航天环境的药物应用

航天飞行特别是空间站及长期载人航天飞行中,航天特殊环境可以影响到航天员的生活质量和身体健康,为解决载人飞行航天员失重生理效应和治疗在太空环境下所发生的疾病等医学问题,安全、有效的药物干预对保障航天员健康和完成航天飞行任务意义重大。     

抛物线飞行与航天运动病

抛物线飞行与航天运动病王林杰童伯伦航天初期航天员发生运动病比例较大，航天运动病症状的程度、表现形式因人而异，会给航天员的工作和健康造成一定程度的影响。种种假说都认为，其发生与对前庭的刺激有关，因此研究失重对前庭功能的影响、对航天运动病易感性的预测、防...     

载人航天飞行中的情绪研究进展

载人航天环境中的微重力、振动、辐射、限制和隔离等各种应激源会使航天员出现焦虑、抑郁等各种负性情绪,进而影响到航天员的操作效率和飞行计划执行,甚至航天飞行的安全;情绪应激长期作用还会对航天员的身心健康造成损害。情绪研究是航天心理学的重要研究方向,国内外学者对航天飞行以及类似环境中航天员的情绪变化进行了大量研究。本文总结了情绪的基本理论,情绪测评的方法以及载人航天领域情绪研究的现状,并对载人航天情绪研究的未来进行了展望。     

航天员应付失重的方法

为了克服失重对人体的不利影响,保证航天员的健康和飞行中的工作效率,在40多年的载人航天实践中,航天医学研究者们始终没有停止过对失重生理及对抗措施的研究。通过不断地深入研究和大量的航天飞行实践,他们摸索出一套应付失重的“招数”。只要航天员在航天飞行中能够运用这套制胜法宝,就能够最大限度地降低失重对其身体健康的影响,胜利完成航天飞行任务。体育锻炼适量的体育运动不但能够锻炼肌肉和骨骼,同时还可以增加人体的耗氧量,从而增强心血管系统的调节能力。因此,航天员都要进行体育锻炼,以防止失重导致的心血管功能失调、骨丢失和肌…     

长期飞行航天营养和航天食品面临的挑战

本文在NASA对ISS长期飞行航天员营养状态观察结果的基础上,阐明航天环境对人体营养代谢的影响和意义.同时,对航天营养研究和航天食品研制领域的研究热点作一简要介绍.     

航天运动病发生发展中的个体化研究策略

在人类的载人航天活动中,近半数航天员会在其飞行的24~72 h内受到运动病的困扰。运动病可能对航天员的健康和安全造成威胁。同时,航天员在运动病期间工作能力上受到的限制会对飞行任务造成巨大影响,尤其是对短期飞行任务。个体化研究策略关注影响运动病发生发展中的个体化因素,对载人航天事业有着重要的应用意义。基于个体化特征的个体化治疗理念对于治疗和缓解运动病病症,指导临床治疗和康复策略方案的制定将具有重要的指导意义。本文回顾了航天运动病发生率及其生理改变特点并进行了评价,对后续的运动病个体化研究提出了建议。     

睡眠期间心电变化规律研究进展

中长期空间飞行中,航天员常会遇到失眠、睡眠时间缩短、觉醒次数增多等睡眠问题.研究睡眠期间心电信号的变化规律,对于深入了解睡眠时神经系统的调节机制和心血管系统的作用规律,以及发展基于心电信号的睡眠监测技术具有重要意义.本文从心率变异性和心电波形两方面对睡眠期间心电信号变化规律的研究进行综述,并对航天飞行中的相关研究进行论述.     

空间时间生物学:航天器近日节律控制设计的研究进展

目的 综述空间时间生物学航天飞行近日节律控制设计的研究进展,并探讨飞行器设计中授时因子的设计问题.资料来源与选择 国内外相关研究领域的科技报告、学术论文和学术论著等.资料引用引用文献资料38篇.资料综合 空间时间生物学是揭示生物体在空间时间条件下生物节律、时间结构、节律导引及工程的一门新兴学科.在航天飞行时,空间环境的改变可以影响航天乘员的生物节律尤其是近日节律,影响程度会随着航天飞行时间的延长而加重.本文综述了航天中近日节律的时间生物学问题和航天飞行中座舱内环境特有的时间环境暗示和授时因子,进而有针对性地提出了载人航天器近日节律控制的工程设计原则.结论 根据空间飞行光-暗与非光时间暗示条件的变化规律与特点,总结航天器近日节律控制中时间暗示环境和授时因子的工程设计问题.     

