.6%;匀速不动头阶段诱发出前倾错觉,诱发率47.6%;匀速动头时诱发出科里奥利翻转错觉(包括头右旋和头左旋时)和科里奥利旋转错觉(包括头前倾和头回靠时),诱发率分别为95.2%,94.5%,68.3%和24.1%;制动减速阶段诱发出离心机反旋转错觉和后倾错觉,诱发率分别为100%和35.9%。各错觉诱发率差异有统计学意义(χ2=393.089,P0.01)。前倾扭转错觉、前倾错觉和后倾错觉均为躯体重力错觉,离心机反旋转错觉为躯体旋动错觉。结论在短臂离心机上可诱发出3种前庭本体性错觉:躯体旋动错觉、躯体重力错觉和科里奥利错觉,短臂离心机可用于以上错觉的地面模拟训练。     

飞行员地面错觉模拟及其反应参考值

目的 验证地面错觉训练方案在我军飞行员航空医学训练中应用的可行性,为评价地面错觉模拟训练效果提供参考值.方法 在我军现有错觉模拟训练方案基础上,参照北大西洋公约组织推荐的地面错觉模拟训练方案,依据现有的设备,对80名健康飞行员进行地面错觉模拟训练.在VTS-0型电动转椅上进行躯体旋动错觉、科里奥利错觉模拟,在VTS-Ⅲ型前庭功能检查系统上进行相对运动性错觉、自动性错觉模拟,观察错觉的诱发情况,并进行相应错觉反应参数（错觉持续时间、潜伏期）的记录.结果 躯体旋动错觉、科里奥利错觉、相对运动性错觉和自动性错觉的诱发率分别为100.0%、90.7%、72.5%和49.2%.前庭性错觉的诱发率要大于视性错觉（χ2=5.01,P〈0.05）.飞行员躯体旋动错觉、科里奥利翻转错觉、科里奥利滚转错觉的持续时间分别为（8.4±4.5）s、（4.9±2.3） s、（5.4±3.0） s;相对运动性错觉、自动性错觉的潜伏期分别为（34.8±19.0） s、（42.8±15.2） s.5种错觉反应数据的参考值分别为：躯体旋动错觉持续时间≤17.4 s,科里奥利滚转错觉持续时间≤11.4 s,科里奥利翻转错觉持续时间为0.3～9.5 s,相对运动性错觉潜伏期≤72.8 s,自动性错觉潜伏期为12.4～73.2 s.结论 立足现有训练装备,我军飞行员躯体旋动错觉、科里奥利错觉、相对运动性错觉及自动性错觉的地面模拟训练方案是有效的、可行的.5种错觉反应数据的参考值可望为飞行员地面错觉模拟效果评价提供依据.     

短臂离心机用于军事飞行人员前庭习服训练效果观察

目的观察短臂离心机前庭习服训练效果,探讨其用于军事飞行人员地面前庭习服训练的可行性。方法在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机上对9名前庭稳定性水平较低的飞行人员进行连续7天的科里奥利加速度前庭习服训练,观察耐受时间变化趋势,对比训练前后耐受时间和前庭自主神经反应主观分值的变化。结果随着训练次数的增加,耐受时间呈持续上升趋势。经7 d训练后耐受时间明显延长(P0.01),前庭自主神经反应主观分值明显降低(P0.01)。结论短臂离心机用于前庭习服训练效果显著,可用于飞行人员前庭稳定性训练。     

短臂离心机暴露对心血管及前庭功能的影响（摘要）

目的通过观察和比较不同体位下短臂离心机暴露所引起的心血管及前庭功能反应,进一步明确短臂离心机暴露下体位因素对心血管和前庭功能的影响。方法10名健康男性受试者,依次进行75°、45°、15°体位的短臂离心机暴露,     

