基于16SrDNA测序的肥胖儿童肠道菌群变化分析

目的 通过16SrDNA测序研究肥胖儿童肠道微生物的组成及变化特点,为后期相关研究奠定基础。方法 于2017年4月-2018年4月选取肥胖儿童及正常体重儿童共59例,收集粪便,采用16SrDNA扩增子测序的方法检测儿童肠道菌群组成。结果 肥胖组儿童和正常体重组儿童的肠道微生物多样性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但分布规律和数量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在门水平中厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门是儿童肠道微生物群落中最丰富的菌群。其中疣微菌门数量在正常体重组显著高于肥胖组儿童。在属水平,发现多尔氏菌数量在肥胖组儿童肠道内显著高于正常体重组儿童,嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌数量在正常体重组儿童显著高于肥胖组儿童。结论 肠道菌群分布规律和数量的改变与肥胖的发生有密切联系。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童肠道菌群与症状严重程度相关性研究

目的 分析孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童肠道菌群结构特点及与症状严重程度的相关性，以期为ASD发病机理及靶向治疗提供新思路。方法 选取2021年3月—2021年9月在珠海市妇幼保健院儿童心理卫生科就诊的107名ASD儿童作为ASD组，纳入幼儿园正常儿童30名作为对照组。采用儿童孤独症评定量表评估ASD症状严重程度。收集两组儿童新鲜粪便并提取样本DNA,对细菌16S rDNA V4区进行扩增并进行高通量测序。结果 ASD组和对照组儿童的肠道菌群α多样性指数和β多样性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在门水平，ASD组儿童变形菌门相对丰度较对照组儿童低，且差异具有统计学意义(t=-3.103,P<0.05);在科水平，ASD组儿童的优势菌群为坦纳氏菌科、爱格士氏菌科、脱硫弧菌科、莫拉氏菌科、月形单胞菌科、双歧杆菌科；正常儿童的优势菌群为恩斯氏菌科、链球菌科、巴斯德氏菌科；在属水平，不同症状严重程度儿童丁酸弧菌属、柯林斯氏菌属、布劳特氏菌属、巨单胞菌属相对丰度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析显示，ASD儿童布劳特氏菌属和巨单胞菌属与CARS评分呈...     

蒙古族肥胖儿童肠道菌群结构和短链脂肪酸含量的研究

目的 了解蒙古族肥胖和正常体重儿童肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸的含量,为蒙古族肥胖的研究提供一定基础数据。方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法按照性别年龄1:1配比,正常体重组和肥胖组各30人,取新鲜粪便提取肠道菌群总DNA,进行总DNA Illumina Miseq测序;用SYBR嵌合荧光法进行实时荧光定量PCR;通过气相色谱法测定各粪便样本中SCFAs的含量。结果 蒙古族肥胖儿童肠道菌群的多样性和丰富度均低于正常体重组（P<0.05）;门水平以Bacteroidetes（正常组56.49%,肥胖组47.08%）和Firmicutes（正常组38.61%,肥胖组48.73%）的相对丰度最高;两组的共同优势菌属有17种,在优势菌属中Pseudobutyrivibrio、 Parasutterella、Ruminococcaceae＿UCG＿014、Bifidobacterium在两组间的差异明显（P<0.05）;SCFAs的含量在正常体重组与肥胖组间差异明显(P<0.05)。结论 蒙古族肥胖儿童肠道菌群的结构及短链脂肪酸含量均发生改变,揭示肠道菌群结构变化对于蒙古族儿童...     

