二尖瓣狭窄球囊瓣膜成形术后瓣膜再手术33例

1998年1月至2004年12月期间，我们共手术治疗二尖瓣狭窄球囊瓣膜成形（PMBV）术后瓣膜病变复发33例，均再施行了瓣膜置换手术，现就其手术适应证、病理改变以及手术方法进行讨论如下。     

326例心脏瓣膜成形术临床疗效分析

３２６例心脏瓣膜成形术临床疗效分析庄世才，张大新，法宪恩，冯德广，赵根尚，张瑞成自１９８４年４月至１９９４年２月我们施行心脏瓣膜成形术３２６例，现分析报道如下：临床资料本组中男１５６例，女１７０例。年龄１４～６０岁。病程２～２７年。４６例曾行闭式扩张...     

118例再次或多次心脏瓣膜替换手术

对１１８例再次或多次心脏瓣膜替换术病人行１３５次手术，替换了１４５个人工瓣膜。其中男４８例、女７０例，年龄７～７４岁。初次手术以风湿性瓣膜病居多（８３．９％）。再次手术以人工瓣膜失功为多（７１．７％）。结果示１１８例中早期死亡２９例，晚期死亡１例，总死亡率２５．４２％。其中因手术并发症死亡２３例，占手术死亡人数的７７％。７６例生存者平均随访７．３年，效果良好。结论：掌握手术时机、减少手术并发症是提高手术效果的重要环节     

4个月至6岁儿童心脏瓣膜成形术199例临床分析

目的　总结 4个月至 6岁儿童房室瓣、主动脉瓣成形术的临床经验。方法　对 1990年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 12月间 ,199例 4个月～ 6岁 ,平均 (2 94± 1 5 0 )岁病儿瓣膜成形术进行回顾性分析。其中男 10 4例 ,女 95例 ;体重 3 1～ 2 1 0kg ,平均 (11 7± 3 4 )kg ,81例≤ 10kg ;其中≤ 1岁者 16例 ,≤ 3岁 12 5例。全组均为先天性瓣膜畸形 ,包括 :单纯瓣膜病变 2 1例 ,其中二尖瓣关闭不全 (MI) 7例、三尖瓣关闭不全 (TI) 6例、主动脉瓣关闭不全 (AI) 1例 ,主动脉瓣狭窄 (AS) 1例 ,MI并TI 2例 ,MI并AI 2例 ,MI并AS 1例 ,MI并二尖瓣狭窄 1例 ;合并其他心内畸形 178例 ,其中MI 12 2例 ,TI 2 6例、AI 9例、三尖瓣狭窄 2例、AS 2例、MI并TI13例 ,MI并AI 2例 ,MI并AS 2例。主要合并心内畸形包括 :室间隔缺损 12 7例、II孔房间隔缺损 31例、动脉导管未闭 30例、永存左上腔静脉 6例、法洛四联症 3例、三房心 2例、法洛三联症 2例、肺动脉闭锁 3例 ,其他 3例 ;90例合并肺动脉高压。瓣膜成形术同时矫治心内其他畸形。结果　术后早期死亡 4例 ,均为体重≤ 10kg ,心胸比率≥ 0 7者 ,死亡率 2 0 1%。死亡原因为低心输出量综合征 2例 ,严重肺部感染及肺动脉高压危象各 1例。 16 3例 (82 % )随访 2个月～ 8年 ,平均 4 7年     

儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术及其疗效

目的探讨儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术及治疗效果。方法1990年1月至2002年12月，45例14岁以下儿童施行了心脏瓣膜置换手术。其中男26例，女19例。年龄3—14岁，平均10．8岁；≤10岁15例，10～14岁30例。包括先天性心脏瓣膜病32例，风湿性瓣膜病6例，心内膜炎3例，部分型房室管畸形修补术后二尖瓣关闭不全3例，室间隔缺损修补术后主动脉关闭不全1例。行二尖瓣置换23例，其中2例为矫正型大动脉转位行解剖位三尖瓣置换，主动脉瓣置换9例；二尖瓣与主动脉瓣双瓣置换4例；三尖瓣置换9例。5例使用生物瓣膜或同种主动脉瓣，余40例均采用机械瓣膜，包括进口双叶瓣34枚，进口单叶瓣3枚，国产单叶瓣7枚。结果本组手术死亡(术后30d内)2例，死亡率4．4％，均死于手术当日，1例因顽固性心律失常，1例术后低心输出量综合征。生存者随访8个月-12年，平均4．9年。4例晚期死亡，晚期死亡率9．3％。置入机械瓣膜者均采用华法林抗凝治疗，未发生血栓栓塞及抗凝相关并发症，病儿术后心功能均Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。结论儿童瓣膜病病人，大多数可以置入合适的成人型号人工瓣膜，保证其术后生长发育，减少二次手术。采用华法林进行抗凝治疗，经过平均4．5年随访，无血栓栓塞或抗凝有关的出血并发症发生，治疗效果较为满意。     