Development and Application of SAC-Ⅲ Human Short-arm Centrifuge

目的 研制一种新型短臂离心机(SAC-Ⅲ)并观察其应用效果.方法 SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机由电源、操作控制系统、声像监控系统、脚踏阻力锻炼及做功计量系统、电控静音刹车系统、工作转臂及支承结构等部件组成.通过电源系统,使工作转臂绕支撑装置作圆周运动,产生人工重力.选取16名男性志愿者,在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机上人工重力暴露,分析在1G,2G和3G作用下心率和呼吸等生理参数的变化.结果 利用SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机,与基础值相比,心率和呼吸率1G暴露时呈增加趋势,2G暴露时显著增加(P＜0.05),3G暴露时进一步增加(P＜0.01).结论 在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机暴露时,心率和呼吸率的变化表明其能有效模拟人工重力作用,可作为飞行人员抗荷生理训练设备或航天员对抗失重生理影响的有力措施.     

SAC-Ⅲ短臂离心机的研制与应用研究

目的研制一种新型短臂离心机(SAC-Ⅲ)并观察其应用效果。方法 SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机由电源、操作控制系统、声像监控系统、脚踏阻力锻炼及做功计量系统、电控静音刹车系统、工作转臂及支承结构等部件组成。通过电源系统,使工作转臂绕支撑装置作圆周运动,产生人工重力。选取16名男性志愿者,在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机上人工重力暴露,分析在1 G,2 G和3 G作用下心率和呼吸等生理参数的变化。结果利用SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机,与基础值相比,心率和呼吸率1 G暴露时呈增加趋势,2 G暴露时显著增加(P<0.05),3 G暴露时进一步增加(P<0.01)。结论在SAC-Ⅲ型短臂离心机暴露时,心率和呼吸率的变化表明其能有效模拟人工重力作用,可作为飞行人员抗荷生理训练设备或航天员对抗失重生理影响的有力措施。     

人力短臂离心机训练后心血管功能的改变

目的 观察人力短臂离心机训练后心血管功能的改变，探讨人力短臂离心机的训练效果。方法 9名健康男性青年利用人力短臂离心机进行训练，转速为30-34r／min，持续时间为5min，1次／d，连续训练7d。测量心血管功能的变化。结果 人力短臂离心机训练3d后，心率显著降低(P＜0．05)，左室射血时间(LVET)显著延长(P＜0．01)；训练7d后，心率进一步降低(P＜0．01)，左室射血时间显著延长(P＜0．05)，每搏量显著增加(P＜0．05)。结论 人力短臂离心机连续训练7d后可明显改善心脏泵血功能。     

人力短臂离心机的研制与应用研究

目的研究一种人力短臂离心机并对其应用进行实验研究。方法人力短臂离心机由人工动力部分、可调阻力制动部分、工作转臂、支承装置及集流环装置等部分组成。它通过人工动力部分的驱动 ,使工作转臂绕支承装置作圆周运动 ,从而达到人工重力的目的。体力负荷大小可通过可调阻力制动部分来调节。G值大小由工作转臂转动速度决定。 9名健康男性青年利用人力短臂离心机进行训练 ,转速为 30～ 34r·min- 1 ,持续时间为 5min ,1次 /d ,连续训练 7d。测量心脏泵血功能的变化。结果人力短臂离心机训练 3d后 ,心率 (HR)显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,左室射血时间 (LVET)显著延长 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;训练7d后 ,HR进一步降低 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,LVET显著延长 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,每搏量显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论该人力短臂离心机集人工重力与体育锻炼于一身 ,安全可靠 ,造价较低 ,连续训练 7d后可明显改善心脏泵血功能 ,可望作为飞行人员抗荷生理训练设备和航天员对抗失重生理影响的措施之一     

