常用认知功能检查量表在阿尔茨海默病中的应用

<正>随着我国人口老龄化结构的加快,阿尔茨海默病(AD)患病人数逐年上升,1990年约为193万,2000年约为371万,至2010年激增至569万〔1〕。AD的临床三大主症包括:日常生活能力受损、伴有不同程度的精神行为异常、认知功能下降,其中认知功能损害是AD的核心症状,需借助神经心理量表来评定。根据认知功能检查量表的用途可以分为筛查量表、诊断量表与鉴别诊断量表,现就AD临床与研究中常用的认知功能检     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在糖尿病认知功能障碍检测中的应用

在老年疾病中,认知功能障碍患病率较高.糖尿病对中枢神经系统的影响越来越引起人们的关注,对糖尿病认知功能障碍的研究日益增多,专家们认为糖尿病认知功能障碍最终多发展为阿尔茨海默病(AD),严重影响患者生活质量,给家庭和社会带来严重生活负担.因此早期发现糖尿病认知功能障碍并及早予以干预显得尤为重要,因此本研究应用MoCA量表对糖尿病患者进行检测,并探讨其应用价值.     

简易认知量表和8条目痴呆筛查问卷在高龄老年人群早期认知功能下降筛查中的应用

目的探讨简易认知量表（Mini-Cog）和8条目痴呆筛查问卷（8-item ascertain dementia, AD8）对80岁以上老年人群早期轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment, MCI）的筛查价值。 方法选取杭州市某福利中心的2014年10月前已入住的908名高龄老年人进行Mini-Cog和AD8筛查,随访5年后对仍然健在且能配合完成检查者进行二次认知功能评估。计算Mini-Cog和AD8初筛的敏感度和特异度,并分析随访5年后AD8的ROC曲线结果以及两种量表的一致性检验结果。 结果908例高龄老年人中523例确诊为痴呆（不计入后续筛查及随访调查）,余385例筛查结果显示：Mini-Cog、AD8诊断MCI的敏感度分别为54.88%、57.32%,特异度分别为85.52%、86.43%。随访5年后仍健在且接受二次评估的老年人共167名,其中认知功能正常106例（54例出现认知功能下降）,MCI 61例（36例出现认知功能进一步下降）。对于随访5年的认知功能正常者及MCI者,AD8诊断的AUC分别为0.572（95%CI=0.486-0.658）、0.723（95%CI=0.611-0.835）,Mini-Cog和AD8（以得分>3为分界线）诊断的一致性Kappa值分别为0.105、0.018和0.225、0.524。 结论AD8和Mini-Cog均具有一定的MCI评估效能,尤其适用于养老机构及社区高龄老年群体的认知功能筛查。     

痴呆评估量表与事件相关电位P300对轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能的评价

目的 分析轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者痴呆评估量表及P300改变的特点,以提高轻度认知功能的诊断水平.方法 选择MCI患者31例,痴呆(AD)患者31例和无明显认知功能障碍的患者30例作为对照组,应用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MOCA)测评受试者认知功能状态.同时应用肌电-诱发电位仪分别记录各组的事件相关电位P300的情况.结果 3组MOCA中各项分测验得分在控制性别、年龄、文化等影响因素后,差异显著(视空间F=107.71,P<0.01;命名F=88.07,P<0.01;注意F=88.83,P<0.01;语言F=14.41,P<0.01;抽象思维F=16.86,P<0.01;延迟记忆F=121.98,P<0.01;定向力F=113.89,P<0.01);MCI组、对照组和AD组间均有显著差异.MCI组与AD组潜伏期PZ点差异显著(P<0.01),波幅的PZ点也有差异(P<0.05);MCI组与对照组潜伏期CZ点差异显著(P<0.01),波幅CZ点有差异(P<0.05).结论 MOCA是一个简便、高敏感性的认知筛查工具,能较全面评价MCI患者的认知功能.P300测定不受文化、语言、文字限制,患者易合作,需时短,可对患者认知功能进行定量评价.在无损害的诊断与评定轻度认知功能方面有重要价值.     

Addenbrooke认知评估量表Ⅲ在认知功能障碍诊断中的应用进展

随着社会人口的老龄化,认知功能障碍已经成为威胁老年患者健康及生活质量的主要原因,给家庭和社会带来巨大负担[1].痴呆的典型临床表现为进行性记忆力下降,伴有其他认知领域损害,如语言功能、视空间、执行功能障碍等[2].引起痴呆病因很多,常见的包括阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD),血管性痴呆,额颞...     

