腹腔镜下完整结肠系膜切除在右半结肠癌手术中的应用

目的探讨完整结肠系膜切除（CME）在腹腔镜结肠癌手术治疗中的应用。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2011年6月吉林大学第一医院胃结直肠外科同一手术治疗组对49例非转移结肠癌（不合并肠梗阻）患者施行CME的临床资料。结果49例患者淋巴结清扫中位数22枚／例。所有患者中位手术时间145min,术中平均出血量75ml。术后中位排气时间3d,排粪时间6d,住院时间12d。手术并发症发生率12．2％（6／49）。结论腹腔镜下右半结肠癌CME手术安全,可行。     

完整结肠系膜切除治疗结肠癌初步分析

目的:探讨完整结肠系膜切除(CME)在结肠癌手术治疗中的应用.方法:回顾性分析2009年12月-2012年6月行CME和中央血管高位结扎(CVL)的34例结肠癌患者临床资料.结果:患者术后UICC病理分期:Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期14例,Ⅲ期16例.中位淋巴结清扫数18枚,Ⅲ期患者中18.8％ (3/16)的系膜根部淋巴结转移阳性.全组无围术期死亡,无术中副损伤.手术时间2.5～3.5(中位数2.75)h,术中出血量80～200(中位数110)mL,术后排气时间3～5(中位数4)d,排便时间4～6(中位数5)d,术后住院时间11～20(中位数14)d.术后并发症包括切口感染3例,肺部感染1例,乳糜漏1例,无吻合口瘘发生,近期无肠梗阻发生.34例患者获6个月至2年的随访,未发现局部复发;1例术后16个月发现肝转移,3个月后死亡.结论:结肠癌患者行CME联合CVL安全、可行,短期效果良好,CME联合CVL有可能成为一种标准化的结肠癌手术术式.     

完整结肠系膜切除术与传统根治术治疗结肠癌的对比研究

目的比较完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）与传统根治术治疗结肠癌的短期疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年11月至2011年8月间在北京大学人民医院胃肠外科接受CME手术治疗的54例结肠癌患者（CME组）的临床资料,并选取2008年1月至2009年10月间同一手术治疗组施行传统结肠癌根治术的38例结肠癌患者作为对照组．比较两组患者的短期治疗效果和安全性。结果CME组淋巴结清扫数量为（22．2±8．0）枚,明显多于对照组f（18．6±4．7）枚,P〈0．05];其中Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期病例两组间淋巴结清扫数量的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,Ⅲ期病例CME组淋巴结清扫数量明显增多[（23．8＋7．6）枚比（16．7＋3．6）枚,P〈0．01];但两组Ⅲ期患者阳性淋巴结数和阳性淋巴结率的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组间手术时间、术后排气排粪时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;但术中出血量CME组显著少于对照组（中位数100ml比115ml,P〈0．05）。结论CME手术可以整块、彻底地切除癌灶和系膜组织,从而达到清扫淋巴结的最大化。尽管CME切除范围大,但并不会增加手术风险和术后并发症发生率．术后短期疗效良好。     

完整结肠系膜切除术与传统结肠癌根治术短期疗效的比较

目的探讨完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）的短期疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2011年10月在北京大学人民医院胃肠外科接受根治术的62例I-Ⅲ期结肠癌患者的临床资料,其中行CME者31例（CME组）,行传统结肠癌根治术者31例（非CME组）。结果CME组和非CME组患者淋巴结清扫总数分别为（22．5±1．8）枚和（17．6±1．3）枚（P〈0．05）;9．7％（3／31）的CME患者高位血管根部淋巴结阳性。两组术中出血量分别为（123．5±17．6）ml和（143．5±15-3）ml,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。除术后3d内腹腔引流量CME组明显多于非CME组（P〈0．05）外,两组术后引流管拔除时间、排气时间、进食时间等术后恢复指标以及术后住院时间、住院费用等社会经济效应指标的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。CME组术后发生肠梗阻3例,淋巴漏2例,切口裂开1例：非CME组术后发生肠梗阻4例,切口裂开1例,两组术后并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义（19．4％比16．1％,P〉0．05）。结论与传统手术相比,CME淋巴结清扫更彻底,包括系膜根部淋巴结．且不会影响术后恢复及增加术后并发症风险。     

右半结肠癌行腹腔镜完整系膜切除外科平面及手术路径研究（附44例报告）

目的 探讨右半结肠癌行腹腔镜完整系膜切除（LCME）的外科平面构成和手术路径,并评估其安全性和可行性。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月南方医科大学附属顺德第一人民医院收治的行LCME的44例右半结肠癌病人临床资料,术中观察右半结肠癌LCME外科平面位置、构成和毗邻关系,总结手术路径,分析手术安全性及可行性。结果 44例病人均未发生肠系膜上静脉、十二指肠、输尿管、生殖血管损伤等并发症,术中出血量（73.0±32.3）mL,手术时间（200.0±33.3）min,清扫淋巴结（22.0±9.7）枚,术后首次排气时间（74.0±19.9）h,术后住院时间（10.0±2.2）d;术后无吻合口漏、腹腔脓肿发生。随访6～40个月,中位随访时间为24个月,仅2例术后出现远处转移。结论 按照基于3个外科平面（即升结肠系膜后叶-肾前筋膜间隙、升结肠系膜后叶-胰头十二指肠筋膜前叶间隙、右半横结肠系膜后叶-右侧胃背系膜间隙）的手术路径进行右半结肠癌LCME,可安全有效地达到根治效果。     