不同体位短臂离心机暴露时心血管及前庭功能的改变

目的 通过观察和比较不同体位下短臂离心机暴露所引起的心血管及前庭功能反应,进一步明确短臂离心机暴露下体位因素对心血管和前庭功能的影响. 方法 10名健康男性,依次进行75°、45°、15°后倾体位的短臂离心机暴露,且每体位先后进行2 G、3 G(足水平)人工重力暴露;采用便携式无创逐跳血压监测仪(Portapres)全程监测,并记录受试者血压、心率,通过Beatscope分析软件计算心脏泵血功能和总外周阻力;同时进行前庭功能评价,比较不同体位短臂离心机暴露对心血管、前庭系统的影响. 结果 2 G、3 G短臂离心机分别暴露时,15°体位下6名受试者出现严重运动病症状被迫终止试验;75°和45°两种体位下受试者血压、心率较基础值增高(F=2.79～16.44,P<0.05);心输出量则无显著变化.3 G暴露75°和45°两种体位时,每搏量显著降低(F=2.25、8.35,P<0.05).3 G暴露45°体位时总外周阻力较基础值增高(F=2.61,P<0.05);相同G值短臂离心机暴露时,75°体位下心血管功能变化较45°体位差异无统计学意义,而前庭功能评分则随着体位角度的减小而逐渐增高,15°体位下评分较45°和75°体位增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 短臂离心机暴露时,45°和75°两种体位对心血管功能的影响无统计学意义,但不同体位对前庭功能的影响却差异较大.暴露体位越趋近于坐位,引起的运动病程度越重. Abstract： Objective To investigate the changes of human cardiovascular and vestibular functions when exposed to the artificiaI gravity generated by short-arm centrifuge with different body positions.Methods Ten healthy male volunteers were exposed to the artificial gravity at three different body positions:foot towards to the radial direction off the rotation center respectively with 75°,45°and 15°back tilting.Each position underwent on short-arm centrifuge with two sessions that were at 2 G and 3 G (at foot level) respectively.Beat-by-beat arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and during the experiment by means of Portapres and calculated parameters,such as stroke volume (SV),cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR),were obtained by Beatscope software.A subjective scoring was taken for assessing vestibular sensations. Results Six of 10 subjects with 15°posture were terminated both in 2 G and 3 G exposure due to their serious motion sickness symptoms.Comparing to the measurements before exposure,subjects with 45°and 75°posture showed significant increased BP and HR (F=2.79 to 16.44,P<0.05) but SV (F=2.25 or 8.35,P<0.05) while CO had no obvious change.Comparing to the measurements before exposure,subjects with 3 G (45°posture) showed significant incleased TPR (F=2.61,P<0.05).3 G exposure resulted in higher HR than that in 2 G.No significant changes of BP,HR,CO,SV and TPR were found between 45°and 75°postures under same exposure.The scores of vestibular assessment showed increased tendency with the decreased tilt angle.Significantly higher scores were got for 15°posture exposures comparing to others and indicated stronger vestibular stimuli.Conclusions The results suggested that the smaller tilted angle posture would result in mole serious vestibular symptoms.     

