黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT和MR影像特征分析

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT、MR影像学表现。方法收集2017年1月至2021年8月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院经病理证实的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎21例,回顾性分析其CT、MR影像表现。结果共收集21例患者,其中男13例,女8例,年龄28~69岁,平均55岁。行CT增强扫描14例,行MR增强扫描13例,MR平扫3例,均行CT及MR扫描9例。胆囊壁增厚18例(86.00%),其中弥漫性、均匀性增厚9例(50.00%),弥漫性、不均匀性增厚4例(22.22%),局限性增厚5例(27.78%),胆囊壁无增厚3例(14.29%)。肌层均匀强化者13例(72.22%),肌层不均匀强化者3例(16.67%)。胆囊壁内结节8例(38.10%)。胆囊黏膜线连续者18例(85.71%),中断者3例(14.29%)。浸润邻近结构9例(42.86%),边界清楚者12例(57.15%)。周围见肿大淋巴结4例(19.05%)。合并胆囊或胆管结石的有15例(71.43%),其中导致胆道梗阻的有9例(60.00%)。结论胆囊壁增厚、胆囊肌层均匀强化、胆囊壁内结节及胆囊黏膜线连续是黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎较有特征的影像学表现。     

肝病性胆囊改变与胆囊炎性改变的多排螺旋CT鉴别诊断

目的　利用多排螺旋CT双期扫描 ,探讨肝病性胆囊改变与胆囊炎性改变的不同CT表现。方法　回顾性收集 80例胆囊有异常改变患者的CT图像及相关的临床资料 ,其中肝病组 5 0例 ,包括慢性肝炎 2 0例 ,肝硬变2 5例 ,肝硬变合并肝癌 5例 ;炎症组 30例 ,包括慢性胆囊炎 19例 ,急性化脓性胆囊炎 6例 ,胆囊炎合并急性胰腺炎3例 ,坏疽性胆囊炎 1例 ,黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 1例。所有病例均行多排螺旋CT平扫和双期增强扫描。结果　①肝病组 4 8例 (96 % )胆囊壁均匀增厚 ,壁厚径 (3.6 7± 0 .4 9)mm ;38例 (76 % )胆囊轮廓清楚 ;38例 (76 % )胆囊壁有不同程度的强化 ;14例 (2 8% )合并胆囊床水肿和胆囊周围非游离性积液。②炎症组 2 8例 (93% )胆囊轮廓模糊不清 ;2 6例 (87% )胆囊壁均匀增厚 ,4例 (13% )胆囊壁不均匀增厚 ,壁厚径 (4.5 4± 1.14 )mm ;30例均有不同程度的胆囊壁强化 ;9例 (30 % )胆汁密度增高 ;4例 (13% )胆囊周围游离性积液 ;5例 (17% )胆囊床邻近肝组织出现动脉期一过性片状强化 ;1例囊壁小脓肿 ;1例囊腔积气。结论　多排螺旋CT双期增强扫描有助于鉴别肝病性胆囊改变和胆囊炎性改变。     

MRI鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的临床价值

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的临床价值。方法回顾性分析四川省人民医院经术后病理确诊的7例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者和13例胆囊癌患者的MRI图像资料并进行对照研究。观察的主要内容包括:1胆囊壁最大厚度;2胆囊壁是弥漫性增厚或局限性增厚;3胆囊壁强化方式(均匀或不均匀);4胆囊壁"夹心饼干"样强化;5胆囊壁内结节;6胆囊壁黏膜线完整情况;7胆管有无梗阻;8胆囊或胆囊管内有无结石;9邻近肝脏是否受侵;10周围脂肪间隙是否清楚;周围淋巴结有无肿大。结果黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的胆囊壁"夹心饼干"样强化、胆囊壁内有无结节、胆囊壁黏膜线完整情况、胆管梗阻及淋巴结肿大的影像特征比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而二者的胆囊壁最大厚度、胆囊壁增厚类型、胆囊壁强化方式、有无胆囊或胆管结石、邻近肝脏浸润、周围脂肪间隙是否清楚的影像特征比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MRI检查对鉴别诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌具有重要价值。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现-附15例报告

