Comparison of laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy in the pediatric population

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic renal surgery has become an accepted approach for benign disease in adults. We compare our experience with laparoscopic and open nephrectomy in a pediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 10 pediatric patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy and an additional 10 consecutive children underwent similar open procedures. All patients had benign disease and were treated at a single institution. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for relevant clinical data. RESULTS: Planned surgery was completed in all cases. There were no conversions to open surgery in the laparoscopic group. Mean operative time was 175.6 versus 120.2 minutes (p = 0.01) and mean hospital stay was 22.5 versus 41.3 hours (p = 0.03) in the laparoscopic and open nephrectomy groups, respectively. Blood loss was not statistically different. Analgesic use was qualitatively less in the laparoscopic nephrectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy may be performed safely in children. While operative time was somewhat longer in our initial laparoscopic series, postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter than for open surgery. Further experience with this technique is warranted.     

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic vs open partial nephroureterectomy in children

OBJECTIVES: To compare the results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic with open partial nephroureterectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal partial nephroureterectomy was undertaken in 15 children (13 upper and two lower poles; median age at the time of surgery 61 months, range 5-212). A three-trocar retroperitoneal approach was used. The polar vessels were identified and either coagulated or clipped before transecting the parenchyma using a harmonic scalpel. An additional 13 consecutive children underwent similar procedures (11 upper and two lower poles) by conventional open surgery (median age at surgery 16 months, range 1.5-72). RESULTS: One patient in the laparoscopy group required conversion to open surgery because of a peritoneal tear and was excluded from the analysis. The mean (range) operative duration was 146 (50-180) and 152 (75-240) min for the open surgery and laparoscopy groups, respectively. The blood loss was minimal (< 20 mL) in both groups. The mean (range) hospital stay was 1.4 (1-3) and 3.9 (3-5) days for the laparoscopy and open groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Eight patients were discharged on the day after the laparoscopic procedure. In addition, of those patients in the laparoscopy group who had a lower-pole partial nephrectomy, one had a urinoma after surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy is a safe and feasible procedure in children. It requires a similar operative duration to that of an open procedure. The main advantage to the laparoscopic approach is that it significantly decreases the hospital stay compared with that after an open procedure.     

腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科的应用(附187例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科的应用。方法:回顾分析2002年1月至2008年12月我院用腹腔镜手术治疗187例泌尿系疾病患者的临床资料。肾囊肿去顶减压术90例,肾上腺肿瘤或肾上腺切除术37例,输尿管切开取石术16例,肾肿瘤根治术2例,单纯肾切除术18例,肾盂肿瘤根治术3例,肾肿瘤剜除术1例,肾盂-输尿管成形术5例,前列腺癌根治术2例,全膀胱切除术1例,精索内静脉高位结扎术11例,肾周积液清除术1例。结果:183例手术成功,4例中转开放手术。手术时间0.5~6.5h,平均2.5h。术中及术后均未输血,术后无严重并发症发生。术后住院2~18d,平均5.6d。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿系疾病安全,具有患者创伤小,术后康复快、住院时间短等优点。     

66例后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术

目的 总结后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的临床经验,提高治疗水平.方法 回顾性分析我院泌尿外科应用后腹腔镜技术施行的66例肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床资料.肿瘤位于左侧22例,右侧44例;直径1.2～6.4 cm,平均3.3 cm.无功能肾上腺腺瘤36例,原发性醛固酮增多症13例,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤10例,肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤6例,肾上腺囊肿1例.结果 62例手术获得成功,4转开放手术.手术时间35～190 min,平均90 min.术中出血20～800 ml,平均70 ml,术中或术后输血5例.术后随访3～36个月,平均16个月,均无远期并发症及肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤手术安全,创伤小,恢复快,住院时间较短,是肾上腺良性肿瘤的首选术式.     