短臂离心机重力暴露及有氧运动对心血管功能的影响

目的 观察利用短臂离心机单纯人工重力暴露、单纯有氧运动锻炼、人工重力暴露联合有氧运动锻炼3种锻炼方案对心血管功能及心脏自主神经调节功能的影响.方法 将24名健康青年男性志愿者随机分为3组:单纯人工重力暴露组、单纯有氧运动锻炼组及人工重力暴露联合运动锻炼组,每组8人.单纯人工重力暴露组进行间断梯度G值(1～2 G)离心机锻炼,单纯有氧运动锻炼组进行40 W的有氧运动负荷锻炼,人工重力暴露联合有氧运动锻炼组则进行间断梯度G值(1～2 G)离心机暴露,同时进行40 W运动锻炼,每天30 min,持续1周.采集心电图和逐跳连续血压,分析心率变异性与收缩压变异性功率谱.采用心电机械图法和阻抗法测量锻炼前后心脏的收缩与泵血功能.结果 人工重力暴露联合有氧运动锻炼组1周后受试者心率较锻炼前显著下降,且有统计学意义(P＜0.05),每搏量、左室射血时间及血压变异性低频功率较锻炼前显著增加,且有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而其他两组以上参数无显著变化.结论 1周人工重力暴露联合40 W有氧运动负荷锻炼可显著增强心脏泵血功能及自主神经调节功能.上述参数的明显改善可能得益于人工重力与有氧运动的复合作用. Abstract： Objective To investigate the changes of cardiovascular function and cardiovascular autonomic nervous regulation caused by short arm centrifuge exposure (SAC), aerobic exercise (EX),or their combination (SAC+ EX).Methods Twenty-four healthy male subjects were randomly and averagely divided into 3 groups that executed SAC, EX and SAC+ EX respectively.Subjects in SAC group experienced 1-2 G centrifuge training while EX group merely performed aerobic exercise with 40 W-load.In SAC+ EX group, subjects performed 40 W-load exercise for 30 min when they exposed on centrifuge once a day for 1 week.Electrocardiogram, continue blood pressure were monitored and used for HR variation and systolic blood pressure variation spectrum a(n)alysis.The training caused changes on systole and blood-pumping functions were got by analyzing mechanical-cardiogram and impedance-cardiogram.Results Analysis showed that 1-week SAC+EX training improved subjects' cardiac pumping function and cardiovascular autonomic nervous modulation, which associated with significant decreased heart rate (P＜0.05) and significant increased stroke volume (SV), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and lower frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) of arterial pressure spectral power (P＜0.05) as compared with those in other 2 groups.Conclusions 1-week SAC+40 W-load EX training could significantly improve cardiac pumping function, cardiac vagal modulation and peripheral smooth muscle vascular tone.Such combined action promotes the changes.However,alternative SAC or EX training is not sufficient enough to induce similar alterations.     

仪表飞行条件下飞行错觉与仪表注视的相关分析

目的 分析仪表飞行条件下飞行错觉发生情况与仪表注视的相互关系。方法 对45名飞行员进行仪表飞行试验,记录其飞行错觉情况、仪表扫视情况及眼动情况,并对以上指标进行偏相关分析。结果 飞行员仪表飞行错觉水平与飞行错觉后反应（r=0.620,P=0.000）、升降速表注视时间（r=0.372,P=0.014）呈显著正相关;与高度表反应正确率（r=-0.304,P=0.047）、地平仪反应正确率（r=-0.311,P=0.042）呈现显著负相关。结论 飞行员仪表飞行错觉的发生与高度表、地平仪及升降速表的正确判读具有一定关联,视觉搜索效率较低可能是飞行错觉发生的重要原因或重要中介因素。     

Visual scene effects on the somatogravic illusion.

This study attempted to determine which visual scene cues are most effective in overcoming the somatogravic illusion (SGI), a form of spatial disorientation that occurs when a shift in the resultant gravitoinertial force vector created by a sustained linear acceleration is misinterpreted as a change in pitch or bank attitude. Nine subjects were exposed to a gravitoinertial force shift of -30 degrees in the pitch plane, both with their eyes closed and while viewing computer-generated visual scenes through a wide field-of-view head-mounted display. The scenes depicted acceleration over a shoreline by means of horizon, texture, perspective, and color cues that were presented both in isolation and in various combinations. None of the scenes significantly reduced the magnitude of the SGI relative to the eyes-closed (baseline) pitch illusion, even though the textured scenes produced some linear vection. It remains to be established whether low-cost head-mounted visual displays can reliably reduce the magnitude of the SGI and other spatially disorienting illusions.     

