脊髓血管畸形的快速增强MRA与DSA诊断的比较研究

目的 评价椭圆形中心顺序(elliptic centric ordered)的快速增强磁共振血管成像(fastcontrast-enhanced MR angiography,CE-MRA)在脊髓血管畸形中的诊断和临床应用价值.方法 25例临床怀疑脊髓血管畸形的患者在1.5T MR机上接受了椭圆形中心顺序的快速CE-MRA检查,所有病例行选择性全脊椎动脉造影,18例施行了外科手术,其中2例术前行血管内栓塞,术后MRA随访了10例;以选择性全脊椎动脉造影为金标准,就病变诊断、供养动脉起源、供养动脉、瘘口或瘤巢、引流静脉和血管的图像质量(包括血管的连续性、强化程度和清晰度)进行MRA和DSA的比较.结果 经外科手术证实18例,包括脊髓动静脉畸形3例、髓周动静脉瘘5例、硬膜动静脉瘘7例、椎旁动静脉瘘1例、自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿2例;MRA显示脊髓血管畸形的诊断、供养动脉起源、供养动脉、瘤巢或瘘口、引流静脉与DSA的符合率分别为93.8%、92%、96.2%、100%和100%,MRA显示血管强化和清晰度类似于DSA(P＞0.05),DSA显示血管的连续性优于MRA(P＜0.05);9例MRA未见椎管内异常血管,与DSA完全符合.术后MRA随访的10例原异常血管未再显示.结论 椭圆形中心顺序的快速CE-MRA能够初步诊断脊髓血管畸形的亚型,能够显示脊髓血管畸形的供养动脉起源、供养动脉、瘤巢或瘘口、引流静脉,能够指导选择性脊椎动脉造影和手术治疗,是脊髓血管畸形术前诊断和术后随访的重要手段.     

脊髓血管畸形的影像学诊断和血管内栓塞治疗

复杂的脊髓血管解剖，包括脊髓多来源的供养动脉和多去路的引流静脉，导致脊髓血管畸形的影像学诊断变得困难。脊髓血管畸形大致分为三类：髓内动静脉畸形、髓周动静脉瘘和硬脊膜动静脉瘘。髓内动静脉畸形的畸形团位于或大部分位于脊髓实质内。其供血动脉为脊髓前动脉及其分支，脊髓后动脉也经常同时参与供血。其引流静脉常同时向脊髓前、后静脉引流。最典型的临床症状为畸形团破裂出血。其治疗以分次血管内栓塞治疗为主。手术切除弊大于利，一般不采用。治疗的目的是改善症状而非解剖治愈。髓周动静脉瘘是脊髓外的软膜动脉与静脉的直接交通，常常是脊髓前动脉或脊髓后动脉与相应的静脉直接沟通。主要临床症状亦多为出血，亦可源于脊髓缺血或水肿。治疗方法和原则类似髓内动静脉畸形，但流速缓慢的位于圆锥和终丝部位的髓周动静脉瘘多手术切除。硬脊膜动静脉瘘几乎占所有脊髓血管畸形的80%。男女比例7:1,40岁以上多发。其瘘口位于硬脊膜内和硬脊膜内、外层之间，常靠近椎间孔的神经根，是根动脉的硬脊硬支与根髓静脉之间的直接交通。主要临床症状源于脊髓静脉高压引起的脊髓水肿和坏死。应用稀胶栓塞治疗成功率可达90%。胶一定要在瘘口和引流静脉起始端形成良好的铸型方能避免复发。手术夹闭瘘口简单，效果好，但创伤较大。     

儿童周围血管畸形的血管内治疗

目的 研究儿童外周血管畸形的血管内治疗方法及疗效。方法 对83例周围血管畸形患儿实施血管内治疗。本组病例术前或术中分别诊断为：动静脉瘘23例,蔓状血管瘤32例,海绵状血管瘤28例。治疗方法：①经导管栓塞术,经导管释放弹簧圈或明胶海绵栓塞治疗;②导管栓塞术结合局部注射硬化剂治疗。结果 栓塞治疗后造影证实,动静脉瘘和血管瘤均得到有效闭塞,临床症状、体征迅速改善,术后1～3年观察随访,治疗有效率100％,治愈率68．7％。无并发症。结论 采用血管内治疗方法治疗儿童外周血管畸形,是一种微创而安全、疗效特别显著的方法。     

