高侵袭和EGFR过表达的人脑胶质瘤组织异种原位移植模型

目的 建立能向脑组织侵袭和过表达表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的人脑胶质瘤裸小鼠原位移植模型.方法 首先将体外培养高表达EGFR的人脑多形性胶质母细胞瘤细胞行裸小鼠右尾状核接种,继而将致瘤的组织块行鼠到鼠的原位传代接种.结果 鼠-鼠原位传代接种至13代,生存期为(19±1.33)d.移植瘤病理符合高侵袭、高表达EGFR的多形性胶质母细胞瘤.肿瘤增殖潜伏期短于3d,快速增殖期长于15d,晚期短于3d.结论 肿瘤组织块接种比单细胞悬液接种、非但接种的细胞量大,还能将支持肿瘤细胞增殖的间质成分一并植入,有利于移植瘤保持亲本肿瘤的高侵袭、高表达EGFR的特征.     

MSP58基因RNA干涉后对人脑胶质瘤细胞裸鼠移植瘤的影响

目的观察RNA干涉法（RNA interference,RNAi）抑制人脑胶质瘤U251细胞的MSP58基因表达后,对其在裸鼠体内成瘤性及增殖、侵袭性的影响。方法将特异性的MSP58干涉表达载体pSilencer3．1．MSP58转染人脑胶质瘤细胞系U251（U251．S）,同时构建相应的阴性对照组U251-NC,以及空载体组U251-H1neo。运用逆转录酶-多聚酶链反应（RT—PCR）及蛋白质印迹法（Westernblot）检测各组细胞的MSP58mRNA和蛋白表达水平。用各组U251细胞建立人脑胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型。结果成功建立了具有稳定下调MSP58基因表达的U251-S细胞。U251-S细胞MSP58的表达无论在mRNA水平还是在蛋白质水平均较U251组、U251-H1neo组及U251-NC组细胞显著降低（P〈0．01）。与接种U251、U251-H1neo和U251-NC细胞的裸鼠相比,接种U251-S细胞的裸鼠肿瘤形成时间延迟,肿瘤生长缓慢,肿瘤体积及瘤重均明显减小（P〈0．01）。结论MSP58基因RNAi后抑制了移植瘤细胞MSP58mRNA及蛋白的表达,进而明显抑制移植瘤的增殖和侵袭能力。     

建立脑肿瘤裸小鼠原位移植模型的方法探讨

目的 探讨建立脑肿瘤裸小鼠原位移植模型的方法.方法 于脑立体定向仪辅助定位下,分别将经体外培养的脑肿瘤干细胞球(SU-1和SU-2)和人多形性胶质母细胞瘤细胞系单细胞悬液缓慢注射至裸小鼠右侧尾状核;徒手将SHG44细胞皮下移植瘤组织块、人多形性胶质母细胞瘤体外细胞系移植成功获得的颅内肿瘤组织块和肺癌脑转移瘤组织块接种于裸小鼠右侧尾状核,HE染色检测不同来源肿瘤细胞致瘤率.结果 细胞悬液注射法致瘤率为100%(45/45).肿瘤组织块直接移植法致瘤率分别为:SHG44细胞皮下移植瘤为93.33%(14/15),人多形性胶质母细胞瘤体外细胞系移植瘤为98.46%(128/130),肺癌脑转移瘤为72.31%(47/65);裸小鼠死亡率为1.41%(3/213).形成的可移植性肿瘤分为侵袭性明显和不明显两种类型,与亲本肿瘤特征一致.结论 两种移植方法均可成功制备包括脑肿瘤干细胞在内的人胶质瘤裸小鼠原位移植模型,反映了亲本肿瘤最基本的致瘤性和侵袭性特征.细胞悬液注射法操作时间较长,但为体外培养的单个细胞和细胞球移植所必须;肿瘤组织块直接移植法可用于临床肿瘤、可移植性肿瘤的直接接种,操作时间短、效率高,适用于批量实验.     