空军飞行员飞行错觉后反应分析

目的 掌握现阶段空军飞行员发生飞行错觉后反应状况,以期制定相应对策. 方法 运用"飞行错觉水平量表"对来院疗养的1275名空军飞行员进行飞行错觉问卷调查. 结果 有效量表1221份,飞行错觉总发生率为91.5%,发生错觉后看仪表不能克服的占8.1%,发生错觉后影响操纵的占32.7%,发生了错觉不知道的占6.9%,发生错觉后不能识别周围环境的占1.4%,出现不适症状的占56.6%.歼击机、强击机飞行员飞行错觉后的反应水平明显高于其他机种(P＜0.05).结论 空军飞行员飞行错觉后反应影响飞行安全,急待建立飞行错觉系统训练体系,减少飞行错觉后反应发生,降低飞行错觉反应水平. Abstract： Objective To investigate the Air Force pilots' response to the flight illusion for finding countermeasures. Methods A questionnaire entitled" the level scale of flight illusion" was inquired from 1275 pilots. Results The incidence of flight illusion was 91. 5% by analyzing 1221applicable replies. Among which even 8. 1% pilots could not overcome the illusions by observing instruments. 32.7% pilots reported illusion caused difficulties on aircraft control while 6.9% and 1.4% pilots respectively showed unawareness of illusion and lost the awareness of environment when illusion happened. 56. 6% pilots appeared discomfort. Fighter and attacker pilots showed stronger response than the other type of aircrafts' (P＜0.05). Conclusions Pilot's negative responses to flight illusions have effectively influenced flight safety. It is suggested to build up corresponding training system to control the pilot's negative response to flight illusions.     

Vestibulo-ocular responses in man to +Gz hypergravity

The influence of high +Gz gravito-inertial force on the vestibular system in man was investigated in a 4-m centrifuge with a freely swinging gondola. The Gz profile was: acceleration +0.2 Gz/s, +3 Gz sustained for 3 min, deceleration -0.2 Gz/s. The subject was exposed to this profile under two conditions in randomized order: facing forward and facing backward. Under these conditions, the effective angular velocity in the plane of the vertical semicircular canals is opposed. Adding the slow phase velocity responses from these conditions yields the Gz effect only; subtracting yields the angular velocity effect only. Vertical vestibular nystagmus was analysed in five subjects. Results indicate that +3 Gz induced a subject-dependent vertical nystagmus with slow phase downwards. The average amplitude of this nystagmus reached a maximum of 27 degrees/s at 16 s from G onset, and was 11 degrees/s after 3 min of sustained +3 Gz. The vestibular stimulation by +Gz could result in false subjective perception of attitude, and play a major role in spatial disorientation in flight.     

Visual flow scene effects on the somatogravic illusion in non-pilots

INTRODUCTION: The somatogravic illusion (SGI) is easily broken when the pilot looks out the aircraft window during daylight flight, but it has proven difficult to break or even reduce the SGI in non-pilots in simulators using synthetic visual scenes. Could visual-flow scenes that accommodate compensatory head movement reduce the SGI in naive subjects? METHODS: We investigated the effects of visual cues on the SGI induced by a human centrifuge. The subject was equipped with a head-tracked, head-mounted display (HMD) and was seated in a fixed gondola facing the center of rotation. The angular velocity of the centrifuge increased from near zero until a 0.57-G centripetal acceleration was attained, resulting in a tilt of the gravitoinertial force vector, corresponding to a pitch-up of 30 degrees. The subject indicated perceived horizontal continuously by means of a manual adjustable-plate system. We performed two experiments with within-subjects designs. In Experiment 1, the subjects (N = 13) viewed a darkened HMD and a presentation of simple visual flow beneath a horizon. In Experiment 2, the subjects (N = 12) viewed a darkened HMD, a scene including symbology superimposed on simple visual flow and horizon, and this scene without visual flow (static). RESULTS: In Experiment 1, visual flow reduced the SGI from 12.4 +/- 1.4 degrees (mean +/- SE) to 8.7 +/- 1.5 degrees. In Experiment 2, the SGI was smaller in the visual flow condition (9.3 +/- 1.8 degrees) than with the static scene (13.3 +/- 1.7 degrees) and without HMD presentation (14.5 +/- 2.3 degrees), respectively. CONCLUSION: It is possible to reduce the SGI in non-pilots by means of a synthetic horizon and simple visual flow conveyed by a head-tracked HMD. This may reflect the power of a more intuitive display for reducing the SGI.