Beard and Moustache Reconstruction

Beard and moustache reconstruction has gained more popularity and acceptance over the last decade. The procedure is done for the correction of facial areas with hair density deficit and also for the cosmetic enhancement of pre-existing facial hair. The surgical technique includes the harvesting of grafts from the scalp by the follicular unit excision (FUE) or follicular unit transplantation (FUT) technique and then placing them in either premade slits or by stick and place method. The advancement and refinement of procedure over the years has aided in achieving the optimal aesthetic results, with minimal side effects.     

Scrotal and penile reconstruction using the vacuum-assisted closure device

Fournier’s gangrene is a necrotizing, soft tissue infection that spreads along the deep external fascial planes of the perineum, scrotum (or vagina), penis, thighs and lower abdomen. Due to the rapid progression of the disease, patients are frequently left with a large integumentary deficit. Treatment of the skin defect has been described in a multitude of ways including split-thickness skin grafting, burying the testes in the thighs, thigh flaps and a variety of myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps. Many of the previously described techniques have worked well for smaller defects and for closure of wounds but fall short of aesthetic reconstruction of sexual organs. Described here is a technique using split-thickness skin grafts, with foam dressings as the bolster. This was performed using the vacuum-assisted closure device (Kinetic Concepts Inc, USA). This technique creates a natural appearing scrotum that holds the testes away from the body, in a physiological manner, and surfaces the penis with a natural appearance, in a functional manner. The technique results in nearly 100% graft take and greatly decreases length of hospital stay.     

耳郭再造的再认识

耳郭再造技术的细节较多且难以把控,往往不易获得稳定效果。经过60余年的发展,该技术有了显著提高,Nagata二次法、部分扩张皮瓣法、完全扩张皮瓣法均得到了广泛应用。而获得再造耳满意效果和高优良率的前提是能够认识和理解每种再造方法,并根据患者的实际条件及每种耳郭再造技术的优势和不足,建立个性化治疗方案,有利于提高耳郭再造的整体效果和优良率。同时,也应对耳郭再造的整形医师进行系统规范培训,从而整体提高我国耳郭再造的技术水平。     

瘢痕性隐耳的手术修复

目的探讨瘢痕性隐耳的定义及其伴有部分或完全耳垂缺损的手术修复效果。方法采用局部皮瓣加全厚皮片分区移植法,分别完成耳廓与颅侧壁及乳突部粘连松解、颅耳角形成、耳轮重建、耳垂再造或重建手术,对26例33只瘢痕性隐耳进行矫正。结果所有皮瓣均100％成活,移植皮片95％以上存活;耳廓外形尚较满意,主要结构可辨,颅耳角基本恢复。术后随访3个月至1年．结果表明,耳廓外形保持良好,患者满意。结论针对瘢痕性隐耳的畸形特征,采取相应的手术方法,是矫正瘢痕性隐耳的有效手段。     

局麻下面部浅表外伤的急诊美容清创缝合

目的：探讨面部浅表外伤的急诊美容修复方法,总结手术要点并试定义美容清创缝合概念。方法：在保守清创,彻底减张和无创基础上修复不同类型创伤。结果：319例患者中,除8例发生伤口不愈合,其余未出现感染等明显并发症。结论：美容清创缝合为使用小针细线及美容缝合技术的术后近远期瘢痕不明显的一期修复,面部浅表外伤后采用急诊美容修复可以达到满意的修复效果。     

微小假体在乳房腺体再造中的应用

目的　提出一种新的应用微小假体充填乳房腺体缺损的方法。方法　将微小假体逐一置入腺体缺损区胸大肌下 ,或置于转移的背阔肌下 ,通过堆积组合塑形 ,直至获得所需外形的大小。结果　已行 7例 7侧手术 ,其中乳腺纤维腺瘤切除后腺体缺损 5例 5侧 ,乳房血管瘤切除后腺体缺损 1例 1侧 ,巨乳缩小术后腺体缺损 1例 1侧 ,均获满意效果。结论　应用微小假体进行乳房腺体再造切口小 ,术中容易判断乳房体积 ,便于双侧调节达到对称 ,但可能有较低的包膜挛缩发生率 ,可用于隆乳、乳房再造 ,尤适于乳房腺体部分缺损的修复     

Three-dimensional surface rendering reconstruction of scoliotic vertebrae using a non stereo-corresponding points technique