北京地区蒙特利尔认知量表的应用研究

目的研究蒙特利尔认知量表（MoCA）测试结果的分布特征,为制定适合我国国情的筛查分界值标准提供科学的依据。方法通过随机抽样,以北京市≥50岁215例正常人群和66例轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）人群为样本。总结其MoCA测试结果的百分位数值和均值的年龄、性别和受教育程度分布,比较MoCA和简易精神状态量表（MMSE）检测MCI的效度。按MoCA和MMSE建立多元线性回归方程,分析影响测试结果的因素。结果MoCA的分界值≥26分,年龄和受教育程度诸因素均对MoCA得分有显著影响（P〈0．001）。检测MCI的敏感度MoCA为92．4％,显著优于MMSE的24．2％。结论MoCA用于筛查MCI病例优于MMSE。调整的分界值标准有助于早期发现MCI和痴呆病人,减少漏诊。MoCA得分是判断认知功能是否正常的非特异性指标,不能取代临床诊断。     

血管性认知功能障碍检查量表的研究进展

血管性认知功能障碍（VCI）是因脑血管因素导致脑组织损害而引起的、以认知功能障碍为基本特征的综合征,它包括血管性轻度认知障碍（VaMCI）和血管性痴呆（VaD）.及时对VCI进行筛查并干预,能有效防止认知功能的进一步恶化,对于改善患者的预后意义重大.近年来,关于VCI的研究备受关注,其中神经心理学量表在其诊疗过程中有着重要的作用.目前,临床上常用的认知功能检查量表种类较多,功能不尽相同.本文按其主要功能特点,从筛查量表、评定量表、特殊量表和随访量表4个方面,详细介绍血管性认知功能障碍检查量表的研究进展,以期更好地指导VCI的临床诊疗工作.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在健康体检人群中的应用

目的研究蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在健康体检人群中的分布特征。方法选择1350例健康体检者,采用北京版MoCA对受试者进行认知功能测评。最终777例进入分析,按年龄分为:<65岁组175例,65⁶9岁组200例,7069岁组200例,70⁷4岁组145例,7574岁组145例,75⁷9岁组124例,≥80岁组133例;按受教育年限分为:≤12年组153例和1379岁组124例,≥80岁组133例;按受教育年限分为:≤12年组153例和13²0年组624例。结果不同年龄组、不同受教育年限组MoCA总分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多元线性回归方程显示,年龄与MoCA总分呈负相关(β=-0.639,P=0.000),受教育年限与MoCA总分呈正相关(β=0.741,P=0.000)。以均数-1.5倍标准差为轻度认知障碍筛查的参考值,筛查值范围分别为:<65岁组≤25分,6520年组624例。结果不同年龄组、不同受教育年限组MoCA总分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多元线性回归方程显示,年龄与MoCA总分呈负相关(β=-0.639,P=0.000),受教育年限与MoCA总分呈正相关(β=0.741,P=0.000)。以均数-1.5倍标准差为轻度认知障碍筛查的参考值,筛查值范围分别为:<65岁组≤25分,65⁶9岁组≤24分,7069岁组≤24分,70⁷4岁组≤24分,7574岁组≤24分,75⁷9岁组≤23分,≥80岁组≤19分;≤12年组≤20分,1379岁组≤23分,≥80岁组≤19分;≤12年组≤20分,13²0年组≤24分。结论在健康体检人群中,用MoCA进行认知功能障碍患者的筛查界值不同,尤其在低文化程度和高龄人群更需注意。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在军队离退休人员轻度认知功能障碍中的应用

目的应用蒙特利尔认知评估（MOCA）量表对西安地区军队离退休人员进行轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的筛查。方法随机、整群抽样选取西安市9个干休所304名离退休干部,同时进行个人信息、患病情况、MOCA量表、简易智能状态检查（MMSE）量表、日常活动能力（ADL）量表、抑郁自评（CES-D）量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量（PSQI）量表调查。结果西安干休所离退休干部MCI发生率为64．8％;80岁以上老年人MCI的发生率高于70岁组（P〈0．05）;教育年限小于6年者MCI的发生率高于7～12年及12年以上者（P〈0．05）;不参加体育锻炼者MCI的发生率高于经常参加体育锻炼者（P〈0．01）;有脑卒中者MCI的发生率高于无脑卒中者（P〈0．05）;MOCA量表得分与MMSE量表得分呈正相关（r=0．81）,与ADL量表、CES-D量表得分呈负相关,与PSQI量表得分无显著相关。结论MOCA量表与相关评估量表具有相关性,测量方便,可行性好,能够用于军队离退休干部人群中MCI的筛查。     