脑梗死患者肠道微生态结构的变化和复杂度分析

目的通过测序技术检测脑梗死患者肠道微生态结构的变化并进行复杂度分析。方法选取健康志愿者(Norm组)和脑梗死患者(CI组)各10例取其粪便标本,应用16s测序技术检测其肠道微生态的结构变化,通过Unweighted Unifrac距离衡量Norm组和CI组所有样本间的相异系数。结果 CI组与Norm组相比肠道菌群在纲水平的结构差异显著不同。同Norm组相比,CI组梭菌纲、变形杆菌纲、柔膜菌纲显著增加,拟杆菌纲、疣微菌纲、放线菌纲、α-变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲、β-变形菌纲显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Norm组和CI组肠道菌群的复杂度差异较大。结论脑梗死患者存在肠道微生态紊乱的现象,与健康人群存在显著性差异,因此肠道菌群可作为脑梗死的潜在预测手段和治疗靶点。     

肠道菌群构成与儿童血压关系的横断面研究

目的 分析6～9岁儿童肠道菌群的构成与血压之间的关系，为儿童高血压的预防与治疗提供新思路。方法 2015年12月—2017年3月在广州招募411名6～9岁儿童，使用16S rRNA基因高通量测序测定肠道菌群，分析Alpha多样性和Beta多样性。利用MUVR算法，通过重复交叉验证分析筛选出与血压相关的OTUs。运用Spearman相关及多重线性回归分析探索儿童肠道菌群构成与血压之间的关系。结果 血压正常儿童与血压异常儿童肠道菌群的Beta多样性差异有统计学意义(R²_非加权=0.015,P_加权=0.01;R²_非加权=0.027,P_非加权=0.001)。经校正多个协变量和错误发现率(FDR)校正的多重线性回归分析结果显示，儿童血压水平随OTU＿3(布劳特氏菌属)、OTU＿131(无害梭菌属)、OTU＿1776(布劳特氏菌属)、OTU＿2159(普雷沃式菌属)和OTU＿91(短双歧杆菌种)的丰度增加而下降(β:-0.18～-0.14,P_FDR     

成都市市区3～6岁肥胖儿童肠道菌群变化和饮食结构调查及儿童肥胖影响因素分析

目的调查成都市市区3~6岁肥胖儿童的肠道菌群变化及饮食结构,分析儿童肥胖的影响因素。方法随机整群抽取成都市市区4所幼儿机构的76名3~6岁肥胖儿童纳入肥胖组,随机抽取年龄、性别相近的76名正常体重儿童纳入正常组。检测两组儿童肠道菌群变化情况,分析两组儿童每日食物摄入量,每日摄入食物达标、超标情况。对儿童肥胖的影响因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果肥胖组儿童肠道变形菌门含量显著高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。肥胖组儿童油脂类每日摄入量显著高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。正常组儿童蔬菜类、粮食类、奶制品摄入达标率均显著高于肥胖组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。肥胖组儿童肉类(禽、鱼肉)、蛋制品摄入超标率显著高于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。单因素分析显示:儿童肥胖与出生体重、每日户外活动时间、食欲、进食速度、父母肥胖、饭前食用零食相关。多因素分析显示:食欲好、进食速度快、饭前食用零食是儿童肥胖的影响因素(P0.05)。结论 3~6岁肥胖儿童存在肠道变形菌门含量高、饮食结构失衡等特点;食欲好、进食速度快、饭前食用零食同此年龄段儿童肥胖的发生密切相关,应引起幼儿机构及儿童家长的重视。     

蒙古族儿童肠道菌群结构特征分析

比较不同体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)蒙古族儿童肠道菌群结构特征,为蒙古族儿童消化代谢研究提供基础数据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,调查包头市某地区712岁蒙古族儿童410名,严格按照纳入标准并进行同年龄和同性别1∶1匹配,筛选出肥胖、超重和正常体重儿童各30名为研究对象,采用试剂盒法提取研究对象粪便基因组DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应变性梯度凝胶电泳(poclymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCRDGGE)分析不同BMI分组蒙古族儿童肠道菌群的多样性,进而通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)对肠道内优势菌群脆弱拟杆菌属、梭菌属、双歧杆菌属和乳杆菌属进行定量检测.结果 PCR-DGGE电泳图谱显示,不同BMI分组的蒙古族儿童肠道菌群构成差异有统计学意义.肥胖组细菌群落丰富度(7.40±0.55)低于正常体重组(11.00±1.22)和超重组(12.40±2.51)(F=14.71,P<0.05);肥胖组香农多样性指数(1.92±0.07)低于正常体重组(2.29±0.10)和超重组(2.33±0.21)(F=15.08,P<0.05).real-time PCR结果显示,随着BMI增大,蒙古族儿童肠道内脆弱拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属的数量呈递减趋势,而梭菌属的数量呈递增趋势(F值分别为3.99,6.84,6.82,P值均<0.05);乳杆菌属的数量在蒙古族肥胖组、超重组和正常体重组儿童之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 不同BMI分组的蒙古族儿童肠道菌群构成存在差异.肠道菌群可能参与了蒙古族儿童肥胖的发生发展过程.     