肾内血管损伤的血管内介入诊断与治疗

目的 :探讨肾内血管损伤的血管造影诊断价值和选择肾动脉栓塞术的治疗价值、适应症以及一些诊疗经验。方法 :回顾性分析 16例 (男 13例 ,女 3例 ,年龄 9～ 4 7岁 ,平均 30 .5± 11.8岁 )肾内血管损伤患者的血管内介入放射学资料 ,所有患者于栓塞前行肾动脉造影检查 ,栓塞材料选用明胶海绵和弹簧钢圈。结果 :16例肾内血管损伤患者经血管造影检查均能获得明确的诊断 ,12例可见对比剂外溢 (其中 6例合并有创伤性假性动脉瘤和 /或动脉瘘形成 ) ,9例可见假性动脉瘤形成 (其中 3例合并有动静脉瘘形成 ) ,单纯动静脉瘘形成者 1例。 16例肾内血管损伤者经弹簧钢圈栓塞者 7例 ,明胶海绵栓塞者 3例 ,弹簧钢圈加明胶栓塞者 6例。 9例随访了 3～ 2 5个月 (平均 14个月 ) ,无血尿等症状复发。结论 :血管造影有利于指导肾内血管损伤的诊断与治疗 ,选择性肾动栓塞术是一种微创的疗效可靠的治疗手段。     

血管内栓塞治疗脊髓血管畸形

目的 评价血管内栓塞治疗脊髓血管畸形(SCVM)的疗效.方法　回顾性分析过去10年经血管内栓塞治疗的32例SCVM病例.临床随访10个月～6年.临床症状随访分为完全恢复、改善、无变化和加重.结果 本组病例包括硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)16例、髓周动静脉瘘(PMAVF)9例和髓内动静脉畸形(SAVM)7例.完全栓塞20例,部分栓塞12例,其中单纯性动脉瘤或静脉瘤栓塞4例.临床平均随访48个月,5例临床症状完全消失,16例改善,8例无变化,3例加重;改善病例中2例症状复发,无出血或再出血病例.结论 血管内栓塞治疗SCVM是一种创伤小、并发症少和疗效较好的治疗方法.     

肢体和颅面部血管畸形的血管造影诊断及介入治疗

目的 探讨肢体和颅面部血管畸形的血管造影诊断及介入治疗的临床价值.资料与方法 56例肢体和颅面部血管畸形患者,颅面部14例,上肢18例,下肢24例.先行血管造影,了解病变部位、累及范围、供血动脉、引流静脉及侧支循环情况.然后行栓塞治疗,超选择插管至病变供血动脉内,根据病变性质、造影表现、插管的具体位置及治疗目的 ,选择不同种类、大小的栓塞剂及栓塞方法.对四肢近端局限性动静脉瘘患者置入带膜支架封堵瘘口.结果 56例患者通过选择性动脉造影均明确诊断,其中44例表现为动静脉畸形,供血动脉与引流静脉之间有明显迂曲扩张畸形血管团;12例表现为动静脉瘘.23例行介人治疗,其中21例栓塞后临床症状和体征均有不同程度的缓解,表现为局部包块缩小,血管杂音减轻或消失,心脏功能改善等,2例带膜支架置入后血管杂音消失.随访4～48个月,除2例臀部血管畸形患者栓塞后1年左右又出现临床症状而接受相应治疗外,其余患者均未出现明显临床症状.结论 经导管动脉造影是肢体和颅面部血管畸形的可靠诊断方法;介入治疗血管畸形创伤小、安全、有效,并发症少.     