RNAi下调PIK3 CB表达抑制U251胶质瘤细胞生长的体内外研究

目的 探讨应用RNAi技术靶向磷酸肌醇酯-3-激酶β催化亚单位(PIK3CB)抑制恶性胶质瘤细胞系U251的PIK3CB表达后在体内外对U251细胞生长抑制作用.方法 将短发夹RNA(shRNA)表达载体psiRNA-PIK3CB进行脂质体介导的U251人脑恶性胶质瘤细胞系表达,检测细胞转染前后的细胞增殖能力和凋亡的变化.应用裸鼠皮下荷瘤模型观察脂质体介导shRNA基因治疗对U251细胞生长抑制作用,对肿瘤组织应用免疫荧光双染色和免疫组化的方法分析结果.结果 靶向PIK3CB的shRNA转染后U251细胞生长受到抑制,细胞周期出现G2/M阻滞,细胞明显凋亡.裸鼠皮下荷瘤模型实验显示psiRNA-PIK3CB显著抑制皮下肿瘤生长(P＜0.01).结论 靶向PIK3CB的shRNA基因治疗可以成为胶质瘤治疗的新策略.     

U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型建立

目的建立U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察肿瘤温度变化情况。方法将U87胶质瘤细胞接种到Balb/c裸鼠右侧背部靠右后肢皮下处,建立10只雌性裸鼠皮下移植瘤胶质瘤模型。测量肿瘤的体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。观察神经胶质瘤的生长,监测肿瘤温度的变化情况。接种第36天处死裸鼠,取出肿瘤组织观察肿瘤标本的病理性特征和GFAP免疫组化的阳性表达情况。结果胶质瘤裸鼠模型建立成功。病理学检查显示,肿瘤细胞符合胶质瘤细胞的形态学特征,GFAP阳性表达。在成瘤初期,肿瘤温度随时间增加而逐渐增加,到接种第15天,肿瘤温度上升至最高,在肿瘤生长后期,肿瘤温度随着时间增加而降低。接种第36天裸鼠肿瘤温度与接种第6天裸鼠肿瘤温度相比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论有效建立U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,在胶质瘤治疗方面有广泛的用途。     

vasohibin基因重组腺病毒对胶质瘤U251移植瘤的抑制作用

目的探讨vasohibin基因重组腺病毒对胶质瘤U251移植瘤的抑制作用。方法构建vasohibin基因重组腺病毒,观察其对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)体外增殖的影响。建立胶质瘤U251移植瘤模型,观察vasohibin基因重组腺病毒对胶质瘤U251移植瘤生长的抑制作用。结果 vasohibin基因重组腺病毒能明显抑制HUVEC的增殖,显著减缓胶质瘤U251移植瘤生长(P<0.05),同时明显减少了移植瘤组织微血管密度(P<0.05)。结论 vasohibin基因重组腺病毒能明显抑制胶质瘤U251移植瘤的生长与血管生成,为胶质瘤的基因治疗提供了新的思路。     

膜型巨噬细胞集落刺激因子对人脑胶质细胞瘤的免疫治疗作用

目的：探讨基因转染膜型巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（mM-CSF)对U251MG人脑胶质瘤细胞的免疫治疗作用。方法：用逆转录病毒载体将mM-CSF基因转入U251MG细胞，采用流式细胞术检测mM-CSF的表达；通过细胞毒性实验、免疫组化方法以及观察转染细胞在免疫缺陷小鼠体内的生长情况研究mM-CSF对U251MG细胞的作用。结果：（1）获得了表达mM-CSF的MG－2F11细胞；（2）大鼠巨噬细胞、人外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）和人单核细胞均可杀伤MG－2F11细胞，但不能杀伤U251MG母细胞；（3）接种瘤细胞到裸小鼠皮下18h后，侵入MG－2F11肿瘤的巨噬细胞明显多于侵入MG－VV（仅转染病毒载体的U251MG细胞）肿瘤的巨噬细胞；（4）接种MG－2F11细胞的8只裸小鼠均无肿瘤生长，而接种MG－VV细胞的8只裸小鼠中的7只有肿瘤生长（P＜0．01）；另一免疫缺陷更严重的NIH－bg-nu-xidBR小鼠，接种MG－2F11细胞后8只中的1只有肿瘤生长，而接种MG－VV细胞后8只中的7只有肿瘤生长（P＜0．01）。结论：mM-CSF转染的人脑胶质瘤细胞致瘤性降低，有进一步对其进行临床研究的必要。     