Complications of 2,775 urological laparoscopic procedures: 1993 to 2005

PURPOSE: We assessed the complications associated with urological laparoscopic surgery at a single high volume center during a 12-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis was performed, focusing on complications associated with 2,775 laparoscopic surgeries occurring between 1993 and 2005. These included radical nephrectomy (549), partial nephrectomy (345), donor nephrectomy (553), simple nephrectomy (186), pyeloplasty (301), nephroureterectomy (105), retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (86), renal ablation (81), adrenalectomy (106) and radical prostatectomy (463). Complication data were tabulated according to case number, procedure type, patient age, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, conversion status, length of hospitalization, Clavien classification system and annual complication rate during the study. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact and chi-square tests. RESULTS: A total of 614 complications (22.1%) occurred within each group, broken down into laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (20%), laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (28%), laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (28%), laparoscopic simple nephrectomy (15%), laparoscopic pyeloplasty (13.3%), laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (40.9%), laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (26.7%), laparoscopic renal tumor ablation (18.6%), laparoscopic adrenalectomy (25.4%) and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (15%). Total intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were 4.7% and 17.5%, respectively. Vascular injuries were the most common intraoperative complications. Annual complication rates plateaued in the year 2000 and were not significantly different during the ensuing 4 years (p >0.05). Complications correlated with a greater American Society of Anesthesiologists score as well as a longer hospital stay (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here help define the complication rates for laparoscopic urological procedures in experienced hands at a high volume institution.     

自制单孔多通道装置在泌尿外科单孔后腹腔镜手术中的应用(附167例报告)

目的探讨自制单孔多通道装置在泌尿外科单孔后腹腔镜手术中的应用。方法回顾分析了从2011年6月至2014年5月笔者进行单孔后腹腔镜单纯肾切除术57例、单孔后腹腔镜肾癌根治术35例、单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术36例、单孔后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术39例,共167例患者的临床资料。均采用1个切口保护套和1个无粉外科手套组成一个单孔多通道操作装置,使用常规腹腔镜器械进行单孔后腹腔镜手术,术后手术伤口常规予皮内缝合。结果 167例患者均成功进行单孔后腹腔镜手术,无改行常规后腹腔镜手术或开放手术。单孔后腹腔镜单纯肾切除术手术时间(90.0±38.2)分钟,单孔后腹腔镜肾癌根治术手术时间(120.0±33.7)分钟,单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术手术时间(45.0±16.3)分钟,单孔后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术手术时间(35.0±15.6)分钟。术中出血量20~200ml,术后无需要输血患者,无重大手术并发症。所有患者均对手术伤口愈合后残留的微小瘢痕感到满意。结论应用自制单孔多通道装置进行泌尿外科单孔后腹腔镜手术安全可行、费用低,减少手术创伤。联合伤口皮内缝合,达到了患者的美观要求,应用前景广阔,可作为有手术伤口美观要求的患者,特别是女性患者行相关手术的首选治疗方法。     

泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术500例临床分析

目的:总结泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术经验,提高其临床应用水平。方法:2001年9月至2006年11月为500例患者施行泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术,其中男293例,女207例,9~76岁,平均44.6岁;其中肾上腺手术176例,肾囊肿去顶减压术75例,肾盂切开取石术10例,单纯肾切除术26例,根治性肾切除术31例,肾部分切除术2例,肾输尿管全切术18例,肾蒂淋巴管结扎术9例,输尿管切开取石术9例,输尿管成形术11例,精索静脉高位结扎术133例。并对15例后腹腔镜肾切除术与18例开放式肾切除术进行比较。结果:484例(96.8%)完成手术,其中1例因大出血于手术次日行开放手术;术中膈肌穿孔1例,术后切口感染6例,无大血管破裂、腹腔内脏器损伤、死亡等并发症发生;中转开放手术16例。肾切除手术中,后腹腔镜组的术中出血量及术后患者康复时间少于开放组。结论:后腹腔镜手术适于治疗肾上腺、肾、输尿管及精索静脉疾病,具有患者创伤小、安全、术后康复快等优点,可作为有适应证患者的首选手术方法。     

Laparoscopic renal surgery in infants 10 kg or less

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Major laparoscopic urologic procedures have been successful in children, but few reports of laparoscopic surgery in infants weighing <10 kg exist. We present our series of laparoscopic renal procedures in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The hospital records of 17 consecutive patients (9 boys, 8 girls) with a median age of 7 months (range 1-25 months) weighing a mean of 8.5 kg (range 4.2-10 kg) who had undergone laparoscopic renal surgery (nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy) between March 1999 and January 2004 were reviewed. Twelve patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy, three laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, and two laparoscopic heminephrectomy. Additional procedures were performed concomitantly in three patients. RESULTS: All operations had minimal estimated blood loss. Excluding those patients who underwent additional procedures, the mean operative time was 138 minutes (range 77-229 minutes). The postoperative hospitalization was 23 hours or less in all except two patients, both of whom had undergone additional procedures. The only complication was an intraoperative diaphragmatic injury that was repaired laparoscopically without sequelae. There were no delayed complications, and by 2 weeks postoperatively, all patients were recovered fully. CONCLUSION: Major laparoscopic urologic procedures can be performed in infants weighing <10 kg with low morbidity and rapid recovery.     

