“饮水安全计划”的应用与农村供水水质改善北大核心

WHO提出的"饮水安全计划"采用了风险管理方法的原则和概念,是供水单位管理供水安全的有用工具,有助于公共卫生管理机构的监督与管理。通过在供水单位实施"饮水安全计划",能够改善供水水质和保障水质安全,并在供水单位进行规范化管理和确保这些操作实施的严格执行。其组成包括系统评价、确定控制措施和建立系统管理计划3个主要部分,基本思想是安全的饮用水供应依赖于从源水到用户的系统控制,重点强调基于供水过程中的风险评估和风险管理机制。本文通过对饮水安全计划的回顾,主要阐述饮水安全计划的原理和应用,为其实际应用和发挥供水水质保障作用提供方法学指导。     

农村水厂应用"饮水安全计划"研究

目的 建立适合我国农村集中式供水水厂特点的"饮水安全计划"方法.方法 于2007年6-10月,选择浙江省某农村集中式供水水厂作为研究对象,应用(2004)和<波恩安全饮用水宪章>(2004)中的"危害评价和分析"方法对其进行典型研究,并建立一套饮水安全保障体系.结果 水源环节中的"气候和季节变化带来的水质变化"和"水源防护区乱堆垃圾"、配水管网环节中的"干、支管材老化、渗漏"以及"应急措施不力"和"停电后发电不及时"是对饮用水水质影响比较大的风险因素.针对以上风险因素,制订了供水系统控制措施,如加强水源地的保护和管理,对水处理环节进行监测和校正措施,加强对配水管网的检修以及建立针对各种突发事件的应急机制,完善岗位操作制度、药品和仓库管理制度等.结论 采用"饮水安全计划"方法能够识别我国农村集中式供水水厂存在的水质危害因素,并建立"饮水安全计划"."饮水安全计划"方法适用于我国农村集中式供水水厂的管理.     

湖南省农村供水设施饮水安全计划应用研究

目的探讨饮水安全计划在湖南省农村供水系统中应用的可行性及效果。方法选取一个县的12家农村水厂或供水设施调查了解供水系统中影响水质安全的因素,并在此基础上选择2家工艺流程相对比较完善的农村水厂,按照《WHO饮水水质准则》(第三版第一卷,2004年)中饮水安全计划(WSP,Water Safety Plans)的程序要求进行专题案例研究,进行危害分析和评价,并在此基础上寻找危害控制措施。结果农村供水系统中影响供水安全的关键控制点分布在从水源到用户的各个环节。WSP在农村集中式供水单位中有效地制定和执行后可明显改善和提高农村饮水水质。结论有效地制定和执行饮水安全计划可以以较低的成本最大限度的保证供水安全,从而达到保证农村集中式供水的正常运转、促进农业发展、保障农民健康的目的。WSP在我国农村乡镇自来水厂值得进一步推广和应用。     

饮水安全计划在农村小型集中式供水工程卫生学管理中的应用

目的探讨饮水安全计划在农村小型集中式供水工程卫生学管理中的效用。方法选取金华市54家农村小型集中式供水工程,参照世界卫生组织提出的饮水安全计划对供水系统的各个环节进行风险评估与风险管理。结果 54家农村小型集中式供水工程的高风险因素包括水量不能保证(11.11%)、原水水质不稳定(31.48%)、无水源保护区和警示标识(57.41%)、水质不处理(29.63%)、水质未进行混凝(94.44%)、水质未消毒或消毒不规范(59.26%)、水处理构筑物未进行清洗消毒(44.44%)、管网使用超过10年(29.63%)、管网存在老化严重现象(29.63%)、管网存在渗漏严重现象(38.89%)、上年度有管网损坏事故发生(38.89%)、管网被污水或其他污染物淹没现象(7.41%)、管网与受污染水的管网连接(14.81%)、用水管网与污水管网距离过近(40.74%)和供水单位不具备检测能力(100.00%)等,分布在水源、水处理、供水管网和卫生管理4个环节,针对主要危害采取相应的控制措施,建立水质监控系统进行监控管理可有效降低水质安全风险。结论金华市农村小型集中式供水工程存在安全风险,饮水安全计划适用于小型集中式供水设施的卫生学管理。     