空间时间生物学研究进展

空间时间生物学是未来制约长期载人航天乃至月球和星际飞行的重要研究领域之一.目前,国外相关研究大都集中在生物节律,特别是近日节律,对航天员的影响问题上.本文介绍了国内外生物节律,特别是航天飞行生物节律的研究进展,在此基础上,根据人类未来载人航天发展的需要,提出了开展空间时间生物学研究的问题;同时对空间时间生物学的基本概念、主要研究内容和基本模型进行了描述.根据空间时间生物学的基本模型,提出了今后重点研究的方向和内容,从而为空间时间生物学学科及体系的发展奠定基础.     

载人航天测控的医学监测问题

在载人航天中,为了确保航天员生命安全和飞行任务的实现,应对飞行中的航天器的环境和工作状态、航天员的身体健康状态和工作情况进行监测与控制。为此,需要设置载人航天测控网,对航天器的发射、轨道运行、再入和返回以及航天员的监督与保证,实施支持与监控。本文将从医学角度,阐述载人航天测控中的医学监测问题。     

空间时间生物学:航天飞行近日节律与导引的研究进展

目的 综述空间时间生物学中航天飞行近日节律研究进展,并探讨飞行中近日节律的导引问题. 资料来源与选择国内外相关研究领域的科技报告、学术论文和学术论著等. 资料引用引用文献资料53篇. 资料综合空间时间生物学中的近日节律系统由感受器-起搏器-效应器组成.哺乳动物的起搏器位于下丘脑的视交叉上核(SCN).通过神经元与感受器和效应器相连接.参与连接的有3种神经递质和1种激素.这些物质的分泌与光或暗和非光环境某些因子相关,在地球光或暗环境下近日节律系统运行周期约为24 h.空间环境时间暗示条件的改变使得这些物质的分泌发生变化,从而影响近日节律的正常运转. 结论 根据航天飞行光或暗与非光时间暗示条件的变化规律与特点,总结了近日节律的导引问题.     

Circadian rhythms and fatigue: a discrimination of their effects on performance

Different effects between circadian rhythms and fatigue have been discriminated. The discrimination was based on human performance changes. It was shown that such changes, not related to loss of sleep, are more easily attributable to either circadian rhythm or fatigue effects. However, when they follow loss of sleep, discrimination becomes difficult. Consequently, a new, more direct way of describing them and their cause has been formulated. This type of change is then related to the jet-lag-by-time-zone myth.     

The effect of time-of-day and sleep deprivation on postural control: A systematic review

BackgroundPostural control (PC) can be affected by circadian rhythm and sleep deprivation, whereby it has been reported the result of PC measurement in clinical and experimental situations can be influenced by both factors. It has been suggested sleepiness can result in deficiency in PC, which in turn can lead to occupational accidents and subsequent injuries. This is while no study critically reviews or summarizes findings surrounding this topic in the literature.Research questionIs there any significant effect of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm on PC variables among healthy individuals?MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were used to detect relevant studies. Only studies that examined the effect of time of day and/or sleep loss on PC among healthy individuals were included in this systematic review.ResultsForty-nine studies were included based on the inclusion criteria. Both circadian rhythm and sleep loss had a significant effect on PC, whereas there are inconsistent findings for optimal postural control regarding time of day. In terms of sleep deprivation, all investigations indicated that sleep loss deteriorates PC.SignificanceThe current systematic review represents a significant effect of circadian rhythm and sleep deprivation on PC, whereby it is suggested that clinicians and researchers consider these factors when measuring PC since it may affect the result of research and clinical test. Moreover, PC may be worsened through sleeplessness; however, some studies revealed there is no linear relationship between time of wakefulness and deteriorating PC due to the influence of circadian rhythm. Hence, while PC, as an objective tool, can help to detect those who are sleep deprived, which in turn can lead to prevent possible musculoskeletal injuries, further studies are needed to reveal more understanding about the effect of sleep loss and circadian rhythm on PC.     