目的:分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现特点.方法:回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的15例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者的影像学表现.结果:15例可见胆囊壁不同程度增厚;增强后3例呈环状强化、12例呈"夹心饼干"征.MRT2WI上壁内结节呈稍高-高信号6例.动态增强,壁内T2WI上稍高信号结节早期呈轻度强化,晚期明显强化,但高信号结节无强化.13例显示胆囊黏膜线完整,2例中断.结论:黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎具有典型的CT及MRI表现,可以为临床诊断提供帮助.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的MRI特点分析

目的 分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的MRI影像学特点。方法 回顾性分析13例经病理学确诊XGC的MRI表现。结果 13例XGC的胆囊壁不同程度增厚,厚度3～10 mm的8例,≥10 mm的5例。胆囊壁弥漫型增厚12例,局灶型增厚1例。胆囊壁信号不均匀13例。胆囊结石13例,胆总管结石3例,胆管扩张3例。周围小淋巴结3例。周围脂肪间隙模糊8例,浸润十二指肠球部1例。增强扫描4例,均表现为胆囊壁不均匀强化,黏膜呈线样连续强化,浸润邻近肝实质。结论 MRI能显示XGC的较多特点,特别是增强MRI对于术前诊断XGC有较高价值。     

急性胆囊炎的CT和MRI诊断价值

目的 探讨CT及MRI诊断急性胆囊炎的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2008年1～5月确诊为急性胆囊炎并行CT或MRI检查且资料完整的21例患者的资料.其中11例行多排螺旋CT平扫和双期增强扫描,10例行MRI多序列多期动态增强扫描.结果 急性胆囊炎的主要影像征象包括:胆囊轮廓模糊不清19例(90.5%);胆囊壁均匀增厚15例(71.4%),胆囊壁不均匀增厚6例(28.6%);不同程度的胆囊壁强化21例(100%);胆汁密度增高或T1信号增高11例(52.4%);胆囊周围游离性积液10例(47.6%);胆囊周围粘连或脂肪肿胀16例(76.2%);胆囊床邻近肝组织出现动脉期一过性片状强化16例(76.2%);合并胸水和(或)腹水12例(57.1%);胆囊穿孔并腹膜炎、胆囊腔积气和囊壁小脓肿以及胆囊憩室各1例.结论 胆囊轮廓模糊不清、胆囊周围粘连或脂肪肿胀、胆囊床邻近肝组织出现动脉期一过性片状强化等征象诊断急性胆囊炎价值较高,CT及MRI多期增强扫描有助于急性胆囊炎的早期诊断和并发症的发现.     

胆囊壁增厚型黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎11例诊治经验

胆囊壁明显增厚的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎影像学表现和术中所见与进展期胆囊癌非常相似,易误诊为胆囊癌而错误实施不必要的扩大性根治手术.本组回顾性分析11例胆囊壁明显增厚的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,探讨其临床病理特点.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的特征鉴别分析

目的:回顾性分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的临床资料,分析差别,为术前鉴别诊断提供依据。方法:收集本院2007年1月—2015年8月期间收治的36例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与35例胆囊癌患者的临床资料,对两组患者的年龄、性别、CA19-9是否升高、是否合并胆囊结石、结石数量、最大囊壁厚度、有无黄疸、颈部结石嵌顿、发病过程等方面进行分析研究。结果:两组病人在性别、CA19-9、有无黄疸、有无腹痛、发病过程等方面均无明显差异;胆囊癌患者的平均年龄(63±10)岁、囊壁厚度(2.1±2.0)cm均大于黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎病人的平均年龄(56±14)岁、囊壁厚度(0.7±0.5)cm。黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎病人合并胆囊结石发生率及颈部结石嵌顿发生率更高(P0.05),且囊壁增厚更多表现为均匀性增厚,而胆囊癌患者更多表现为局限性增厚。结论:黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌临床鉴别困难,对于未合并胆囊结石、囊壁局限性增厚、且增厚大于2.0 cm、年龄大于60岁的病人,需高度警惕胆囊癌。     