间接瓣膜成形术治疗下肢原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全

报道采用自体大隐静脉片一期股浅静脉间接瓣膜成形术，治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全２０例的临床效果。１６例疗效显著，２例良好，１例静脉血栓形成，１例无效。详细介绍了手术方法。讨论了手术适应证，并对手术进行了评价。     

心瓣膜及瓣环成形术在瓣膜外科中的地位和发展趋势

心瓣膜及瓣环成形术在瓣膜外科中的地位和发展趋势王一山综述心瓣膜成形技术在过去四十年逐渐开展，８０年代进展甚快，近十年来已形成一套成熟经验［１～３］，在国际瓣膜外科领域内的重要性和实用性已确立了非常牢固的基础。心瓣膜成形术的进展和所获成果主要以治疗二尖...     

联合瓣膜替代成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

联合瓣膜替代成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全赵刚侯宪典蔺桂恒何涛自从Ｋｉｓｔｎｅｒ［１］提出原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全以来，众多学者为该病的诊断和治疗作出了不懈的努力，创造出多种术式解决深静脉返流所引起的慢性下肢深静脉功能不全。近年来，我院采用静...     

经腹膜后途径二次肾区腹腔镜手术的探讨

目的探讨二次肾区经腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿系疾病的可行性。方法 2006年1月～2012年1月我院对7例有同侧开放或腹腔镜经腹膜后途径手术史者经腹膜后途径行二次肾区腹腔镜手术,其中2例为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤术后复发,2例为肾囊肿术后同侧复发,1例为开放肾盂输尿管连接部成形术后继发肾积水导致无功能肾,1例为后腹腔镜肾上腺肿物切除术后同侧肾萎缩无功能,1例为肾癌肾部分切除术后复发。2次手术间隔2.5～8.3年,平均3.5年。第2次手术均取经腹膜后入路,直视下经第12肋下2 cm与骶棘肌外侧交界处进入后腹腔建立气腹,在腋中线髂嵴上2 cm处做第2穿刺点,腋前线肋缘下为第3穿刺点,先从解剖清晰、粘连轻处按解剖层次,逐步暴露手术部位完成手术。结果手术均获成功,手术时间75～213 min,平均131 min;术中出血量50～400 ml,平均156 ml。2例腹膜损伤,无腹腔内脏器损伤,术后第3天胃肠道恢复,逐渐进食。术后住院4～12 d,平均9 d。6例随访4～38个月,平均18个月,患者恢复良好,肾囊肿及肿瘤未见复发。结论在熟练掌握后腹腔镜技术的前提下,再次后腹腔镜下肾区手术是可行的。     

局部复发性胃癌再手术的难点与要点

目的:探讨胃癌局部复发的再手术治疗的难点与要点。方法:总结23例胃癌手术后局部复发的治疗经验与体会。从复习原发灶的生长方式和胃癌的进展方式分析局部复发病变难以切除的原因。结果:残胃复发8例、手术野复发6例及部位不明者9例中,共切除8例,切除率为34.8%。在可切除者中除1例为残胃黏膜下癌,均对手术野粘连和被浸润的脏器进行了合并切除;余者均因癌肿包绕重要血管、脏器而未能切除。结论:初次手术所致的腹腔粘连使局部复发的进展方式发生变化:①复发灶沿粘连带直接浸润的范围广,涉及重要血管、脏器者多。这是造成再切除困难的主要原因;②淋巴结转移途径增多、范围广;③粘连组织包绕残胃,使不易发生腹膜播种。因此,术前宜尽量明确复发的部位和范围,观察原发灶的生长方式有利于判断腹腔内复发的范围和切除的可能性。对被浸润的脏器及其系膜应作足够的切除。术后随诊以早期发现复发也是提高治疗效果的要点。     