肠道微生物组与非吸烟女性肺癌关联研究

目的 探索肠道菌群变化与非吸烟女性肺癌风险的关联,为非吸烟女性肺癌的防控提供干预依据。方法 采用以医院为基础的多中心病例对照研究,使用16S rRNA基因测序技术对所收集的192例研究对象(病例组n=92;对照组n=100)的粪便样本进行测序,利用多样性云分析平台分析肺癌患者肠道菌群特征。运用LASSO回归和Logistic回归分析两组差异肠道菌群分值与非吸烟女性肺癌的关联。结果 病例组和对照组肠道菌群丰富度(Wilcoxon检验,P<0.05)和β多样性的差异(ANOSIM分析,P=0.01)均有统计学意义。经LEfSe分析,病例组和对照组共有22个差异菌属,其中病例组特征菌属为拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、乳梭菌属(Lachnoclostridium)、无害芽孢梭菌属(Clostridium innocuum group)、罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)等11个菌属,对照组特征菌属为Clostridium sensu stricto 1、Agathobacter、多利菌属(Dorea)、柯林斯菌属(Collinsell...     

四川省藏汉肥胖与正常人群肠道菌群及粪便胆汁酸差异研究

目的 研究四川省藏族及汉族肥胖人群与正常人群肠道菌群和粪便胆汁酸的差异,为调节肠道菌群预防和改善肥胖积累资料。 方法 调查四川省红原藏族居民和成都汉族居民的基本信息,采集粪便样本。依据纳入排除标准,使用基于年龄和性别的倾向性评分匹配方法纳入114名研究对象。根据BMI分为藏汉肥胖组（BMI≥28kg/m²）、正常组（18.5kg/m²≤BMI≤24kg/m²）。测定肠道菌群16S rRNA基因序列及粪便中13种胆汁酸含量,比对分析藏汉肥胖人群与正常人群肠道菌群结构、丰度及粪便胆汁酸水平差异。 结果 藏族正常组较藏族肥胖组的疣微菌门、阿克曼菌属、埃希氏菌属和拟杆菌属的丰度高,多尔氏菌属的丰度低（P＜0.05）。藏族人群中优势菌属为普雷沃氏菌属和乳杆菌属,汉族人群中优势菌属为布劳特氏菌属。藏族人群初级胆汁酸、初级胆汁酸/次级胆汁酸、结合型胆汁酸水平均低于汉族人群（P＜0.05）。 结论 藏族肥胖人群与藏族正常人群肠道菌群有一定差异,藏汉人群肠道菌群结构和物种丰度以及粪便胆汁酸谱显著不同,不同民族肥胖与肠道菌群的关联有待结合生活环境和饮食习惯进一步探讨。     