胆囊壁增厚的CT强化分型对胆囊炎病因的鉴别诊断意义

目的运用对胆囊壁增厚CT强化分层分型的方法,总结不同病因急性胆囊炎胆囊壁水肿与囊周积液的影像学特征及其临床意义。方法选取2009年1月至2012年12月期间,佛山市禅城区中心医院及顺德区新容奇医院临床诊断为急性胆囊炎或确诊为肝病并行上腹部CT增强扫描的患者169例作为研究对象,同时选取同期行上腹部CT增强扫描且诊断胆囊正常者5例作为对照组。研究组中,系非肝病性胆囊炎者146例,肝病性胆囊炎者23例。胆囊壁按囊壁强化及分层的不同分为5型,观察各组胆囊壁强化分型情况,测量胆囊壁黏膜层厚度;比较非肝病组和肝病组的各型发生率及胆囊壁黏膜层厚度之间的差异。结果非肝病组Ⅱ型102例（69.9%）,Ⅲ型5例（3.4%）,Ⅳ型30例（20.5%）,Ⅴ型9例（6.2%）;肝病组Ⅱ型2例（8.7%）,Ⅲ型11例（47.9%）,Ⅳ型5例（21.7%）,Ⅴ型5例（21.7%）。Ⅱ型在非肝病组的发生率高于肝病组（P〈0.005）,而Ⅲ型和Ⅴ型在非肝病组的发生率却低于肝病组（P〈0.005,P〈0.05）,Ⅳ型在2组的发生率之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。Ⅰ型仅出现在对照组。非肝病组胆囊壁黏膜层厚度为（2.61±1.30）mm,大于肝病组的（2.02±0.52）mm（t=2.22,P〈0.05）。结论胆囊壁CT强化分层分型的方法,有利于非肝病性与肝病性胆囊炎的鉴别诊断,对胆囊炎有无穿孔也具有鉴别诊断意义。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎误诊为胆囊癌十例分析

目的 分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）误诊为胆囊癌的原因.方法 分析我院1996-2005年间确诊为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的33例的临床资料,其中10例在术前和术中误诊为胆囊癌.结果 10例患者中B超和CT均诊断为胆囊癌5例,慢性胆囊炎1例;B超诊断为胆囊癌而CT诊断为慢性胆囊炎2例;B超诊断为慢性胆囊炎而CT诊断为胆囊癌2例;术中均见有胆囊壁增厚,胆囊与肝、大网膜等周围组织粘连.3例行胆囊切除＋肝部分切除术,6例行胆囊切除＋肝部分切除术＋肝十二指肠韧带清扫术,1例行部分胆囊切除＋胆囊空肠吻合＋横结肠部分切除.术后病理为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎.结论 黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎影像学表现和肉眼所见易误诊为胆囊癌.确诊需依赖病理检查.术中冰冻组织学检查有助于明确病变性质.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: the use of preoperative CT findings to differentiate it from gallbladder carcinoma

Background and aim  A retrospective analysis was performed on 32 patients with histologically confirmed xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and 21 patients with gallbladder carcinoma who underwent surgical treatment between 1998 and 2007. Methods  All patients underwent preoperative CT scanning. The CT features analyzed were: the presence of intramural hypoattenuated nodules or bands, mucosal line, the patterns of wall thickening and enhancement, and the presence of stones in the gallbladder. The variables of the CT findings with XGC were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results  Intramural hypoattenuated nodules were observed in 21 patients (65%) with XGC, but in only six patients (29%) with gallbladder carcinoma (P < 0.01). The mucosal line was observed in 27 patients (84%) with XGC and in only four patients (19%) with gallbladder carcinoma (P < 0.0001). Gallstones were noted in 24 patients (75%) with XGC and five patients (24%) with gallbladder carcinoma (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the pattern of gallbladder wall thickening (diffuse or focal) and the presence of changes outside the gallbladder. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed from the CT features that the enhanced continuous mucosal line (P = 0.0013) and the presence of gallstones (P = 0.0072) were independently correlated with XGC. Conclusion  CT features of the enhanced continuous mucosal line in a thickened gallbladder wall, together with gallstones in a patient with chronic gallbladder disease, are highly suggestive of XGC. Accurate diagnosis of XGC may therefore indicate the need to select a less aggressive surgical approach.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: catching the culprit - clinical and imaging analysis