Pathophysiology of hypercalciuria in children

Urinary excretion of calcium is the result of a complex interplay between three organs—namely, the gastrointestinal tract, bone, and kidney—which is finely orchestrated by multiple hormones. Hypercalciuria is believed to be a polygenic trait and is influenced significantly by diet. This paper briefly reviews calcium handling by the renal tubule in normal and in hereditary disorders as it relates to the pathophysiology of hypercalciuria. The effects of dietary sodium, potassium, protein, calcium, and phosphate on calcium excretion, and the association of hypercalciuria with bone homeostasis is discussed, leading to recommendations on means to address excessive urinary calcium excretion.     

Stump appendicitis in children

Stump appendicitis is a delayed complication of incomplete appendectomy. Reinflammation of possible residual appendiceal tissue should be considered in patients with right lower quadrant pain and a surgical history of appendectomy. In this report, we present 3 cases of stump appendicitis in children.     

Primary mediastinal tumors in children

From 1950–1986, a total of 159 children (age 1 day–16 years) were treated for primary mediastinal tumors at our hospital. There were 77 malignant and 82 benign tumors. Tracheal compression causing respiratory distress was a significant symptom in 45.3% (24/53) of the children under 2 years of age. The diagnosis was based on the chest X-ray and the findings at surgery. Malignant lymphoma was usually diagnosed by cervical lymph node biopsy (23/39) but the treatment protocol was non-surgical. Non-lymphatic malignant tumors were completely or partially excised in 59.0% (23/39) of the cases. There was no early or late mortality in patients with benign tumors. At follow-up (0.5–24 years; mean 6.0 years), 62.3% (48/77) of the patients with malignant tumors were alive and symptom free. About half of the mediastinal tumors in children are malignant. Mediastinal tumors in small children can cause severe respiratory symptoms demanding urgent treatment. The treatment of choice is surgery (except in lymphomas) and the results are good even in malignant tumors.     

再切除在肝癌复发治疗中的作用和地位

目的 探讨再切除在肝癌术后复发治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析1988～1999年30例肝癌复发再手术切除的随访资料。结果 对30例肝癌术后复发病人共行33例次手术，首次手术后1，2，3，5年总生存率分别为93．3，73．3，56．7，36．7％。第一次再手术后1，3，5年生存率分别为63．3，23．3，13．3％。肺转移切除后1，3，5年生存率分别为71．4，42．9，28．6％。结论 肝癌术后复发行再切除能显著提高病人远期生存率，是目前肝癌术后复发的首选治疗方案。     

Day-case surgery in children

Since much of the general surgery of childhood consists of simple procedures with little trauma to the tissues it is no surprise that paediatric surgeons were at the forefront of the development of day-case surgery. The benefits for children were clear and day-case surgery spread to other specialities. Day-case surgery rates have increased fivefold in the UK in the past 20 years driven by improvements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques, patient expectation and NHS targets. The complexity of surgery and the degree of permissible co-morbidity have increased without a rise in complications. The European Association for Children in Hospital say that children should only be admitted if the care they require cannot be equally well provided at home or on a day-case surgery basis. Preoperative planning, discharge and postoperative support need to be robust. This article outlines day-case procedures in the general surgery of childhood.     