2009年双流县集中式供水水质分析

目的了解双流县集中式供水现状及影响因素,为居民安全饮水提供科学保障。方法对集中式供水单位基本情况进行现场调查,对各水厂水质进行检测分析。结果双流县集中式供水水质合格率90.09%,枯水期水质合格率较丰水期高,微生物指标超标是集中式供水不合格的主要原因。结论应高度重视丰水期水源水净化处理和水质监测,确保饮水安全。     

饮水安全计划在城市供水系统中应用效果评价

饮水安全计划的最高目标是在优质供水的管理实践中使得水源的污染最小化,通过净水工艺处理使得最大化减少或去除水中的各类污染物,在贮存、配水及用水时防止受到新的污染。要求供水机构以最大限度减少因为管理疏忽或系统故障导致的饮水故障或意外事故机率。保障饮用水安全的最佳管理方法是预防性管理,即充分考虑从集水区水源到饮用者用水的各个环节^〔1〕。要达到保证安全饮用水的目的是设立涉及所有安全性管理的任务和职责,不同的管理机构负责水质的不同方面。为探讨饮水安全计划在城市供水系统中的应用,我们进行了本次研究,并对效果进行评价。     

"饮水安全计划"在广西农村水厂的应用研究

目的 探讨饮水安全计划在农村水厂管理中的应用效果.方法 于2009年8月至2010年3月在广西某县选择1家具有代表性的乡镇水厂,应用(2004)中的"饮水安全计划"(WSPs)方法进行现场试点研究,通过对供水各环节进行风险识别与评价,建立起适宜的风险控制与应急管理技术并根据管网分布采集有代表性的...     

浅谈应急条件下饮用水水质的快速评估

目的开展应急条件下饮用水水质快速评估,保障饮水安全,为饮用水卫生应急工作提供参考。方法参考世界卫生组织饮水安全计划、美国环保局等发达国家的经验作法并结合我国实情,开展水质快速评估工作。结果应用饮用水水质快速评估方法进行现场卫生学调查,筛选水质敏感指标,对饮水危害因素进行定量评估分析。结论饮用水水质快速评估能够保障短期内水质安全,满足应急供水需求,具有一定的实践价值。     

“饮水安全计划”在广西农村水厂的应用研究

目的探讨饮水安全计划在农村水厂管理中的应用效果。方法于2009年8月至2010年3月在广西某县选择1家具有代表性的乡镇水厂,应用《WHO饮水水质准则》（2004）中的＂饮水安全计划＂（WSPs）方法进行现场试点研究,通过对供水各环节进行风险识别与评价,建立起适宜的风险控制与应急管理技术并根据管网分布采集有代表性的末梢水水样对实施前后水质安全进行评价。结果水源环节的＂自然灾害（洪水）导致水源水质变化＂,制水环节的＂二氧化氯发生器故障＂和＂水源水质突然异常＂,储水环节的＂用水量低时,清水池储水时间过长＂,配水环节的＂管道维护后没有及时清洗＂,以及其他环节中的＂没有水质自检实验室＂及＂水厂制度建设不健全＂等,是对供水水质影响较大的因素,为关键控制点,针对以上关键控制点,制定了相应的控制措施,如加强对水库水源水的卫生防护,使其符合有关卫生规范的要求;规范各项规章制度,明确岗位职责和规范操作流程;加强对消毒技术的培训,完善消毒过程各个环节;实施对供水管网的巡查和维护,积极接受和处理群众投诉;定期对试点水厂出厂水和末梢水水质进行采样检测并及时反馈检测结果等。实施前采集水样4份,合格率为0,浑浊度和微生物指标超标,其他指标均合格;实施后5个月共采集水样20份,合格13份,合格率为65%。实施前后水质合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 WSPs适用于该区农村水厂的管理。     