Background: Radiological and intraoperative findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) mimic carcinoma gallbladder (CaGB) leading to extended surgical resections and increased morbidity. We reviewed the clinical and CECT findings of histopathologically proven XGC and compared them with those of CaGB. Methods: The clinical and CECT findings from 22 patients with XGC were compared with 15 patients with CaGB manifesting as diffuse wall thickening. Results: GB wall thickness was similar in both groups (XGC 12.4 ± 3 mm, CaGB 13.9 ± 6.5 mm; p = 0.61). Intramural hypoattenuating nodules occupying >60% of the GB wall were suggestive of XGC, while the absence of nodules suggested CaGB (p = 0.017). The mucosal lining was intact and enhancing in XGC (20/22) and disrupted in CaGB (10/15; p = 0.001). Among adjacent organ infiltration, bile duct invasion resulting in obstruction was a significant finding in patients with CaGB (p = 0.04). Among XGC patients, 11 patients underwent radical cholecystectomy, 10 had open cholecystectomy and frozen section and 1 underwent bypass. Conclusions: Though there is an overlap between XGC and CaGB, the presence of intramural hypoattenuating nodules occupying >60% of the diffusely thickened GB wall with intact mucosal line and the absence of obstructive features suggest XGC. In the presence of such imaging features, frozen biopsy should be done before proceeding with mutilating radical surgery.     

Clinico-pathological study of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon lesion which may form a tumor-like mass in inflamed gallbladders. In a review of 44 cases there were 40 associated with gallstones which had been incarcerated in the neck of the gallbladder, 10 with past histories of abdominal surgeries, 15 with diabetes mellitus, three with carcinomas in the neck of the gallbladder and four with carcinomas in the other organs. Radiologically the differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer and XGC was difficult in several cases. Thirty five cases of XGC have been diagnosed as chronic cholecystitis and 7 have been mistaken for feature of XGC in the contrast enhancement CT that is, detection of an intramural low density mass with continuously enhanced internal membraneous layer of the gallbladder wall. In view of the clinico-pathological findings of XGC, the lesions appear to result from intramural extravasation of bile and subsequent xanthogranulomatous reaction under obstructive conditions in the neck of the gallbladder. We conclude that XGC is not an uncommon special type of cholecystitis but an accompanied lesion sometimes seen in a kind of cholecystitis.     

术中冰冻检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎中的作用

目的探讨术中冰冻切片检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranu lom atous cholecystitis,XGC)中的作用。方法统计我院10年间确诊XGC的33例病例,其中9例行术中冰冻切片检查。结果9例患者术前均行B超及CT检查,术前诊断为慢性结石性胆囊炎3例,胆囊癌5例,胆囊占位1例。所有患者的术中所见均有胆囊壁明显增厚,胆囊与肝脏胆囊床面、大网膜等周围组织明显粘连。行术中冰冻切片检查后,快速病理回报提示,3例明确诊断XGC,4例为慢性胆囊炎性病变,2例提示胆囊壁蜂窝组织炎样改变。4例行胆囊切除术,4例行部分胆囊切除术,1例行胆囊癌根治术。术后病理均诊断为XGC。结论XGC是一种特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎性病变,在临床上非常少见。胆囊慢性炎症使胆囊壁增厚,并与肝脏或临近组织粘连浸润,影像学上和大体上易误诊为胆囊癌。确诊XGC需依赖病理检查。术中冰冻切片检查可明确病变性质,排除胆囊恶性病变,对手术方式的选择有直接影响,避免了术中盲目扩大切除的可能。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊结石的关系

