经蝶入路显微外科切除颅咽管瘤适应证选择与操作要点

有关颅咽管瘤的手术一直是神经外科医师最感困惑的问题。本文报道经蝶显微手术切除颅咽管瘤18例,均经CT或MRI扫描确诊。本入路适用起源于鞍底或向鞍上扩展的肿物。手术采取经唇下-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路或经鼻前庭-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路两种方式行肿瘤切除术。9例肿瘤获得全切除,4例次全切除,其余5例为部分切除,术后无死亡。15例获长期(平均3.1年)随访,有12例(80.0％)恢复良好,3例影像学检查提示肿瘤复发,需行再次手术,放疗或放射外科治疗。文中对颅咽管瘤手术适应证选择及操作要点进行了讨论。     

经蝶窦入路显微手术切除小儿颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨经蝶窦入路切除小儿颅咽管瘤的手术技巧及适应证。方法 10例接受了11次经蝶窦手术,10次采用唇下－鼻中隔－蝶窦入路,1次采用鼻外侧－筛窦－蝶窦入路,在X线透视监测及显微放大10－15倍下切除肿瘤,对未能全切除病例术后加后放疗1个疗程。结果 无死亡、 无严重并发症,全切除4例,次全切除4例,部分切除2例,其中1例残瘤病例再次经蝶窦手术获得全切除。随访3个月－9年,肿瘤消失5例,残瘤静止4例,1例复发。结论 小儿颅咽管瘤局限于鞍内或伴蝶窦扩大的鞍内 －鞍上型可经蝶窦手术,但钙化明显的肿瘤经该入路难以获得令人满意的切除。     

经蝶入路显微外科切除颅咽管瘤适应证选择与操作要点

有关颅咽管瘤的手术一直是神经外科医师最感困惑的问题。本报道经蝶显微手术切除颅咽管瘤18例，均经CT或MRI扫描确认。本入路适用起源于鞍底或向鞍上扩展的肿物。手术采取经唇下-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路或经鼻前庭-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路两种方式行肿瘤切除术。9例肿瘤获得全切除，4例次全切除，其余5例为部分切除，术后无死亡。15例获长期（平均3.1年）随访，有12例（80.0%）恢复良好，3例影像学检查提示肿瘤复发，需行再行手术，放疗或放射外科治疗。中对颅咽管瘤手术适应证选择及操作要点进行了讨论。     

经蝶入路显微外科切除颅咽管瘤

目的　为探求一种颅咽管瘤切除的手术径路可能性。　方法　回顾总结１８ 例颅咽管瘤的诊断方式,手术技巧和治疗结果,均经 Ｃ Ｔ 或 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ扫描确诊。手术采取经唇下蝶窦入路或经鼻前庭鼻中隔蝶窦入路两种方式行肿瘤切除术。　结果　９ 例肿瘤获全切除,４ 例次全切除,余５ 例为部分切除,术后无死亡。１５ 例获长期随访（ 平均３１ 年） ,有１２ 例恢复良好。　结论　对位于鞍内的颅咽管瘤或肿瘤系囊性并向鞍上扩展者,采用经蝶入路显微手术切除是一种安全、有效的方法     

经纵裂蝶窦入路切除蝶鞍区巨大肿瘤

目的：探讨切除巨大蝶鞍区肿瘤的手术入路及技巧，方法：经纵裂蝶窦和显微手术治疗56例巨大蝶鞍区肿瘤，做额骨跨中线小型骨瓣，扩大骨窗前缘达前颅窝底，经纵裂达蝶鞍区，磨除鞍结节，蝶骨平台及蝶鞍前壁骨质，显露并切除鞍上，鞍内及蝶窦内肿瘤，切除肿瘤后，根据情况行颅底重建，结果：肿瘤全切除43例（76．8％），次全切除6例，大部切除7例，术后死亡例（7．1％），结论：该手术入路可较好地显露蝶鞍，蝶窦，鞍上，鞍旁及鞍后，适合切除蝶鞍区巨大肿瘤，尤其是浸及蝶窦的及视交叉前置型的患者。     

垂体大腺瘤经蝶显微手术84例

目的总结经蝶入路治疗垂体大腺瘤的手术经验. 方法 1999年1月～2003年12月采用经蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体大腺瘤84例,其中经右侧鼻腔-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路74例,经唇下-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路10例. 结果手术无死亡.术后MRI复查显示,近全切除(>95%)56例(66.7%),次全切除(>85%)18例(21.4%),部分切除(<50%)10例(11.9%).4例部分切除,术后1周再次行经额或经翼点入路手术切除肿瘤.65例随访6～48个月,平均24个月,除3例复发接受放射治疗外,余62例均恢复良好. 结论经蝶显微手术治疗垂体大腺瘤是一种安全、有效的手术技术,术后放疗可以控制肿瘤复发.     