Considerations in prescribing preflight aerobic exercise for astronauts

Many human responses to the weightless environment have been documented from actual spaceflights. These include physiological effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system and fluid balance, and the musculoskeletal system, as well as psychological effects. Simulations on Earth have added to our knowledge about the physiology of weightlessness. Early data on orthostatic intolerance after real and simulated spaceflight led some scientists to discourage a high level of aerobic fitness for astronauts. They believed it was detrimental to orthostatic tolerance on return to Earth. However, most of the data available today do not support this contention. Furthermore, aerobic fitness is beneficial to cardiovascular function and mental performance. Therefore, it may be important in performing extra-vehicular activities during flight. Some astronauts claim exercise enhances their feeling of well-being and self image. And, although the cardiovascular system and exercise performance may recover more slowly after flight to preflight levels when fitness level prior to flight is high, the musculoskeletal system may recover more rapidly. Research is needed to determine optimal levels of aerobic training for performing tasks in flight, maintaining health and well-being during flight, and assuring satisfactory recovery on return to Earth.     

航天员常见症状的用药与体位性低血压的关系

目的对航天员在航天飞行中与航天飞行后常见症状的用药与体位性低血压的关系进行综述。资料来源与选择该领域公开发表的相关研究论文、综述、报告汇编（包括美国国家航空航天局网站上的公开文献）和著作。资料引用引用公开发表的报刊文献32篇,报告汇编5篇,和著作12部。资料综合航天员在航天飞行中与航天飞行后最常出现的症状分别为头晕、呕吐（航天运动病）、头痛、背部疼痛、失眠和晕厥,对于这些症状的西药治疗有时会对心血管系统产生不良影响。止吐药异丙嗪伴有抑制去甲肾上腺素、肾素、醛固酮分泌的作用;安眠药替马西泮具有松弛骨骼肌张力的作用;升压药氟氢可的松具有抑制去甲肾上腺素分泌的作用。这些药物都会引起血管收缩下降,水钠储留减少,回心血量降低从而造成体位性低血压。结论航天员常见症状的西药疗法常会引起体位性低血压。中国可以运用中药针灸和少量的西药复合疗法来防治航天员的常见症状,从而减少西药对人体的不良作用。     

Sleep and circadian rhythms of an airline pilot operating on the polar route: a case study

This study was planned and performed as a first step to assess sleep behaviour and circadian rhythmicity in aircrews operating on regular passenger flights between Germany and Japan via Anchorage, AK. Sleep patterns as well as continuous recordings of ECG and temperature were obtained from a B747 captain during a period of 13 d, including a preceding control day, 8 d on duty and 4 d at home base after return. Sleep behaviour and circadian rhythms changed dramatically due to adverse effects from the duty roster on the polar route. Sleep periods became fragmented into several sleep periods per day in a very irregular manner. Total sleep duration was shortened and sleep deficits occurred between flights. After return to the home base, sleep distribution remained divided into two intervals per day. The circadian system was considerably disrupted on route. Effects associated with irregular duty and sleep patterns intensified desynchronization. Readjustment was extremely slow resulting in a phase-displacement of at least 10 h even after being home for 4 d. Altogether, the results give reason for serious concerns and for the conclusion to strongly recommend more extensive studies on this route.     

The influence of air travel on athletic performance.

Rapid transmeridian flight is a common reality for modern athletes and it has often been assumed that air travel has detrimental effects on athletic performance. The plausibility of this assumption is supported by established deteriorations in sleep and mood following transmeridian flight. However, the scientific evidence supporting the assumption is neither consistent nor compelling. Studies that have assessed athletic performance following transmeridian flight have produced mixed results and are characterised by major methodological flaws. Recent retrospective assessments of athletic team performance based on distance travelled have generally failed to indicate performance impairments following transmeridian flight. The plausibility of transmeridian air travel impairing athletic performance would be indicated by demonstration of an internally-driven circadian rhythm of athletic performance, or of deleterious performance consequences following sleep deprivation or desynchronisation between the circadian system and the environment. More rigorous research is needed to establish whether athletic performance is influenced by air travel.