南阳市第七届全国农运会饮用水卫生保障情况分析

目的掌握有关接待宾馆等单位饮用水水质卫生状况,为第七届全国农运会饮用水卫生安全做好保障。方法对市政供水单位和比赛相关自建集中式供水单位进厂水、出厂水、末梢水进行监测,对比赛相关的二次供水水质进行卫生监测,水质分析按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行,结果按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行分析、评价。结果共监测737份水样,水质总合格率为85.89%,市政供水水质好于二次供水和自建集中式供水水质。单项指标检测以游离余氯、菌落总数、耗氧量、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群合格率较低,分别为87.51%、94.03%、96.07%、97.01%、98.51%。结论南阳市饮用水水质合格率较高,整个南阳农运会期间未发生因饮水引起的水质污染事件,确保了南阳农运会的饮用水卫生安全。微生物超标和消毒剂余量不足是影响水质不合格的主要原因,有关单位应加强建设和管理,以保障饮用水卫生安全。     

An examination of the potential added value of water safety plans to the United States national drinking water legislation

National and sub-national governments develop and enforce regulations to ensure the delivery of safe drinking water in the United States (US) and countries worldwide. However, periodic contamination events, waterborne endemic illness and outbreaks of waterborne disease still occur, illustrating that delivery of safe drinking water is not guaranteed. In this study, we examined the potential added value of a preventive risk management approach, specifically, water safety plans (WSPs), in the US in order to improve drinking water quality. We undertook a comparative analysis between US drinking water regulations and WSP steps to analyze the similarities and differences between them, and identify how WSPs might complement drinking water regulations in the US. Findings show that US drinking water regulations and WSP steps were aligned in the areas of describing the water supply system and defining monitoring and controls. However, gaps exist between US drinking water regulations and WSPs in the areas of team procedures and training, internal risk assessment and prioritization, and management procedures and plans. The study contributes to understanding both required and voluntary drinking water management practices in the US and how implementing water safety plans could benefit water systems to improve drinking water quality and human health.     

Development and implementation of water safety plans for small water supplies in Bangladesh: benefits and lessons learned

Water safety plans (WSPs) are promoted by the WHO as the most effective means of securing drinking water safety. To date most experience with WSPs has been within utility supplies, primarily in developed countries. There has been little documented experience of applying WSPs to small community-managed systems, particularly in developing countries. This paper presents a case study from Bangladesh describing how WSPs can be developed and implemented for small systems. Model WSPs were developed through consultation with key water sector practitioners in the country. Simplified tools were developed to translate the formal WSPs into a format that was meaningful and accessible for communities to use. A series of pilot projects were implemented by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) across the country covering all major water supplies. The results show that WSPs can be developed and implemented for small community managed water supplies and improve the sanitary condition and water quality of water sources. Hygiene behaviour improved and household water quality showed a significant reduction in contamination. Chlorination was found to be important for some technologies, thus increasing the costs of water supply and raising important problems with respect to transfer to the communities. Simple tools for community monitoring were found to be effective in supporting better water safety management.     

现制现售纯净水卫生学评价方法的建立和应用初探

[目的]探讨建立自动售水机制水系统的卫生学评价方法。[方法]参照国外饮用水供应系统的评价方法,建立现制现售纯净水的卫生学评价方法,对卢湾区该类售水机开展全面调研和水质检测。根据获得的信息,对现制现售饮用水供应系统进行危害因素的识别;并对其进行危险度评定,确定危险度管理优先顺序。[结果]通过系统地分析评价,识别潜在危害事件及其可能产生的危害;并确定了管理优先顺序依次为：进水水质控制、设备选址、清洁消毒、水质检测及维护保养。[结论]建立的评价方法可对现制现售饮用水供应系统进行有效评价分析,可为饮用水质量的有效管理提供依据。     

农村学校饮用水水质风险评估与应急管理体系的建立及其应用研究

目的发现和控制可能影响农村学校师生健康安全的饮水危害因素,预防和控制介水性传染病在农村学校发生和流行。方法通过构建农村学校饮用水水质风险评估与应急管理体系,对存在的健康危害因素进行风险控制与应急管理,并对取得的效果进行评价。结果农村学校饮水水质的高风险指标仅见于微生物指标,实施相应风险控制与应急管理后的2006-2010年,100所农村学校经饮水传播肠道传染病平均发病率(0.56‰)显著低于实施前(3.56‰);全自治区农村学校发生肠道传染病疫情起数年平均发生率为0.620‰,平均发病率8.645/10万,明显低于2005年(实施干预前)1.169‰的发生率,以及18.973/10万的发病率水平。2006-2010年,广西农村学校肠道传染病疫情的发生率和发病率均呈现出下降的趋势(P<0.01)。结论建立饮用水风险评估与应急管理体系对预防和控制介水性传染病在农村学校的发生和流行有重要作用。     