中文版蒙特利尔认知评估表在广州老年人群中的初步应用

目的 调查广州社区老年人的认知功能,探讨中文版的MoCA在广州城区老年中评估认知水平的可行性.方法 采用中文版的MoCA、MMSE,横断面方便抽样调查≥60岁社区老年人279例.结果 MoCA得分总分19.86±6.69,MMSE为23.37±6.16,二者密切相关(r=0.933).文化程度、年龄、性别、职业4因素中,前两者对MoCA得分有显著影响(P=0.000).MoCA的各项目对总分值的贡献大小依次为:定向力、注意、延迟记忆、视空间、命名、抽象思维、语言.各项目对MoCA分值均有显著影响(P=0.000).结论 广州社区≥60岁老年人的总体认知水平很好.MoCA适用于广州社区老年人的认知评估,难度高于MMSE,更适合认知水平高于痴呆的轻度认知损害(MCI)患者的认知能力评估,且评估的认知领域全面,但受文化程度和年龄因素的影响.     

长谷川氏痴呆量表在老年人中试用结果的初步分析

痴呆以智力减退为显著特征。目前智力测定的方法较多,国内常用修订的韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)。但WAIS有其不便之处,对健康老年人来说,做一次测查也会感到是一种过重的负担,更何况痴呆病人。长谷川氏痴呆量表(HDS),大致在10分钟内     

Alcohol-Related Dementia in the Institutionalized Elderly

This study examined the distribution of alcohol-related and other dementias in a sample of 130 cognitively impaired residents of long-term care facilities in a Northern Ontario community. Study procedures entailed standardized psychiatric, neurological, and neuropsychological evaluations. Diagnoses of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and vascular dementia were based on criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. The diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia (ARD) was based on extensive review of medical history to assess before alcohol abuse and stabilization or improvement in cognitive functioning following institutionalization in conjunction with no other identifiable cause of dementia. ARD comprised 24% of this population compared with DAT (35%), vascular dementia (19%), and other causes (22%). The ARD group was, on average, 10 years younger than the other groups. It had nearly twice the average length of institutionalization and had milder cognitive impairment on both clinical ratings and neuropsychological tests. A diagnosis of ARD was present in the medical records for only 25% of patients in this group. These findings suggest that ARD may be more common than previously suspected in the distribution of dementias in long-term care facilities.     

我国正常中老年人心率变异分析

心率变异分析（ＨｅａｒｔｒａｔｅｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙＨＲＶ）目前被认为是一项预测心性猝死，特别是预测心肌梗死后病人猝死危险性的独立、敏感的指示。目前尚缺乏大样本ＨＲＶ时相分析正常值范围。本研究采用英国ＯＸＦＯＲＤ公司ＭｅｄｉｌｏｇＥＸＣＥＬ长程心电图分析系统，分别用标准差法（Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｄｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎ，ＳＤ）和ＨＲＶ指数法（ＨＲＶＩｎｄｅｘ）对１２０名（男：女＝９７：２３）４０一７０岁（平均５７岁，＜６０岁者６６人，≥６０岁者５４人）健康人的２４小时ＨＲＶ值进行测算。其结果为，ＳＤ：１１８．１５±１５．３７ｍｓ．ＨＲＶＩｎｄｅｘ１８．６２±２．３１；中年组（＜６０岁）平均ＳＤ：；１２２．０３ｍｓ．平均ＨＲＶＩｎｄｅｘ：２０．１６；老年组（≥６０岁）平均ＳＤ：１０７。９２ｍｓ．平均ＨＲＶＩｎｄｅｘ：１６．４１。两种方法的结果均显示。ＨＲＶ日间低于夜间，中年人高于老年人，３小时９时ＨＲＶ最低，与晨间冠心病急性发作事件高峰相吻合。本文并对ＨＲＶ的昼夜变化规律及其意义进行了初步探讨。     