钛夹和Hem-o-lok夹在腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术肾血管处理中的应用

目的:评价钛夹和Hem-o-lok夹在腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术中处理肾血管的安全性和可靠性。方法:回顾分析2003年至2008年我院施行的1 245例腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床资料,其中单纯性肾切除术879例,根治性肾切除术321例,肾输尿管全长切除术45例。用钛夹处理肾血管825例,用Hem-o-lok夹处理420例。结果:3例中转开放手术,但非肾血管处理不全引起。发生钛夹滑脱1例,未发生明显出血。钛夹组平均手术时间150m in,平均出血90m l,Hem-o-lok组平均手术时间125m in,平均出血60m l。无血管夹原因而需输血、中转开放或再次手术探查病例。术后平均住院5.2d。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术术中使用钛夹和Hem-o-lok夹处理肾血管安全可靠,而且用钛夹还可节省治疗费用。     

Comparison of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: A single‐center experience of 100 cases

Objectives: To report our experience with the retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches of laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: Between July 2001 and December 2007, 100 patients with RCC underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy at our institution for clinically localized RCC. Fifty‐three patients received a retroperitoneal procedure and 47 received a transperitoneal procedure. The perioperative and oncological outcomes of these groups were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Mean follow up was 34 months. No statistically significant difference was found between the two approaches in terms of pathological stage, operative time, need for additional procedures such as adrenalectomy and/or lymph node sampling, estimated blood loss, need for blood transfusions, analgesic requirement, length of hospital stay, or the incidence of minor or major complications. The 5‐year disease‐free survival rate was 90% for both the retroperitoneal and transperitoneal procedures. The 5‐year overall survival rates were 98% and 96%, respectively. Therefore, no significant difference was observed in the long‐term oncological outcome between the two groups. Conclusions: Tumor control and surgical morbidity in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy seem not to be significantly influenced by the approach.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: complications related to the hand-port site

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early results of hand-assisted radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy in our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 13 patients with malignant disease of the kidney who underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical outcomes were compared with a series of 16 patients who underwent similar procedures via a standard laparoscopic approach. RESULTS: There were three major hand-port wound complications in those who underwent hand-assisted procedures, while one other patient required conversion because of technical failure of the device. The operative duration, length of hospital stay, estimated blood loss, transfusion rate, analgesic requirement, conversion rates, and minor complications were similar between the hand-assisted and standard laparoscopy groups. CONCLUSION: There was little difference between hand-assisted and standard laparoscopy in operative duration or recovery, but there were problems with wound complications which may be related to the hand-assisted approach. We have consequently abandoned the technique in favour of a standard laparoscopic approach.     

Prior abdominal surgery and radiation do not complicate the retroperitoneoscopic approach to the kidney or adrenal gland

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery is an accepted standard of care. This can be accomplished by a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach. In patients with extensive prior intra-abdominal surgery with or without radiation the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach may avoid bowel adhesions and potential operative complications. We compared clinical outcomes of the laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach in patients with prior open abdominal surgery with or without radiation to outcomes in those with no surgical history. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated clinical and functional parameters in 78 consecutive patients undergoing retroperitoneoscopic renal or adrenal surgery performed by a single surgeon in a 36-month period, including radical nephrectomy with or without ureterectomy in 50, nerve sparing surgery in 8, ablation in 16 and adrenalectomy in 4. All transperitoneal procedures during the same period were excluded from analysis. Patients were divided into 48 who underwent prior abdominal surgery with or without radiation (group 1) and 30 who did not (group 2). Prior abdominal surgeries in group 1 patients were open and they were major in 42 and/or minor in 39. An additional 6 patients in group 1 received prior abdominal radiation overlapping the planned surgical field. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were noted between the groups in any parameter assessed, including operative time, blood loss, time to first oral intake, hospital stay or the complication rate (p >0.05). There were no enterotomies in either group. There were no open conversions in group 1, while there were 2 in group 2 (renal vein injury and splenorrhaphy secondary to lymphoma, respectively). Pathological findings showed malignancy in 57 cases (renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoid disease and metastases) and benign disease in 21 (oncocytoma, adenoma, pyelonephritis and complex cysts). All margins were negative except in 1 group patient with carcinoma in situ at the bladder cuff margin. CONCLUSIONS: The retroperitoneoscopic approach to the kidney and adrenal glands can be used in patients with extensive prior open abdominal surgery and/or radiation without significant increases in morbidity or convalescence.     