5-ALA介导的光动力治疗鼠C6胶质瘤的实验研究

目的研究以5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）作为光敏剂的光动力治疗（PDT）对大鼠C6胶质瘤移植瘤的效果。方法通过皮下接种C6胶质瘤细胞建立大鼠移植胶质瘤模型。将24只荷瘤大鼠平均随机分成3组：A组按剂量20mg／kg在瘤内注射5-ALA，2h后在肿瘤局部行激光照射；B组行单纯激光照射，不予任何光敏剂；C组为荷瘤空白对照组，不给任何治疗。PDT后不同时间，测量肿瘤体积并观察其组织学变化。结果治疗后第4、8和14天A组肿瘤体积与B、C组相比明显缩小（P〈0．05），组织学上可见大量肿瘤细胞坏死。结论5-ALA作为光敏剂介导的PDT能使大鼠C6胶质瘤移植瘤组织坏死，生长速度明显减慢，有望成为胶质瘤治疗的新途径。     

人脑肿瘤组织块裸小鼠原位移植方法研究及移植瘤的亲本特征分析

目的 用肿瘤组织块直接接种法建立人脑肿瘤裸小鼠原位移植模型,通过分析移植瘤的生物学特征来证明本操作方法 的可行性. 方法 取人肺腺癌脑转移瘤的新鲜组织或人脑多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)裸小鼠皮下移植瘤组织,剪成小块,置入专用套管针,通过事先钻好的颅骨孑孔,徒手推入裸小鼠右尾状核.观察致瘤率、移植瘤的组织细胞形态、相关标志物、MRI图像特征和荷瘤鼠生存期. 结果肺腺癌脑转移瘤和GBM组织在鼠与鼠之间分别传了6代和13代.荷瘤鼠生存期分别为(38.0±0.9)d和(19.0±1.3)d.肺腺癌脑转移瘤移植瘤不向周围正常鼠脑组织侵袭,分泌酸性粘液及表达癌胚抗原等生物学特征与其亲本肿瘤一致:而GBM移植瘤具有向周围正常鼠脑组织高度侵袭及高表达表皮生长因子受体的生物学特征也与其亲本肿瘤一致. 结论 肿瘤组织块直接注入裸小鼠脑内建立的实验动物模型比肿瘤细胞悬液接种方法 相对简易.且移植瘤能更好地保持亲本肿瘤的特征.此法可进一步在各种腩肿瘤动物原位移植实验中推广应用.     

骨桥蛋白剪接变体对胶质瘤细胞侵袭性的影响

目的 探讨骨桥蛋白(OPN)剪接变体对胶质瘤细胞侵袭性的影响及其作用机制.方法 采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应或逆转录-聚合酶链反应分别检测正常脑组织、WHO Ⅱ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织,以及人胶质瘤细胞系U251、U87、SHG44和TJ905骨桥蛋白各剪接变体表达水平;小干扰RNA(siRNA)技术沉默野生型骨桥蛋白,慢病毒质粒表达载体分别导入三种突变型剪接变体OPN-a、OPN-b和OPN-c;细胞体外侵袭实验检测U251和U87细胞体外侵袭力.整合素αvβ3受体抗体和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)抑制剂LY294002抑制骨桥蛋白的作用,阻断PI3K/Akt信号转导通路.Western blotting法检测侵袭相关蛋白尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达水平,以及丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶AKT磷酸化水平和核因子-κB(NF-κB)p65转录进入细胞核水平,明胶酶谱法检测MMP-2和MMP-9活性.结果 WHOⅢ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织,以及U251和U87细胞骨桥蛋白各剪接变体呈高表达,而正常脑组织、WHOⅡ级胶质瘤组织及SHG44和TJ905细胞呈低表达.OPN-a和OPN-c可升高U251和U87细胞AKT磷酸化水平,诱导NF-κB p65转录进入细胞核,提高uPA、MMP-2和MMP-9表达水平,增强MMP-2和MMP-9活性,从而增强胶质瘤细胞侵袭力;OPN-b对胶质瘤细胞侵袭力无明显作用.结论 OPN-a和OPN-c通过激活PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号转导通路而增强胶质瘤细胞侵袭力.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。