Hypertension and Cognitive Decline in Rural Elderly Chinese

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between hypertension and cognitive decline in older adults.
DESIGN: Prospective observational study.
SETTING: Four rural counties in China.
PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand rural Chinese aged 65 and older (median age 70, range 65–92) participated in a baseline evaluation. A follow-up evaluation of 1,737 subjects was conducted 2.5 years after baseline.
MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive function was assessed using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word List Learning and Recall Tests, Indiana University (IU) Story Recall Test, Animal Fluency Test, and IU Token Test. Hypertension was defined as the mean of two readings of systolic blood pressure (BP) of 140 mmHg or greater, diastolic BP of 90 mmHg or greater, or according to self-report. Cognitive decline was derived as the difference between baseline and follow-up scores. Analysis of covariance models were used to estimate the association between hypertension, BP, and cognitive decline, adjusting for other covariates.
RESULTS: Greater decline was found on the CERAD 10-Word List Learning ( P <.001) and Recall ( P =.01) scores for subjects with hypertension than for those without. In particular, significantly greater decline was seen in the group with hypertension that was not taking medication than in the group without hypertension. No significant difference on cognitive decline was found between subjects with hypertension who were taking medication and those without hypertention.
CONCLUSION: Untreated hypertension was associated with greater cognitive decline in this Chinese cohort. Better hypertension detection and treatment in elderly people, especially in developing countries, may offer protection against cognitive decline.     

Prevalence of Alcohol‐Related Problems in an Elderly Population and Their Association With Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Background: Studies investigating the association between alcohol use and cognitive disorders in the elderly population have produced divergent results. Moreover, the role of alcohol in cognitive dysfunction is not clear. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of alcohol‐related problems in an elderly population from Brazil and to investigate their association with cognitive and functional impairment (CFI) and dementia. Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional study was performed. A sample of 1,145 elderly people was examined in 2 phases. Several instruments were utilized in the first phase: the CAGE questionnaire was used to identify potential cases of alcohol‐related problems, and a screening test for dementia was used to estimate CFI. The CAMDEX interview (Cambridge Examination) and DSM‐IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) criteria were used for the clinical diagnosis of dementia in the second phase. Results: “Heavy alcohol use” (CAGE ≥ 2) was found in 92 subjects (prevalence: 8.2%). It was associated with gender (males, p < 0.001), low education (only in females, p = 0.002), and low socioeconomic level (p = 0.001, in females; p = 0.002, in males). The Mini Mental State Examination exhibited a nonlinear relationship with alcohol‐related problems in females; “mild–moderate alcohol use” (CAGE < 2) presented the highest score. A significant association between alcohol‐related problems and cognitive dysfunction was found only in females. “Heavy alcohol use” was associated with higher CFI and dementia rates compared to “mild–moderate alcohol use” (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). “Mild–moderate alcohol use” had a tendency of association with lower CFI and dementia rates when compared to “no alcohol use” (p = 0.063 and 0.050, respectively). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that alcohol use does not have a linear relationship with cognitive decline.     

Comparing the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale in a multicultural rehabilitation setting

In Australia it is recommended that all older people undergoing rehabilitation have a cognitive screen. We performed a longitudinal study comparing the correlation of two cognitive screening tools – the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) with discharge outcomes in a geriatric inpatient setting. The RUDAS cut‐off (<23/30) was associated with discharge to a nursing home (sensitivity 52%, specificity 70%). This was also noted with a MoCA cut‐off <18/30 (sensitivity 57%, specificity 69%). Furthermore the association between the RUDAS and discharge destination was independent of its association with the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.116; P = 0.275) and had a shorter administration time. Both RUDAS and MoCA scores could be used as predictors of discharge destination in a multicultural population.     

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale

Abstract

This study provided information concerning the performance of 40 non-demented elderly individuals, mostly in the age range of 80-95 years, on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). The results indicated that age was not invariably associated with DRS performance. Elderly individuals residing in the community obtained total DRS scores that were virtually identical to those reported for the 9-year-younger DRS normative sample. However, residential facilities non-demented dwellers obtained total DRS scores that were, on average, 1 SD lower (p < .01) than those obtained by the community residents. Finally, DRS scores were significantly correlated (p < .01) with scores on the Questionnaire of Daily Functional Competence (QFDC).