目的研究黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）与胆囊结石的关系，探讨胆囊结石在XGC发病中的作用。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2005年12月33例经病理确诊为XGC的临床资料。结果33例均行B超检查，其中20例行CT检查。全部行手术治疗。术中发现合并胆囊结石32例，单发胆囊结石ll例，多发胆囊结石21例。26例胆囊结石直径≥1．0cm；20例结石位于胆囊颈部，占所有合并胆囊结石病例的62．5％。此外，5例合并胆总管结石，3例合并Mirizzi综合征，无一例合并肝内胆管结石。结论XGC是一种特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎症，伴有黄色肉芽肿形成，重度增生性纤维化，以及泡沫状组织细胞为特征，临床上非常少见，术前诊断困难。需依赖病理检查确诊。几乎所有的XGC均合并胆囊结石。胆囊结石会引起胆汁淤积，使胆汁渗入破损的胆囊壁，从而可能引起XGC的发生。胆囊颈部结石嵌顿很可能在XGC的发病中起着重要作用。     

45例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎临床治疗分析

目的：研究黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊结石及高脂血症的关系,探讨胆囊结石和高脂血症在其发病中的作用。方法：回顾性分析45例经病理确诊为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果：45例均行手术治疗,术中发现合并胆囊结石45例,8例合并胆总管结石,3例合并Mirizzi综合征,合并高脂血症11例。经手术治疗后均痊愈。结论：黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的形成与胆囊结石和高脂血症有一定的联系。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治(附22例报告)

目的　探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 (XGC)的诊断和治疗。方法　对我院 1 990年 2月 -2 0 0 0年 3月间收治的 2 2例XGC作回顾性分析。结果　XGC占同期胆囊标本的 1 .4% (2 2 1 5 2 3 )。临床表现与一般胆囊炎类似 ,B超示胆囊壁不规则隆起或增厚 7例 ,CT检查 5例怀疑为胆囊癌 ,肿瘤标志物检查 1例铁蛋白 (SF)轻度升高 ;伴黄疸 4例中 1例合并胆总管结石 ,1例合并胰头癌。术前全部误诊。术中冰冻切片检查 1 0例 ,4例确诊为XGC ,其余为术后病理诊断。行胆囊大部切除术 2例 ,胆囊切除加肝边缘不规则切除术 2例 ,其余行单纯胆囊切除。全部治愈。结论　XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎 ,临床表现不典型 ,易与胆囊癌相混淆 ,术前难于诊断。组织病理学检查是确诊的重要手段。胆囊切除是常用的术式 ,不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。本病预后良好     

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis: 15 Years’ Experience

The demographic and clinical aspects of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) over a period of 15 years are reviewed. The review entailed examining 12,426 clinical files of patients who had undergone cholecystectomy, including 182 patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of XGC. Altogether, 1.46% of the cholecystectomies performed were done on patients with a diagnosis of XGC. XGC presented in patients over the age of 32, with a male/female ratio of 2:1. Thickening of the gallbladder wall, seen on ultrasonography and computed tomography scans, was demonstrated in 100% of the cases. A total of 17% of the cases presented in acute form. Obstructive jaundice was observed in 23% of the patients, 11 of which cases were associated with choledocholithiasis (30% of these patients had jaundice) and the rest with extrinsic obstruction of the bile tract (Mirizzi syndrome). XGC was associated with lithiasis in 85% of the cases. A malignant lesion was suspected during operation in 30% of the cases, requiring histopathologic examination during surgery. Carcinomatous lesions were found in 3% of the cases. Surgical difficulty was reported in 65% of the cases, resulting in the performance of partial cholecystectomy in 35%. XGC is an infrequent form of chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, the clinical presentation of which is similar to that of cholecystitis; given the thickening of the gallbladder wall, it makes cholecystectomy difficult. As XGC may resemble adenocarcinoma, differentiation is essential by means of intraoperative histologic examination to ensure optimal surgical treatment.