急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压用于全髋置换手术的临床研究

目的:了解急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制降压用于全髋置换手术的安全性和临床效果。方法:择期全髋置换手术病人20例,随机分成降压组(A组n=10)和对照组(B组n=10),两组均在腰硬联合阻滞麻醉下手术。术前进行AHH,快速输入6%贺斯20mL/kg,A组并用硝酸甘油施行控制性降压,比较两组血液动力学变化、出血量、输血量。结果:AHH两组CVP略有升高,均在正常范围。两组术中尿量无明显变化,尿素氮、肌酐、肌酸各指标均在正常范围内,A组病人术中平均出血(505±79)mL,比B组病人(1050±172)mL减少47.6%,B组术中平均输血(700±134)mL,而A组病人则完全避免输血。结论:AHH联合控制性降压用于全髋置换手术是安全的,对有指征病人使用可避免输异体血。     

全麻与全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于腹腔镜全子宫切除术的比较

目的:比较单纯全麻与全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在妇科腹腔镜手术时的麻醉用药量、血流动力学变化、血糖浓度等的不同。方法:40例腹腔镜下行全子宫切除手术的病人。随机分为单纯全麻组(A组,n=20),全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(B组,n=20)。麻醉维持:A组静脉应用丙泊酚,维库溴铵,异氟醚吸入;B组经硬膜外导管间断给予利多卡因,并静脉辅以丙泊酚、异氟醚吸入。结果:术中麻醉维持用药量,A组吸入异丙酚及丙泊酚,维库溴铵用药量大于B组,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.01),充气、切除子宫、手术结束等术中各时点,A组平均血压及心率均高于B组,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。两组病人手术开始后各时点的血糖浓度较诱导前均显著升高(P<0.01),子宫切除及拔管后B组血糖浓度均低于A组,两组间比较差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。结论:全麻联合硬膜外阻滞有利于抑制腹腔镜手术中的应激反应和改善糖代谢,使全麻用药量减少,苏醒及拔管的时间缩短。全麻复合硬膜外麻醉是腹腔镜手术较为理想的麻醉方法。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻对上腹部手术病人异氟醚MAC的影响

目的:观察复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人吸入全麻药异氟醚最低肺泡气浓度（MAC）和麻醉深度的影响。方法:40例择期上腹部手术病人随机分为两组。GE组（实验组,n=20）,硬膜外穿刺置管,测试平面后快速诱导气管插管,术中每隔40～50min硬膜外给予1％利多卡因和0.15％地卡因混合液5ml,辅以异氟醚吸入。GC组（对照组,n=20）,气管插管方法同GE组,吸入异氟醚维持麻醉。结果:GC组病人术中血压、心率及吸入麻醉药浓度均显著高于GE组。双频谱指数GE组大于GC组。术后随访两组病人均无术中知晓。结论:全麻复合硬膜外阻滞术中异氟醚仅需小MAC,可以减少吸入麻醉药的用量,达到满意的麻醉效果。     

瑞芬太尼复合N_2O、异氟醚麻醉临床观察

目的：对瑞芬太尼复合N2O、异氟醚与单纯吸入N2O和异氟醚麻醉对比观察临床效果。方法：选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者106例,随机分为两组,A组给予TCI泵入瑞芬太尼,吸入N2O、异氟醚,B组吸入N2O、异氟醚。结果：苏醒时间A组（5±2）min明显短于B组（8±3）min（P〈0.05）,A组异氟醚用量明显少于B组用量（P〈0.05）,差异有统计学意义。结论：瑞芬太尼复合N2O、异氟醚麻醉可以减少吸入麻醉药用量,术中血流动力学稳定,苏醒快。     

硬膜外阻滞复全全麻对上腹部手术病人异氟醚MAC的影响

目的：观察复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人吸入全麻药异氟醚最低肺泡气浓度（MAC）和麻醉深度的影响。方法：40例择期上腹部手术病人随机分为两组。GE组（实验组，n=20），硬膜外穿刺置管，测试平面后快速诱导气管插管，术中每隔40－50min硬膜外给予1％利多卡因和0.15%地卡因混合液5ml，辅以异氟醚吸入。GC组（对照组，n=20），气管插管方法同GE组，吸入异氟醚维持麻醉。结果：GC组病人术中血压、心率及吸入麻醉药浓度均显著高于GE组。双频谱指数GE组大于GC组。术后随访两组病人均无术中知晓。结论：全麻复合硬膜外阻滞术中异氟醚仅需小MAC，可以减少吸入麻醉药的用量，达到满意的麻醉效果。     