经口,鼻—蝶窦入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤

目的：报道经蝶窦显微手术切除颅咽管瘤１５例，探讨该入路的手术技巧及适应证。方法：所有病例术前、后均接受ＣＴ瘤区薄层增强扫描加矢、冠状重建行肿瘤立体定位，手术经唇下－鼻中隔－蝶窦入路，在Ｘ线透视监视及显微放大１０～２５倍下进行，对肿瘤未能全切除的病例，术后加用放疗。结果：肿瘤全切除７例，次全切除６例，部分切除２例，无手术死亡及严重并发症，平均随访３年半，肿瘤消失９例，少许残瘤静止４例，复发２例（蝶鞍无扩大）。结论：我们认为此入路是切除伴有蝶鞍扩大的鞍内型及鞍内－鞍上型颅咽管瘤的一种理想途径。     

单鼻孔经蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤

目的 总结单鼻孔经蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤的经验,针对该术式的适应证及术中、术后常见的问题进行分析,提高手术技巧,改善患者的生存质量. 方法 回顾总结2005年1月至2010年6月的611例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除的垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料,对手术的适应证重新进行评估;并对术中出血这一手术难点进行分析,总结出相应的处理建议;对术后视力障碍发生的原因及对策进行分析总结.结果 肿瘤全切除538例,次全切除59例,近全切除14例,无死亡病例,在全切除的病例中有11例为蝶窦气化不良或完全甲介型的蝶窦;术中出血来源包括蝶窦骨质的板障及导血管出血、蝶窦黏膜出血、鞍底骨质的板障出血、鞍底硬脑膜外的出血、鞍底硬脑膜及海绵间窦的出血、肿瘤内部及瘤床的出血等,针对不同来源的出血采取相应措施后,术中出血情况得到有效控制;有3例发生了术后视力障碍加重的情况,经对症处理后症状改善.结论 遵循正确的操作原则,可提高肿瘤的全切率;对于蝶窦气化不良的垂体腺瘤病例,亦可采用单鼻孔经蝶入路切除肿瘤;针对术中及术后的重点情况进行正确处理可改善患者的预后.     

经颅显微外科手术切除垂体腺瘤

报道经颅显微外科切除垂体腺瘤２８例，选择额下、翼点、额－颞联合三种不同术式入路和显微手术技巧。所有病例术前接受ＣＴ或／和ＭＲＩ扫描检查，经颅内路应用显微外科技术对肿瘤施行全切除。肿瘤全切除２０例，次全切除８例，无手术死亡。术后平均２年以上随访无肿瘤复发。认为肿瘤鞍上部分较大或瘤块向鞍上周围伸展，经颅入路是较理想的途径。     

经鼻小柱-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术的手术配合

垂体腺瘤是神经外科常见的良性肿瘤。经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤已为神经外科广泛应用。此入路包括经唇下 -鼻中隔 -蝶窦入路、筛窦 -鼻中隔 -蝶窦入路及鼻小柱 -鼻中隔 -蝶窦入路三种。尤其是经鼻小柱 -鼻中隔 -蝶窦入路具有手术创伤小、反应轻、恢复快 ,取瘤方便、彻底 ,并发症少 ,死亡率低 ,污染性小 ,术后无瘢痕等优点 ,易为病人接受。我院 1 998年 8月至 1 999年 1 2月采用经鼻小柱 -鼻中隔 -蝶窦入路切除大型垂体腺瘤 2 8例 ,效果满意。手术配合如下。1　临床资料本组 2 8例 ,男 1 0例 ,女 1 8例 ,年龄 2 0～ 58岁 ,平均 39.0岁。病程 3个…     

Resection of suprasellar tumors by using a modified transsphenoidal approach. Report of four cases

Generally accepted contraindications to using a transsphenoidal approach for resection of tumors that arise in or extend into the suprasellar region include a normal-sized sella turcica, normal pituitary function, and adherence of tumor to vital intracranial structures. Thus, the transsphenoidal approach has traditionally been restricted to the removal of tumors involving the pituitary fossa and, occasionally, to suprasellar extensions of such tumors if the sella is enlarged. However, conventional transcranial approaches to the suprasellar region require significant brain retraction and offer limited visualization of contralateral tumor extension and the interface between the tumor and adjacent structures, such as the hypothalamus, third ventricle, optic apparatus, and major arteries. In this paper the authors describe successful removal of suprasellar tumors by using a modified transsphenoidal approach that circumvents some of the traditional contraindications to transsphenoidal surgery, while avoiding some of the disadvantages of transcranial surgery. Four patients harbored tumors (two craniopharyngiomas and two hemangioblastomas) that arose in the suprasellar region and were located either entirely (three patients) or primarily (one patient) within the suprasellar space. All patients had a normal-sized sella turcica. Preoperatively, three of the four patients had significant endocrinological deficits signifying involvement of the hypothalamus, pituitary stalk, or pituitary gland. Two patients exhibited preoperative visual field defects. For tumor excision, a recently described modification of the traditional transsphenoidal approach was used. Using this modification, one removes the posterior portion of the planum sphenoidale, allowing access to the suprasellar region. Total resection of tumor was achieved (including absence of residual tumor on follow-up imaging) in three of the four patients. In the remaining patient, total removal was not possible because of adherence of tumor to the hypothalamus and midbrain. One postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred. Postoperative endocrinological function was worse than preoperative function in one patient. No other new postoperative endocrinological or neurological deficits were encountered. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a modified transsphenoidal approach for resection of certain suprasellar, nonpituitary tumors.     