湿疹儿童肠道菌群特征及与病情的相关性

目的探讨湿疹儿童肠道菌群特征及其与病情的相关性。方法选取2021年8月—2023年2月杭州市第三人民医院收治的湿疹患儿90例为观察组,同时选取同期健康体检的90例儿童为对照组,采集受试者新鲜成形粪便通过16S rDNA基因测序测定肠道菌群,对比两组肠道菌群特征(物种组成、菌落多样性)。采用湿疹面积和严重程度评分(EASI)评价观察组病情情况,采用Spearman相关性分析湿疹儿童肠道菌群特征与病情的相关性。结果采用16S rDNA基因测序对180例粪便菌群样本分析,最终得到有效数据1868163条。根据OTU聚类结果,以97%相似度下导出两组共有OTU 1967个,观察组特有836个,对照组特有667个。观察组Alpha多样性包括Shannon指数(5.72±0.33)、Simpson指数(0.95±0.03)、Chao1指数(2421.26±500.26)、ACE指数(1635.26±325.74)与对照组(5.78±0.31)、(5.78±0.31)、(2515.26±400.25)、(1706.68±334.68)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组Unweighted Unifrac距离(0.31±0.10)与对照组(0.46±0.13)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);物种组成分析显示:观察组和对照组在门水平上以厚壁菌门占28.89%、拟杆菌门占26.67%、变形菌门占22.22%、放线菌门占11.11%为主,属水平上以布劳特氏菌占25.00%、拟杆菌占23.89%、粪杆菌占21.67%和双歧杆菌占14.44%为主,门水平和属水平相对丰度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);LEfSe分析显示,观察组和对照组共芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)、粪芽孢菌属(Coprobacillus)3个显著差异物种;相关性分析显示:粪杆菌、瘤胃球菌相对丰度与湿疹儿童EASI评分呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论湿疹儿童与健康儿童在肠道菌群构成上具有差异,芽孢杆菌纲、乳杆菌目及粪芽孢菌属可能参与儿童湿疹发病机制,且瘤胃球菌、粪杆菌相对丰度与湿疹儿童病情有关。     

Cloudy Apple Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Prevents Obesity via Modulating Gut Microbiota and Protecting Intestinal Tract Health

Obesity and hyperglycemia are two serious chronic diseases that are increasing in incidence worldwide. This research aimed to develop a fermented cloudy apple juice with good hyperglycemia intervention activities. Here, cloudy apple juice (CAJ), cloudy apple juice rich in polyphenols (CAJP) and fermented cloudy apple juice rich in polyphenols (FCAJP) were prepared sequentially, and then the effects of the three apple juices on weight, lipid level, gut microbiota composition and intestinal tract health were evaluated for obese mice induced by a high-fat diet. The research findings revealed that the FCAJP showed potential to inhibit the weight gain of mice, reduce fat accumulation, and regulate the blood lipid levels of obese mice by decreasing the ratio of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidotas, improving the Sobs, Ace, and Chao indexes of the gut microbiota and protecting intestinal tract health. In addition, the FCAJP augmented the abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, which were positively related to SCFAs in cecal contents. This study inferred that FCAJP could be developed as a healthy food for preventing obesity and hyperglycemia.     

1型糖尿病儿童肠道菌群谱分析研究

目的 通过16SrRNA基因测序方法探索1型糖尿病(T1DM)儿童肠道菌群结构变化的特征,并比较T1DM儿童与健康儿童间肠道菌群的差异,为临床应用益生菌进行TIDM早期干预提供理论基础和实验依据。方法 选取2018年10月-2019年10月在昆明市儿童医院内分泌遗传代谢科住院并初诊为T1DM的5~14岁儿童18例,同时选取19例性别、年龄相近的健康儿童为研究对象,收集两组儿童粪便标本后进行16SrRNA基因测序实验,并采用QIIME 2分析流程进行生物信息学分析,比较两组间肠道菌群的差异。结果 1)利用QIIME2软件将相似度100%的序列聚类分析后共获得3 248个Feature数;2)经物种鉴定及注释,绝大部分菌群都分类到属级和种级;3)Alpha多样性分析说明本次研究测序深度充分,并且T1DM儿童肠道菌群的丰富度及多样性较健康儿童降低 (P<0.05);4)Beta多样性分析中,PCoA图说明T1DM儿童和健康儿童间肠道菌群结构存在明显差异;5)肠道菌群组成差异分析中,在门水平上,T1DM儿童放线菌门、拟杆菌门和蓝细菌门丰度显著增高,而变形菌门、杆菌门的丰度降低(P<0.05);在属水平上,T1DM儿童粪杆菌属、双歧杆菌属和拟杆菌属的丰度较健康儿童增高,而埃希氏杆菌属-志贺氏杆菌、肠球菌属、Blautia菌属丰度降低(P<0.05)。结论 T1DM儿童存在肠道菌群生态失衡,并且菌群物种的丰富度及多样性降低。此外,T1DM儿童与健康儿童肠道菌群结构分布存在明显差异。     