急性闭合性肾损伤腹腔镜肾切除术

目的：探讨急性闭合性肾损伤经后腹腔途径腹腔镜肾切除术的可行性。方法：回顾性分析3例急性闭合性肾损伤经后腹腔途径腹腔镜肾切除术患者的临床资料：男2例,女1例;1例体外碎石肾损伤,2例为外伤性肾损伤。超声提示肾破裂伴肾周高回声区,考虑为血肿。CT提示肾脏破裂伴肾周血肿,血肿局限于肾周筋膜内,1例造影剂外溢。3例均行腹腔镜肾切除术,结果：3例手术均顺利完成,手术时间85min（60～120min）,出血量180ml（100～300m1）。术后病理检查提示肾脏破裂。结论：在腔镜技术熟练的前提下,选择性急性闭合性肾损伤且血肿局限于肾周筋膜内患者,在伤后1周内行腹腔镜肾切除可行。     

腹腔镜技术在泌尿系和胆囊疾病中的联合应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜技术在泌尿系和胆囊疾病中联合应用的可行性及应用前景。方法：回顾性分析2001年10月～2004年6月间施行的腹腔镜联合手术28例,分别为腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合肾脏切除术4例,联合肾囊肿去顶减压术22例,联合肾上腺切除术2例。结果：1例右侧肾上腺结核病者因与下腔静脉粘连严重改行开放手术,其余联合手术均获成功。手术时间50～150min,平均110min;术中出血10～50ml,平均20ml;术后12～36h肛门排气,无并发症。术后住院4～6天,平均4,7天。结论：只要严格掌握联合手术指征,腹腔镜联合手术就能够安全、有效地同时处理泌尿系及胆囊共存疾病,具有良好的应用前景。     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness and efficiency of transperitoneal anterior laparoscopic adrenalectomy with that of retroperitoneal posterior laparoscopic adrenalectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective comparison was undertaken of 28 patients who underwent transperitoneal anterior laparoscopy with 22 patients who underwent retroperitoneal posterior laparoscopy between April 1994 and November 2000. There were 18 men and 32 women (mean age 51.0 years, range 23-68) with varying diagnoses. Of the 50 patients, 31 had primary aldosteronism, eight had Cushing's syndrome, three had phaeochromocytoma, one had an 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone-induced adenoma and seven had non-functioning adrenal adenoma. Adrenal tumours were confirmed by hormonal assays, biochemical tests and computed tomography. To determine the site of the functioning adenoma, hormones were assayed from adrenal vein sampling. Thirty adrenal tumours were located on the right and 20 on the left. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in general demographic variables between the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal groups. The mean duration of surgery for transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopy was 202 and 221 min, respectively, and the mean blood loss 113 and 192 mL, respectively. The time to first oral intake, days to full diet, time until ambulatory and duration of hospitalization did not differ significantly between the two approaches. As the body mass index increased, the duration of surgery increased for both approaches. As more procedures were performed the duration of surgery decreased for both approaches. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences between the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches for laparoscopic adrenalectomy.     

Retroperitoneoscopy: A laparoscopic approach for adrenal and renal surgery

Objectives

Retroperitoneoscopy has gained acceptance for urologic surgery. We assessed the safety and efficacy of this procedure for renal and adrenal surgery.

Methods

Since December 1994, 20 patients (18 to 75 years old) have undergone laparoscopic adrenalectomy and nephrectomy, including simple nephrectomy in 8, partial nephrectomy in 1, radical nephrectomy in 2, tumorectomy with cyst excision in 1, and adrenalectomy in 8. The retroperitoneal space was created by blunt dissection with the index finger, completed by insufflation, without balloon dissection.