纯脑膜动静脉瘘的血管造影及血管内治疗

目的 探讨纯脑膜动静脉瘘的诊断及其治疗效果。资料与方法 对41例纯脑膜动静脉瘘的血管造影表现及血管内栓塞治疗进行回顾性总结、分析。选择性颈内、颈外动脉及椎动脉造影，了解供血动脉及瘘口的部位、血流方向及静脉窦显示情况。诊断明确后，将导管插入靶动脉靠近瘘口行栓塞治疗。41例中，37倒单纯行血管内栓塞治疗，3例栓塞后再行手术，1例先手术再行血管内栓塞。结果 单侧颈外动脉1支血管供血5倒；双侧颈外动脉多支血管供血23例；双侧颈内、外动脉和／或椎动脉的脑膜支同时参与供血13例。瘘口位于海绵窦壁18例，上矢状窦壁7例，横窦壁5例，乙状窦壁3例，脑膜静脉壁3例，皮层静脉壁5例。颈外动脉栓塞治疗有效率87．5％，颈内动脉和／或椎动脉的脑膜支栓塞治疗有效率23．1％。结论 脑血管造影是确诊和研究本病唯一可靠的手段。对单有颈外动脉供血的纯脑膜动静脉瘘采用血管内栓塞治疗是安全、有效的方法。颈内动脉及椎动脉的脑膜支参与供血的情况下，则应对血管内栓塞后再手术为宜。     

非获得性肾动静脉瘘的血管造影诊断和介入治疗

目的小结非获得性肾动静脉瘘的血管造影表现和介入治疗,提高对该病的认识.方法回顾性地分析了13例非获得性肾动静脉瘘的肾动脉造影表现和选择性血管栓塞治疗.结果肾动静脉瘘的动脉造影表现主要归纳为畸形血管、动静脉短路,多分支供血等,选择性供血分支的栓塞能有效地止血.结论选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是诊断和治疗肾动静脉瘘的最重要的方法.     

血管内介入治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的新进展

硬脑膜动静脉瘘是较常见的颅内血管畸形,目前尚无理想治疗方案,且易并发脑出血。数字减影血管造影(DSA)技术可清楚显示瘘口发生部位、供血动脉及引流静脉,是诊断硬脑膜动静脉瘘的金标准。本研究着重介绍新型材料Onyx在血管内栓塞治疗中的应用、疗效与注意事项,主要探讨血管内介入治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的研究新进展。     

经导管血管内栓塞术治疗肢体动静脉畸形（附6例分析）

目的:评价先天性肢体动静脉畸形血管内栓塞治疗的有效性和安全性.材料和方法:6例临床诊断为肢体动静脉畸形的患者,常规行患肢动脉DSA检查,对动静脉瘘(AVF)和畸形血管团分别超选择动脉内栓塞治疗,AVF选用弹簧圈,畸形血管团用无水酒精或平阳霉素碘化油乳剂栓塞.结果:超选择动脉栓塞技术均成功,6例患者栓塞后血管异常杂音及临床症状消除.随访6～13个月6例患者均无严重并发症发生.结论:动脉DSA检查是诊断先天性肢体动静脉畸形最有效方法,而血管内栓塞术是安全有效的微创治疗方法.     