1型糖尿病儿童肠道菌群谱分析研究

目的 通过16SrRNA基因测序方法探索1型糖尿病(T1DM)儿童肠道菌群结构变化的特征,并比较T1DM儿童与健康儿童间肠道菌群的差异,为临床应用益生菌进行TIDM早期干预提供理论基础和实验依据。方法 选取2018年10月-2019年10月在昆明市儿童医院内分泌遗传代谢科住院并初诊为T1DM的5~14岁儿童18例,同时选取19例性别、年龄相近的健康儿童为研究对象,收集两组儿童粪便标本后进行16SrRNA基因测序实验,并采用QIIME 2分析流程进行生物信息学分析,比较两组间肠道菌群的差异。结果 1)利用QIIME2软件将相似度100%的序列聚类分析后共获得3 248个Feature数;2)经物种鉴定及注释,绝大部分菌群都分类到属级和种级;3)Alpha多样性分析说明本次研究测序深度充分,并且T1DM儿童肠道菌群的丰富度及多样性较健康儿童降低 (P<0.05);4)Beta多样性分析中,PCoA图说明T1DM儿童和健康儿童间肠道菌群结构存在明显差异;5)肠道菌群组成差异分析中,在门水平上,T1DM儿童放线菌门、拟杆菌门和蓝细菌门丰度显著增高,而变形菌门、杆菌门的丰度降低(P<0.05);在属水平上,T1DM儿童粪杆菌属、双歧杆菌属和拟杆菌属的丰度较健康儿童增高,而埃希氏杆菌属-志贺氏杆菌、肠球菌属、Blautia菌属丰度降低(P<0.05)。结论 T1DM儿童存在肠道菌群生态失衡,并且菌群物种的丰富度及多样性降低。此外,T1DM儿童与健康儿童肠道菌群结构分布存在明显差异。     

The Gut Microbiota during a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention

Altered gut microbiota has been linked to obesity and may influence weight loss. We are conducting an ongoing weight loss trial, comparing daily caloric restriction (DCR) to intermittent fasting (IMF) in adults who are overweight or obese. We report here an ancillary study of the gut microbiota and selected obesity-related parameters at the baseline and after the first three months of interventions. During this time, participants experienced significant improvements in clinical health measures, along with altered composition and diversity of fecal microbiota. We observed significant associations between the gut microbiota features and clinical measures, including weight and waist circumference, as well as changes in these clinical measures over time. Analysis by intervention group found between-group differences in the relative abundance of Akkermansia in response to the interventions. Our results provide insight into the impact of baseline gut microbiota on weight loss responsiveness as well as the early effects of DCR and IMF on gut microbiota.     

内蒙古在校大学生体质量指数与肠道菌群宏基因组浓度的关联

  目的  探索内蒙古地区在校大学生体质量指数(BMI)与肠道菌群的关联性,为揭示肠道菌群与肥胖之间的关联性提供参考依据。  方法  以内蒙古医科大学为试点,通过招募方式共收集88名志愿者。测量研究对象的身高和体重,并收集粪便样本。提取干粪便样本中的细菌宏基因组,并检测干粪便细菌宏基因组质量浓度(μg/μL)。统计分析BMI与肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度的相关性,并比较不同BMI组的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异。  结果  大学生BMI与肠道菌群的宏基因组质量浓度呈负相关(r=-0.27,P < 0.05)。不同BMI大学生的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异有统计学意义(F=3.62,P < 0.05)。分性别分析,女生中,不同BMI的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异有统计学意义(F=1.87,P < 0.05),两两比较正常组与超重组、正常组与肥胖组差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05);男生中,不同BMI的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异无统计学意义(F=0.60,P>0.05)。  结论  内蒙古地区在校大学生BMI与其肠道菌群具有关联性,超重及肥胖人群肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度显著降低。     