七氟醚麻醉对降低肝癌患者术后恶心呕吐发生率的临床观察

目的探讨七氟醚麻醉降低肝癌患者术后恶心呕吐发生率的效果。方法选取80例肝癌患者,将其随机分为七氟醚麻醉组（A组）和异氟醚组（B组）,每组各40例。常规麻醉诱导后,A组麻醉维持用2%～3%七氟醚吸入麻醉,B组给予1.0%～1.5%异氟醚吸入。观察两组患者麻醉诱导后血压、心率变化、苏醒时间、术后疼痛、恶心呕吐情况。结果血流动力学变化平稳检测中A组血流动力学变化较平稳,优于B组（P〈0.05）,术后苏醒时间检测上A组短于B组（P〈0.05）;术后恶心呕吐情况检查上A组呕吐情况较少,优于B组（P〈0.05）,术后疼痛两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论七氟醚维持全静脉麻醉用于肝癌手术中麻醉平稳,血流动力学变化平稳,术后苏醒较快,术后恶心呕吐较少。     

硬膜外麻醉联合全麻在胃癌根治术中的临床观察

目的：观察硬膜外麻醉联合全麻对胃癌根治术患者血流动力学的影响。方法：24例患者随机分为三组。A组吸入异氟醚并静脉泵入丙泊酚,B组采用TCI系统Marsh模型输注丙泊酚,C组吸入异氟醚,B组和C组均联合硬膜外麻醉。记录麻醉期间9个时点无创SBP、DBP和HR及血管活性药物使用次数和剂量。结果：B组或C组SBP、DBP在切皮、腹腔探查、拔管期波动较小（P〈0．05）,B组HR在关腹至拔管期相对稳定（P〈0．01）。A组使用尼卡地平次数较B组或C组增多（P〈0．05）。结论：全麻复合硬膜外麻醉较静吸复合全麻血流动力学稳定,以丙泊酚TCI联合硬膜外麻组心率最稳定。     

头部神经阻滞对术中全麻用药量、血流动力学和术后疼痛的影响

目的探讨头部神经阻滞对颅脑手术中异氟醚呼出浓度、血流动力学变化和手术后疼痛的影响.方法 60例行额颞部颅脑手术患者随机分为生理盐水对照组（A组）、克泽普（复方长效利多卡因）组（B组）和罗哌卡因组（C组）;麻醉诱导后进行眶上、耳颞、枕大、枕小神经阻滞,吸入异氟醚维持麻醉,控制血压在基础平均动脉压（MAP）的-20%～＋10%之间.当持续出现MAP＞基础值的10%,升高异氟醚浓度但不超过2倍最小肺泡气浓度,必要时静注0.5 mg佩尔地平;当HR＞100次/min时,静注艾司洛尔50 mg.术后采用患者自控镇痛（PCA）,记录术中不同时间点的血流动力学、呼气末异氟醚浓度;记录术后2 h、第1天和第2天疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）.结果在切皮、分离骨膜、钻孔、锯骨、缝皮下、缝皮时间点,A组的异氟醚呼气末浓度高于B组和C组;在切皮即刻、切皮后、分离骨膜时,A和B组的心率和MAP增加,C组增加不明显;术后2 h B组的VAS评分低于A组（ P〈0.05）.结论在额颞部颅脑手术中,头部神经阻滞联合全麻可以降低异氟醚浓度,减小血流动力学的变化,减轻手术后疼痛.     

靶控输注丙泊酚与吸人异氟醚用于胸腔镜手术麻醉的比较

目的:比较靶控输注(target-controllde infusion,TCI)丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉两种不同方式在胸腔镜手术中的麻醉效果。方法:将30例择期行胸腔镜手术的患者分为两组,TCI组(T组,n=15)设定诱导时靶浓度为4μg/mL,术中维持丙泊酚靶浓度为3～3.5μg/mL,异氟醚组(I组,n=15)采用3%异氟醚吸入诱导,1%～2.5%维持。术中监测心率、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压,并观察诱导时间、拔管时间、苏醒质量等。结果:T组诱导时间显著短于I组(P<0.05),术中T组血流动力学维持相对平稳,术后苏醒T组明显优于I组。结论:TCI全凭静脉麻醉方法用于胸腔镜手术,术中血流动力学稳定,术后患者苏醒迅速,优于异氟醚吸入麻醉方法。     

全麻硬膜外复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术病人的影响

目的观察全麻硬膜外复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术病人血流动力学及血糖的影响。方法随机将择期上腹部维吾尔族手术病人30例分为两组(n=15),A组先行硬膜外穿刺置管,成功后用芬太尼4μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg、咪唑安定0.15mg/kg、异丙酚4mg/kg诱导行气管插管,用异氟醚吸入和异丙酚3mg/(kg·h)恒速输注维持麻醉,并于切皮前由硬膜外导管注入局麻药;B组仅为单纯气管插管全麻。分别监测术前、全麻诱导后、插管后5min及术毕的血流动力学,观察两组全麻药用量及血糖变化情况。结果A组全麻药用量较B组显著减少(P<0.05),血流动力学及血糖无明显变化(P>0.05);B组心率及收缩压、血糖在插管后5min较A组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论全麻硬膜外复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术血流动力学及血糖影响轻微,但应注意硬膜外局麻药及时追加,以防麻醉减浅和病人术中知晓的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.