Spinal vascular malformations: MR angiography after treatment

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in the assessment of spinal vascular malformation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients with spinal vascular malformations (30 dural arteriovenous fistulas, two perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas, and two intramedullary arteriovenous malformations) underwent MR angiography and MR imaging before and after endovascular or surgical treatment. RESULTS: MR angiography showed residual flow in perimedullary vessels in seven patients with dural fistula after embolization with liquid adhesive. In all seven, treatment failure was confirmed with arteriography. Long-lasting disappearance of flow in perimedullary vessels was demonstrated at MR angiography in 22 patients with dural fistula. MR imaging demonstrated normalization of spinal cord volume in 16 of 22 patients and signal intensity on T2-weighted images in three patients. Disappearance of cord enhancement was observed in five of 21 patients and of perimedullary enhanced vessels in six of 13 patients. In one additional patient with dural fistula treated with embolization, early posttreatment MR angiography showed disappearance of flow in perimedullary vessels, which reappeared at follow-up and was consistent with reopening of a small residual fistula. Posttreatment MR angiography demonstrated transient reduction of flow in the nidus in two patients with intramedullary malformations treated with embolization. Permanent disappearance of flow in the perimedullary vessel was seen after endovascular treatment in two patients with perimedullary fistula. CONCLUSION: MR angiography is more sensitive than MR imaging in depicting residual or recurrent flow in peri- or intramedullary vessels, which indicates patency of the vascular malformation.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像诊断脊髓血管畸形的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT 血管成像(CTA)对脊髓血管畸形的诊断价值.方法 经临床和MR检查拟诊为脊髓血管畸形的15例患者进行了CTA.所有患者均在1周内进行了DSA检查.其中4例行于术治疗.将CTA图像与DSA和手术所见进行对照,从判定畸形的类型、显示病变累及的范围、供血动脉、引流静脉和可能存在的瘘口等方面,对CTA图像进行评价.结果 15例脊髓血管畸形经DSA和手术确诊,分别为6例髓内动静脉畸彤、2例髓周动静脉瘘、3例硬脊膜动静脉瘘和4例Cobb综合征.CTA对15例患者的分类和对病变累及范围的判断与DSA结果一致.CTA清晰显示了病变的主要供血动脉和引流静脉.5例动静脉瘘中4例CTA判断的瘘口位置与DSA所见一敛,另1例为复杂血管畸形,瘘口难以辨别.CTA还清晰显示了4例Cobb综合征位于椎旁和皮下的畸形血管团.结论 64层螺旋CTA可以判定脊髓血管畸形的类型,快速、无创地显示其主要病变特征,可作为该病的筛查手段.     

Intermittent opacification of an injured artery: a potential aid to superselective transcatheter embolization.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of intermittent opacification, a finding previously described as diagnostic of active bleeding that allows identification of an injured vessel at initial aortography or first-order selective angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was performed of 35 consecutive cases that were positive for true or false aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula or malformation, or hemorrhage when a lesion was located beyond a first-order branch of the aorta. An artery that potentially supplied the lesion was considered positive if it filled with contrast material, emptied, and filled again while adjacent vessels demonstrated progressive opacification. RESULTS: Nine (26%) of the 35 cases demonstrated intermittent opacification of an injured artery. All were confirmed as true-positive with superselective catheterization or additional projections, and seven were successfully treated with transcatheter embolization. Intermittent opacification was associated only with false aneurysm and hemorrhage. No congenital arteriovenous malformations or congenital aneurysms demonstrated intermittent opacification. CONCLUSION: If present, the intermittent opacification of an artery is a valuable finding that assists in superselective transcatheter embolization of the arterial branch that supplies a false aneurysm or hemorrhage.     

支气管动脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗

目的：探讨血管内栓塞治疗支气管动脉畸形的临床价值。方法本组18例患者,13例为支气管动脉-肺动脉瘘,3例为支气管动脉-肺静脉瘘,2例为支气管动脉瘤,临床表现均为反复咯血,均行支气管动脉造影,明确病变性质、部位、范围、程度及血供情况,然后超选择插管至病变处,进行栓塞治疗,栓塞方法及栓塞剂的种类、剂量根据病变性质、造影表现及插管具体位置进行选择。结果18例患者均通过动脉造影明确诊断,均为支气管动脉畸形所致的咯血。介入栓塞治疗后所有患者咯血停止,随防6-20个月,均未再次咯血。结论血管内栓塞治疗支气管动脉畸形,安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,是行之有效的治疗方法。     

头颈部富血管病变超选择动脉插管栓塞治疗

探讨头颈部富血管病变栓塞治疗的效果,可能的并发症和处理方法。材料与方法,对５９例患 颈外动脉分支超选择插管以后,用ＩＢＣＡ,明胶海绵或线段进行栓塞治疗。结果部分患者栓塞即获得根效果,部分患者在栓塞后进行手术治疗。术中观察,肿块缩小,出血明显减少。     