Transsphenoidal approaches for the extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar and anterior cranial base lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The transsphenoidal approach is an effective method for treating tumors contained within the sella or extending into the suprasellar cistern. The technique of tumor dissection is predicated on preservation of the integrity of the diaphragma, i.e., intracapsular removal. Gross total extracapsular dissection may, however, be accomplished either by using a standard approach to the pituitary fossa or by extending the exposure to include removal of a portion of the planum sphenoidale and division of the superior intercavernous sinus. METHODS: Included in this series were 14 patients with parasellar or sellar tumors with extension into the anterior fossa and/or suprasellar cistern. For 4 of 14 patients (29%), extracapsular access was gained by broaching the tumor capsule from within the pituitary fossa. For the remaining 10 of 14 patients (71%), the dura of the floor of the sella and the planum sphenoidale was exposed, using neuronavigation to verify the limits of bony dissection; extracapsular tumor resection was performed using the operating microscope and endoscopy as indicated. The dural defect was repaired with abdominal fat, the sellar floor and planum sphenoidale were reconstructed, and in selected cases a lumbar drain was placed. RESULTS: Seven of 14 tumors (50%) were craniopharyngiomas, 3 of 14 (21%) were pituitary adenomas, and 2 of 14 (14%) were meningiomas. There was one case of lymphocytic hypophysitis and one yolk sac tumor. Gross total resection was possible in 11 of 14 cases (79%). Immediate postoperative visual function worsened in 2 of 14 cases (14%), improved in 3 of 14 cases (21%), and was stable in the remainder of cases. Postoperatively, 2 of 14 patients (14%) developed bacterial meningitis. Overt postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was not observed. CONCLUSION: Gross total extracapsular resection of midline suprasellar tumors via a transsphenoidal approach is possible but is associated with a higher risk of complications than is standard transsphenoidal surgery.     

Management of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extensions by transsphenoidal microsurgery.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the feasibility and therapeutic effectiveness of transsphenoidal microsurgical removal of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extensions. The diagnostic modes, surgical technique, and outcome were reviewed in 208 patients with pituitary adenomas extending beyond the sella turcica who were treated by transsphenoidal microsurgery. All patients except three presented with significantly diminished visual acuity and visual field defects. METHODS: Diagnosis was confirmed by skull X-ray plain films, CT, or MRI scanning. Operations were performed via a transsphenoidal approach under microscope. A subarachnoid catheter was preoperatively inserted in the lumbar cistern, through which saline was slowly injected during operation to increase the intracranial pressure so as to move the suprasellar tumor into the operative field to aid the removal. RESULTS: In this series, gross total removal of an adenoma in 146 cases (70.2%) and subtotal removal in 50 cases (24.0%) was achieved; partial removal was carried out in the remaining 12 cases (5.8%) of fibrous or dumbbell-shaped adenomas. There were no deaths in this group. Follow-up review (median 3.8 years) in 187 patients revealed that 97.8% of those with preoperative diminished visual acuity had postoperative improvement; 2.2% had no change, and none deteriorated significantly. Among 181 patients with preoperative visual field defects, postoperative improvement was good in 169 (93.4%), and poor in 12 (6.6%). The major complications were diabetes insipidus and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, which occurred in 13.5% and 4.8% of patients, respectively. The tumors recurred in 12 patients (6.4%) who were considered to have a macroscopically complete removal at surgery. Continuing growth of residual tumors was found in 31 (16.6%) based on visual acuity decrease, visual field defects, and CT or MRI examination. Of the recurrent and residual tumors, 4, 9, 17, and 13 cases belonged to Grades A, B, C, and D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison with transfrontal surgery suggests that these results are as good as those of transfrontal procedures and that the incidence of serious side effects is considerably lower. We consider that the microsurgical removal of pituitary tumors by the transsphenoidal approach is safe and effective even in very large or giant adenomas, since it allows rapid and adequate decompression of the optic nerves and chiasm.     