Water safety plans: planning for adverse events and communicating with consumers

A wide range of microbial and chemical characteristics in drinking water have the potential to affect human health. However, it is not possible or practical to test drinking water for all potentially harmful characteristics. If drinking water is contaminated, people may already be exposed by the time test results are available. The ‘boil water alert’ issued in Sydney, Australia in 1998 following the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the finished water supply, highlighted the uncertainties associated with the public health response to test results. The Sydney experience supports the international consensus that a preventive risk-management approach to the supply of drinking water (manifesting as water safety plans (WSPs)) is the most reliable way to protect public health. A key component of a comprehensive WSP is that water suppliers and health authorities must have plans to respond in the case of water contamination and/or outbreaks. These plans must include clear guidance on when to issue warnings to consumers, and how these warnings are to be communicated. The pressure on health authorities to develop clear and systematic boil-water guidance will increase as utilities all over the world develop their WSPs.     

Development and implementation of water safety plans for small water supplies in Bangladesh: benefits and lessons learned

Water safety plans (WSPs) are promoted by the WHO as the most effective means of securing drinking water safety. To date most experience with WSPs has been within utility supplies, primarily in developed countries. There has been little documented experience of applying WSPs to small community-managed systems, particularly in developing countries. This paper presents a case study from Bangladesh describing how WSPs can be developed and implemented for small systems. Model WSPs were developed through consultation with key water sector practitioners in the country. Simplified tools were developed to translate the formal WSPs into a format that was meaningful and accessible for communities to use. A series of pilot projects were implemented by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) across the country covering all major water supplies. The results show that WSPs can be developed and implemented for small community managed water supplies and improve the sanitary condition and water quality of water sources. Hygiene behaviour improved and household water quality showed a significant reduction in contamination. Chlorination was found to be important for some technologies, thus increasing the costs of water supply and raising important problems with respect to transfer to the communities. Simple tools for community monitoring were found to be effective in supporting better water safety management.     

HACCP系统在济宁市市政自来水生产中的应用

[目的]探讨危害分析关键控制点（HACCP）在生活饮用水生产中应用的可行性，以便有针对性地制定具体的控制和管理措施，保证生活饮用水的卫生安全。[方法]2004年，在济宁市市政供水生产中实施了HACCP。[结果]通过对水源水到末梢水生产工艺的危害分析，确定了水源地选址及防护、输配水管材选用及防护、清水池清洗、水质消毒及化验室检验质量控制5个关键控制点，有针对性地制定具体的控制和管理措施，半年后水源水、末梢水的合格率分别由85．57％、43．06％上升到95．24％、100．00％。[结论]在生活饮用水生产中应用HACCP取得了满意的效果。     

新疆饮水安全的现状与对策

本文概述了新疆维吾尔自治区目前饮水安全的现状,不安全饮水对身体健康的影响,分析了影响农村水质的原因,讨论了供水和卫生设施对控制疾病的作用,并对新疆今后的安全饮水工作提出了对策及建议。     

新疆昌吉市农村安全饮水工程水质现况调查

摘要:目的　了解昌吉市农村安全饮水工程水质安全与卫生状况,针对存在的问题,分析影响饮用水工程水质卫生质量的相关因素,为农村安全饮水工程水质日常维护、有效管理提供科学依据。 方法　抽取昌吉市10个乡镇中18个安全饮水工程作为调查对象,对农村安全饮水工程的出厂水、末梢水进行监测,采用国家标准进行评价。 结果　昌吉市农村安全饮水工程出厂水合格率为88.89%（32/36）,末梢水合格率86.11%（31/36）,不合格指标均为细菌微生物含量过高。 结论　昌吉市农村安全饮水工程水质卫生状况较好,主要为微生物细菌污染,有关部门应加强对安全饮水工程的监测管理,保障供水设施的正常运作、有效管理和维护。