Results

Average kidney size was 65 mm (range 50 to 108), and average adrenal tumor size was 31 mm (range 20 to 40). The average operating time was 127 minutes (range 60 to 180) for nephrectomy and 84 minutes (range 45 to 140) for adrenalectomy. The average hospital stay was 3 days (range 1 to 7) for nephrectomy and 2.4 days (range 1 to 4) for adrenalectomy. Average blood loss was 65 mL for both nephrectomy and adrenalectomy. Conversion from the laparoscopic procedure to open surgery was never required. Peritoneal effraction and ureteral injury occurred in only 4 patients and 1 patient, respectively.

Conclusions

The laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach is safe and effective for simple renal nephrectomy and for excision of small adrenal tumors. Perioperative morbidity and hospital stay are reduced.     

后腹腔镜手术在小儿泌尿外科疾病中的应用

目的总结后腹腔镜手术治疗小儿泌尿外科疾病的经验。方法2004年3月至2006年4月共完成后腹腔镜小儿泌尿外科手术48例,包括肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄28例、肾发育不良3例、肾囊肿3例、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤8例、输尿管息肉3例、输尿管结石2例、肾上腺皮质增生症1例。其中男32例,女16例,平均年龄7岁。结果48例手术均获成功。平均手术时间:离断性肾盂成形术95 min、发育不良肾切除术45 min、肾囊肿去顶术42 min、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤切除术51 min、输尿管息肉切除术70 min、输尿管切开取石术60 min。平均术中出血量18 ml。术中无脏器损伤及气体栓塞等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间8 d。输尿管取石术后出现尿路感染1例,离断性肾盂成形术后吻合口狭窄和术后漏尿各1例,相应处理后均痊愈。平均随访时间6(1～24)个月,患者症状消失或好转,未见原发病复发。结论小儿后腹腔镜手术安全可行,具有切口小、出血少、损伤轻、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,值得临床进一步推广使用。     

应用腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺囊肿(附27例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺囊肿的方法及临床意义。方法:回顾分析2000年3月至2008年7月采用腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺囊肿27例患者的临床资料。结果:所有手术均获成功,21例行肾上腺部分切除术,6例行肾上腺全切除术,手术时间平均(35.1±11.6)min,术中平均出血(27.9±13.6)ml,平均住院(4.3±1.8)d。术后无严重并发症发生,随访12～36个月,无一例复发。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜手术可作为治疗肾上腺囊肿的标准术式。     

Laparoscopic nephrectomy: prediction of outcome in relation to the preoperative risk factors in two approaches

PURPOSE: The data on laparoscopic nephrectomy in Mansoura Urology & Nephrology Center were reviewed to identify the preoperative findings that may predict the need for conversion to open surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred sixty-three patients were subjected to transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy, while 82 underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for benign renal diseases. The preoperative demographic data and laboratory and radiologic findings of these patients were correlated with failure rate of the laparoscopic procedure. RESULTS: The overall failure rate was 10.4% and 11% for the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approach, respectively. Positive urine culture, renographic clearance of the removed kidney (>10 ml/min), and learning curve were independently associated with a greater risk of failure in patients undergoing transperitoneal nephrectomy. For the retroperitoneal approach, a positive urine culture, renographic clearance (> or =10 ml/min), and large kidney showed statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Preoperative data could be used as a predictor of laparoscopic nephrectomy outcome in patients with benign renal diseases. A more experienced surgeon should be selected for risky cases, bearing in mind the greater potential for early conversion to open surgery.     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床体会

目的：总结腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术的手术方法和临床经验。方法：回顾分析腹膜后腹腔镜肾脏切除术治疗各类肾脏疾病患者28例的临床资料,其中肾癌13例,肾盂癌5例,上段输尿管癌3例,肾萎缩6例,肾结核1例。结果：手术均获成功,无手术并发症发生。手术时间80～180min,平均100min;术后8～24h进食,术后住院7～14d。结论：腹膜后腹腔镜肾脏切除手术具有患者损伤小、康复快、住院时间短,对腹腔脏器干扰少等优点,具有良好的临床应用前景。