血管内栓塞治疗肾脏良性血管性病变

目的探讨选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾脏良性血管病变的临床价值。方法收集2008年3月至2011年7月肾脏良性血管病变患者27例,其中肾损伤12例(外伤8例,医源性损伤4例),肾血管畸形10例(动静脉畸形5例,动静脉瘘3例,动脉瘤2例),肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤3例,多囊肾2例。27例中,血尿19例,腹部疼痛15例,腰部酸痛3例,低血压休克3例。术前均进行CT或MRI检查明确诊断。采用Seldinger技术穿刺行股动脉插管,先行肾动脉造影,了解病变性质、部位、范围、程度及血供情况,然后超选择插管至病变处,进行栓塞治疗。栓塞方法及栓塞剂的种类、剂量根据病变性质、造影表现及插管具体位置进行选择。术后随防1～36个月。结果 27例患者均由肾动脉参与病变供血。介入治疗后所有患者临床症状消失。随访中,除1例多囊肾患者栓塞后2个月又出现血尿外,其余患者均无相关临床症状复发,CT显示栓塞满意。结论血管内栓塞治疗肾良性血管性病变安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,并能最大程度地保护肾功能,是可靠的治疗方法。     

脑动静脉畸形供血方式与栓塞的关系研究

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形供血方式与栓塞的关系。方法回顾性分析12 4例4 0 0次超选择性微导管造影所显示的脑动静脉畸形的供血方式及其栓塞后并发症的发生率。结果4 0 0次微导管超选择性造影显示终末型供血方式2 92次,占73% ,穿枝型供血方式2 8次,占7% ,动静脉直接交通型36次,占9%。畸形血管团内伴有动脉瘤2 4例,占6 %。畸形血管团内含有静脉瘤或引流静脉呈瘤样扩张者2 0例,占5 %。除穿枝型供血方式16例未行栓塞外,余者栓塞后无严重并发症发生。结论了解脑动静脉畸形供血方式便可知道能否安全的进行栓塞,而测定脑动静脉畸形的动静脉循环时间可指导栓塞用胶的配制浓度。     

Embolization of spinal cord vascular malformations via the anterior spinal artery

During a 3 year period, 21 patients with spinal cord vascular malformations involving the anterior spinal artery were treated by embolization through this artery. Of four cases of extramedullary arteriovenous fistula, two patients embolized at an early stage showed excellent results, whereas results were mediocre in two patients who were paraplegic at embolization. Of 17 cases of intramedullary arteriovenous malformation (AVM), nine patients showed clinical improvement either with or without radiologic evidence of residual malformation; three patients had complications that led to clinical worsening; in the other five patients, results were mixed or inconclusive. Angiomyelotomography is recommended to diagnose extramedullary arteriovenous fistulae involving the anterior spinal artery. Pretherapeutic evaluation of intramedullary AVMs must consider the spinal cord level at which the malformation occurs. Angiotomography and temporary occlusion tests permit identification of collateral anastomoses before embolization. Respective criteria for surgery and embolization are defined. In cases where embolization is indicated, short-term results can generally be predicted.     

MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations.

PURPOSETo determine the potential and limitations of MR angiography in the evaluation of spinal vascular malformations.METHODSEleven consecutive patients with spinal vascular malformations proved with spinal selective arteriography underwent two-dimensional phase-contrast MR angiography.RESULTSAbnormal vessels within the spinal canal were identified with MR angiography in 10 patients. In 1 patient with a dural arteriovenous fistula no definite vascular abnormality was seen with MR angiography. Correlation of MR angiography with spinal selective arteriography showed that the former allowed identification of the arterial feeder in 3 patients with intramedullary arteriovenous malformations and 2 with perimedullary arteriovenous fistula, whereas the source of intradural draining vein was seen in only 2 of 6 patients with dural arteriovenous fistula.CONCLUSIONMR angiography is a promising complementary tool to MR imaging for detection and characterization of spinal vascular malformations.