The Gut Microbiota of Obese Children Releases Lower Antioxidant Capacity from Food than That of Lean Children

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in children over the last few decades, becoming a concern for health professionals and governments. Gut microbial community structure in obese people have been found to differ from that of lean subjects for some taxa which could result in different production of microbial metabolites. The aim of the present work was to study whether the gut microbiota from obese children extracts a different concentration of antioxidant capacity than the gut microbiota from lean children. For this purpose, different foods were in vitro digested and in vitro fermented using fecal material from obese and lean children. FRAP, DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to measure the antioxidant capacity released during digestion and fermentation. Overall, when using lean gut microbiota, antioxidant capacity released was higher when measured via DPPH and FRAP. Moreover, according to DPPH results, lean gut microbiota could potentially release more antioxidant power from vegetables than from animal products, while obese gut microbiota did the opposite. On the contrary, with the FRAP method obese gut microbiota released higher levels of antioxidant power from plant products than from animal products, but the final antioxidant capacity was still lower than that released by lean gut microbiota. Therefore, these results reflect that the total antioxidant capacity of foods is influenced by the gut microbiota, although whether that antioxidant capacity is released from plant or animal products can be slightly influenced by the method used for analysis.     

Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills

BACKGROUND: During early life, dynamic gut colonization and brain development co-occur with potential cross-talk mechanisms affecting behaviour. METHODS: We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the associations between gut microbiota and neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III in 71 full-term healthy infants at 18 months of age. We hypothesized that children would differ in gut microbial diversity, enterotypes obtained by Dirichlet multinomial mixture analysis and specific taxa based on their behavioural characteristics. RESULTS: In children dichotomized by behavioural trait performance in above- and below-median groups, weighted Unifrac b-diversity exhibited significant differences in fine motor (FM) activity. Dirichlet multinomial mixture modelling identified two enterotypes strongly associated with FM outcomes. When controlling for maternal pre-gestational BMI and breastfeeding for up to 3 months, the examination of signature taxa in FM groups showed that Turicibacter and Parabacteroides were highly abundant in the below-median FM group, while Collinsella, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Propionibacterium, Roseburia, Veillonella, an unassigned genus within Veillonellaceae and, interestingly, probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were more abundant in the above-median FM group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an association between enterotypes and specific genera with FM activity and may represent an opportunity for probiotic interventions relevant to treatment for motor disorders.     

Pleurotus Ostreatus Ameliorates Obesity by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet

Pleurotus ostreatus (PO), a common edible mushroom, contains rich nutritional components with medicinal properties. To explore the effect of PO on ameliorating obesity and modulating the gut microbiota, we administered the mice with a low-fat diet or high-fat diet containing different dosages of PO (mass fraction: 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%). The body weight, adipose tissue weight, GTT, ITT, blood lipids, serum biomarkers of liver/kidney function, the gut microbiota and function were measured and analyzed after 6 weeks of PO treatment. The results showed PO prevented obesity, maintained glucose homeostasis and beneficially modulated gut microbiota. PO modified the composition and functions of gut microbiota in obese mice and make them similar to those in lean mice, which contributed to weight loss. PO significantly increased the relative abundance of Oscillospira, Lactobacillus group and Bifidobacterium, while decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Roseburia. The prediction of gut microbiota function showed PO upregulated lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, while it downregulated adipocytokine signaling pathway and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Correlation analysis further suggested the potential relationship among obesity, gut microbiota and the function of gut microbiota. In conclusion, all the results indicated that PO ameliorated obesity at least partly by modulating the gut microbiota.     

Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation

Malnutrition may manifest as either obesity or undernutrition. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the harvest, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet. The composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to differ between lean and obese humans and mice; however, the specific roles that individual gut microbes play in energy harvest remain uncertain. The gut microbiota may also influence the development of conditions characterized by chronic low-level inflammation, such as obesity, through systemic exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide derived from the gut microbiota. In this review, the role of the gut microbiota in energy harvest and fat storage is explored, as well as differences in the microbiota in obesity and undernutrition.