垂体腺瘤经蝶显微手术的疗效分析

目的 探讨经蝶显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的临床综合疗效、手术技巧、新技术应用等。方法 对于1997～2001年经蝶显微手术治疗的1462例垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料、影像学、内分泌及病理检查结果、肿瘤切除率、术后并发症以及随访结果进行回顾性总结和分析。结果 Hardy Ⅰ级的肿瘤全切率已达97．0％、Ⅱ级95．2％、Ⅲ级90．5％、Ⅳ级47．4％;术后患者临床症状及内分泌功能有显著改善,肿瘤复发率低(0．3％)。结论 随着神经显微操作技术的日益娴熟及新技术的应用,经蝶入路手术指征不断扩大,内窥镜和(或)神经导航辅助显微外科经鼻-蝶窦入路手术,是垂体腺瘤的首选治疗方法;肿瘤全切除的患者术后不必行常规放疗。     

经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤显微手术治疗及其策略

目的 总结采用经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的临床疗效.方法 从2003年1月至2007年12月,经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤241例,并对其临床表现、肿瘤病理、肿瘤切除率、术后并发症进行总结分析.结果 垂体腺瘤241例中,全切除171例(71%),次全切除28例(11.6%),大部分切除26例(10.7%),部分切除16例(6.6%).术后多饮、多尿38例(15.8%)、术后视力一过性下降12例(4.9%)、术后脑脊液漏4例(1.6%)、一侧动眼神经损伤2例(0.8%),无死亡病例.除动眼神经损伤的2例外,其余病例的术后并发症在出院时已治愈.随访1-36个月,所有病例的临床症状均有不同程度改善.结论 经单鼻孔-蝶窦人路显微切除垂体腺瘤手术时间缩短,创伤小,手术效果好.     

Extended transsphenoidal surgery for suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: infrachiasmatic radical resection combined with or without a suprachiasmatic trans-lamina terminalis approach

BACKGROUND: An extended transsphenoidal approach allowed for direct midline exposure of the parasellar structures such as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the third ventricle. To evaluate the capability of this approach for removal of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas, surgical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. METHODS: During a 9-year period, 20 consecutive patients with suprasellar craniopharyngioma underwent transsphenoidal tumor resection. The average follow-up period was 55 months. No patient had a purely intrasellar tumor, 9 had prechiasmatic tumors, 9 had retrochiasmatic tumors, and 2 had purely intraventricular tumors. RESULTS: Total resection was achieved in 86% of operations. Even in mostly intraventricular cases, a transsphenoidal trans-lamina terminalis approach afforded complete resection. Visual improvement and preservation of the pituitary stalk were achieved in 84% and 95% of cases, respectively. New postoperative deterioration of pituitary function occurred in about 65% of cases, and no patient resolved their preoperative hormonal disturbance after surgery. The overall percentage of patients with diabetes insipidus increased to 61% postoperatively from 11% preoperatively. Nonendocrinologic surgical complications were observed: worsening of vision in 3 patients, hyperphagia in 3 patients, short-term memory loss in 2 patients, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 3 patients. Recurrence after total resection occurred in 2 (11%) patients with retrochiasmatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Reasonable surgical results in this study suggest that the extended transsphenoidal approach is safe and effective for removal of craniopharyngiomas. Although preservation of the pituitary stalk can be achieved in a high percentage of patients, postoperative endocrinopathy still remains as a significant problem after radical removal of the craniopharyngioma.     

Flexible endoscope-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors.

We have performed rigid endoscope-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal microsurgeries for pituitary tumors in 230 patients. Recently, we further introduced the use of a flexible endoscope to inspect the tumor bed and suprasellar structures more extensively. We report our experience with the flexible endoscope in endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors. The endoscopes were used to complement the microscope in visualization. The flexible endoscopes were used in 34 recent cases with suprasellar and/or lateral tumor extension. During or after removal of the main tumor bulk, the flexible endoscope together with a rigid endoscope was used to inspect the tumor cavity, especially at the blind spot of the microscope. Despite limited resolving power, in all the 34 cases the flexible endoscope was a highly efficient tool permitting extensive visualization of almost the whole surgical area, even in narrow surgical fields and spaces not visible with an operating microscope or a rigid endoscope, and allowing continuous change of viewing angle. The residual tumor situated laterally or in the suprasellar areas that could not be reached and was impossible to remove by a rigid endoscope could be dissected and extirpated under a flexible endoscope using grasping forceps in 5 patients with pituitary adenoma and all the craniopharyngioma cases. The flexible endoscope may be more efficient in the lateral and suprasellar areas than the rigid endoscope in compensating for the narrow surgical field in endonasal pituitary surgery, despite its limited resolving power. Surgeons should make the best use of the advantages of each instrument.