右半结肠癌手术中完整结肠系膜切除的技巧

探讨右半结肠癌行完整结肠系膜切除的手术技巧。回顾性分析2010年8月—2012年9月45例行传统右半结肠癌根治术患者(传统组)和2012年12月—2014年10月53例行完整结肠系膜切除的右半结肠癌患者(CME组),CME组采用对侧站位剥离筋膜,以胰颈部与肠系膜上动静脉交点为中心立体式清除结肠三站淋巴结;比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清除数目、术后排气时间、术后住院时间、腹腔引流量及术后并发症的差异。CME组淋巴结清除总数(20.46±6.08)枚和阳性淋巴数4(2,7)枚,明显多于传统组的(17.06±4.40)枚、2(1,4)枚,手术时间(206.35±33.08)min、术中出血量(151.92±72.06)mL、术后排气时间3(2,4)d、腹腔引流量(157.9±25.7)mL,明显少于传统组的(224.91±18.57)min、(237.27±94.90)mL、4(2,6)d、(278.7±47.2)mL,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。CME组与传统组在术后住院时间及术后并发症等方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。完整结肠系膜切除可提高右半结肠癌淋巴结清除数量、缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量,促进患者术后恢复;对侧站位及立体式淋巴结清除方式能提高手术效率,增加手术安全及效果。     

结肠癌完整结肠系膜切除术的可行性与安全性的Meta分析

目的评价结肠癌完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）的可行性与安全性。方法计算机检索万方、CNKI、CBM、维普、PubMed、Medline、OVID、Elsevier、IsIWebofKnowledge平台（SCI、ISIP、CCR、IC）和Cochrane等近5年来公开发表的有关CME与传统结肠癌手术的随机对照试验（RCT）或非随机对照试验（RNT）文献,严格按标准筛选后,评估文献质量并提取数据资料,最后用ReviewManager5．1软件进行系统评价。结果共纳入8篇非随机对照试验文献。计有病例1209例,其中CME组615例,对照组594例。Meta分析结果显示：（1）CME在术中出血量少于传统手术（WMD=-13．05,95％CI：-25．03—1．07,P=0．03）,在手术时间上两组差异无统计学意义（WMD=O．46,95％CI：-26．50～27．41,P=0．97）;（2）CME在术后病理标本淋巴结检出数、平均切除结肠长度和系膜面积以及营养血管长度等方面均优于传统结肠癌手术（分别为P〈0．01、P〈0．01、P〈0．01和P〈0．05）;（3）两组术后首次排气时间和住院时间差异无统计学意义（P=0．87,P=0．05）;（4）CME并没有增加手术并发症发生率（P=0．74）。结论CME符合胚胎解剖学、肿瘤外科学和精细外科学理念,安全、可行．有望成为结肠痛规范化的手术方式．     

高龄结肠癌患者接受完整结肠系膜切除术的可行性研究

目的探讨高龄结肠癌患者接受完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）的短期疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析北京大学人民医院胃肠外科2009年11月至2012年2月间接受CME治疗的71例结肠癌患者的临床资料,以70岁为界点分为高龄组（大于或等于70岁．37例）和非高龄组（小于70岁,34例）,比较两组患者的短期疗效和安全性。结果高龄组与非高龄组结肠癌患者CME手术切除系膜面积分别为（13049±4332）mmz和（13163±4725）mm2,高位结扎血管距肠壁距离为（95±22）mm和（98±20）mm,高位结扎血管距肿瘤距离为（130±25）mm和（128±25）mm,结肠切除长度（262±60）mm和（245±49）mm,淋巴结清扫数目为（22．0±6．4）枚和（24．8±9．9）枚,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后主要并发症、排气时间、排粪时间、引流管拔除时间、恢复进食时间、术后3d引流量、住院死亡等安全性指标的差异亦无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）,但高龄患者住院时间和住院费用明显增加（均P〈0．01）。结论高龄结肠癌患者接受择期CME手术可以达到与非高龄组患者一致的肿瘤切除及淋巴结清扫效果．且手术安全性良好．     

全结肠系膜切除术在结肠癌根治术中的应用

目的：探讨全结肠系膜切除术（CME）在结肠癌根治术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析44例接受 CME 手术治疗及40例传统结肠癌根治术的结肠癌患者的临床资料,比较两组患者的近期疗效及安全性。结果CME 组和非 CME 组患者淋巴结清扫数量分别为（23．2±2．3）枚和（16．5±1．8）枚,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;两组间Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期病例淋巴结清扫数量差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）,Ⅲ期病例两组淋巴结清扫数量差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。CME 组和非 CME 组中位手术时间分别为195 min 和145 min,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。两组患者术中出血量、术后恢复时间及术后并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论CME 手术可以达到结肠癌的根治性完整切除,从而达到淋巴结清扫的最大化。术后近期疗效满意,其远期疗效尚待进一步观察。     

完整结肠系膜切除与传统方法在左半结肠癌根治术的对比研究

目的：探讨完整结肠系膜切除（complete mesocolic excision,CME）在左半结肠癌根治术中的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析2011年1月至2013年10月期间48例CME左半结肠癌根治术及2009年1月至2010年12月间42例传统手术患者的临床资料,对比两组手术效果。结果CME组清扫淋巴结均数明显多于传统手术组,差异有统计学意义（22．31±2．60 vs 17．29±2．72, P＜0．0001）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者淋巴结增加差异均有统计学意义。CME组Ⅲ期患者根部淋巴结转移率10．99％（10/91）。在手术时间、术中出血量、手术并发症和术后恢复等方面差异无统计学意义。结论 CME左半结肠癌根治术不增加手术风险,显著提高淋巴结清扫数量,具有安全性、可行性和有效性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.