顺式阿曲库铵应用于小儿的药效动力学研究

目的探讨顺式阿曲库铵应用于小儿的肌松效应。方法择期手术患儿180例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按三个年龄段分为婴儿组(Ⅰ组)、幼儿组(Ⅱ组)和儿童组(Ⅲ组),每组再分别按2ED95或3ED95的剂量分组,共6组(Ⅰ2、Ⅰ3、Ⅱ2、Ⅱ3、Ⅲ2、Ⅲ3),每组30例。连续监测ECG、SpO2、PETCO2、HR及拇内收肌诱发肌颤搐反应的变化。于5s内单次静脉注入顺式阿曲库铵0.10mg/kg或0.15mg/kg,待四个成串刺激(TOF)的T1为0时行气管插管,并对插管条件进行评级。观察阻滞起效时间、TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间、肌松恢复指数及体内作用时间。结果Ⅰ3、Ⅱ3、Ⅲ3组起效时间显著短于Ⅰ2、Ⅱ2、Ⅲ2组(P<0.05),且Ⅰ2和Ⅰ3较其他组起效时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。Ⅰ3、Ⅱ3、Ⅲ3组气管插管条件为优的比率明显高于Ⅰ2、Ⅱ2、Ⅲ2组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ3、Ⅱ3、Ⅲ3组的TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间、体内作用时间明显长于Ⅰ2、Ⅱ2、Ⅲ2组(P<0.05);Ⅰ2组TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间、体内作用时间明显长于Ⅱ2、Ⅲ2组(P<0.05);Ⅰ3组TOF无反应期、阻滞维持时间、体内作用时间明显长于Ⅱ3、Ⅲ3组(P<0.05)。但是肌松恢复指数在各组差异无统计学意义。结论顺式阿曲库铵3ED95诱导剂量应用于婴、幼儿和儿童均是安全有效的,其起效和插管条件均优于2ED95。且婴儿较年长儿更为敏感。肌松恢复时间与剂量、年龄无关。     

Pattern of double glomerulopathy in children

Occasional case reports have been issued on children with double glomerulopathy, involving either the coexistence of two different glomerulopathies or superimposition of a second glomerulopathy onto a first. A retrospective clinicopathological review of 294 children who had received renal biopsies resulted in 9 (3.1%) being confirmed to have double glomerulopathy. Superimposed glomerulopathy was diagnosed by a second renal biopsy in two cases, and coexistence of two glomerulopathies was confirmed by single biopsy in seven. Original glomerulopathies were those with a chronic course, such as Alport syndrome, IgA nephropathy, relapsing minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, Frasier syndrome, and thin basement membrane nephropathy. The superimposing glomerulopathies were common types in children, such as postinfectious glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Thus, the pattern of double glomerulopathy was considered to be due to the chance occurrence of two different glomerulopathies without a common pathogenesis. Acute nephritic symptoms of superimposed glomerulopathies resolved almost completely during follow-up in most cases. Double glomerulopathies are not rare in children and may occur by chance alone in most cases. The possibility of superimposed glomerulopathy should be suspected if the clinical course of a glomerulopathy changes atypically. However, the long-term influence of a superimposed glomerulopathy on renal functional deterioration remains unclear.     

Fast-track surgery in infants and children

Background/Purpose

Fast-track surgery is not well established for infants and children. The aim of our prospective study was to investigate the feasibility of fast-track concepts for pediatric surgical procedures including laparoscopic techniques.

Methods

Fast-track concepts, including immediate postoperative feeding, immediate mobilization, and morphine sparing pain treatment, were established for pyeloplasty, appendectomy, bowel anastomosis, fundoplication, hypospadia repair, and full/partial nephrectomy. All consecutive patients undergoing these procedures were prospectively investigated from June 2004 to June 2005. Patients with additional relevant diseases, reoperation, and perforated appendicitis were excluded from fast-track treatment. The length of hospital stay was compared with data derived from the German reimbursement system with German diagnosis-related groups for patients with a similar case mix index and hospitals with a similar structure.

Results

Of a total of 159 patients (mean age, 5.8 ± 5.3 years), 113 (71%) were finally treated according to the fast-track protocols. There were no complications associated with fast-track surgery. The intensity of pain during the immediate postoperative period was higher than 5 on a 10-point scale in children older than 4 years. Analgesia was excellent at all other time points. The mean hospital stay of fast-track patients was 2.3 ± 1 days and was significantly shorter (P < .01) compared with German diagnosis-related group data for all procedures (pyeloplasty, 1.9 ± 0.9 vs 12.2 ± 0.2; nephrectomy, 1.9 ± 1.0 vs 14.4 ± 2.8; bowel anastomosis, 3.2 ± 0.6 vs 12.9 ± 2.4; fundoplication, 3.2 ± 0.8 vs 15.2 ± 4.2; appendectomy, 3.7 ± 2.4 vs 6.3 ± 1.8; hypospadia repair, 2.1 ± 1 vs 8.4 ± 1.4). Two readmissions were recorded. Ninety-six percent of patients and parents scored the fast-track concepts as excellent.

Conclusion

The feasibility of fast-track concepts in children is excellent, with short duration of hospitalization and high comfort.