The medical imaging techniques that allow a three-dimensional (3D) surface rendering reconstruction, which is usually required by the clinician when dealing with scoliotic patients, are computed tomography (CT) and stereoradiography. However, CT cannot provide a 3D rendering of the whole spine because of the high irradiating dose, while the stereoradiographic 3D reconstruction techniques, which use an algorithm derived from the direct linear transformation (DLT), are usually limited in accuracy because of the small number of corresponding anatomical landmarks identifiable on both radiographs. The purpose of the present study is to validate a recent biplanar 3D surface rendering reconstruction technique on scoliotic vertebrae. This technique, called "non stereo-corresponding points" (NSCP), has already been tested on non-pathologic dry cervical vertebrae and frozen lumbar specimens, and the results have proved very encouraging. Since scoliosis is a 3D deformity of the vertebrae and of the global spine, such a technique could be a very useful clinical tool for the diagnostic, follow-up and surgical planning when dealing with scoliotic patients. The validation of the NSCP technique on scoliotic patients was performed on 58 scoliotic vertebrae in 14 patients, by comparison with the CT scan 3D rendering technique. The results of this study show mean errors of 1.5 mm. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the NSCP 3D reconstruction technique is a definite improvement over existing techniques, and can serve as a useful diagnosis tool in scoliosis. However, the results of the technique still need to be optimized for use in geometrical modeling.     

Arthroscopic Anatomical Acromioclavicular Joint Reconstruction using a Button Device and a Semitendinosus Graft

ObjectiveTo report a new technique for anatomical acromioclavicular (AC) joint reconstruction.MethodsIn order to minimize such complications, the authors describe a new anatomical and biological AC joint repair. This technique aims to provide greater stability by using two anatomically placed clavicular tunnels and a combined construct with a double endobutton cortical fixation for primary stabilization, and to be biologically advantageous by using an autologous semitendinosus (ST) tendon graft. Additionally, the coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction is complemented with an AC joint cerclage and capsular reinforcement, which will protect the biological construction in its initial stage of healing.ResultsThis technique provides adequate primary and secondary biomechanical stability by passing both a semitendinosus autogenous graft and a double endobutton device, through anatomically placed and small diameter clavicle holes, without the need for coracoid drilling. Our technique showed encouraging results regarding pain resolution, range of motion, and function. At final follow‐up we experienced excellent results with average pain score of 1.6, and average ROM of 159° of forward flexion, 160° of abduction, 68° of external rotation, and internal rotation level at T11. Postoperative function also showed great improvements with average ASES of 85 points, an average Constant Score of 87 and a Subjective Shoulder Value of 89 points. This technique also achieved perfectly acceptable radiographic results, with an average coracoclavicular distance increase of 0.8 mm. Regarding complications, our sample showed one case of AC join subluxation, two cases of internal saphenous nerve injury, and two partial graft tears at the suture‐button interface, with none of these requiring surgical revision.ConclusionThis technique is advantageous in treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation and can be performed in both the subacute and chronic setting.     

全内保残技术与标准化重建技术在前交叉韧带重建中的疗效比较

目的:探讨前交叉韧带重建手术中全内保残技术的疗效和临床结果。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月收治的56例行前交叉韧带重建手术的病例。根据手术方式不同分为全内重建组和标准胫骨隧道组,全内重建组21例,男15例,女6例,年龄20~48(35.6±6.7)岁;标准胫骨隧道组35例,男26例,女9例,年龄22~51(33.7±9.6)岁。术前查体Lachman试验阳性,磁共振均提示前交叉韧带断裂。比较两组手术时间、编织后移植肌腱的长度及直径,术后1、2年国际膝关节评分委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)评分、Lysholm评分、Tegner评分和围手术期相关并发症。结果:两组患者均获随访,时间24~30(26.9±3.4)个月。术后切口愈合良好,末次随访时未出现失效或关节感染病例。两组手术时间、韧带直径、韧带长度等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术前,术后1、2年IKDC评分、Lysholm评分、Tegner评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后1、2年IKDC评分、Lysholm评分、Tegner评分均高于术前(P<0.05)。结论:在前交叉韧带重建手术中,采用保残全内技术和标准化重建技术都能获得相似的术后功能及膝关节稳定性,但是相比于标准化重建方式,保残全内组只取半腱肌,保留股薄肌,更大地保留胫骨侧骨量。     

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目的用安全、简便的方法解决乳腺癌根治术后乳房缺损问题。方法2002年4月至2004年9月,在行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后同期于胸大肌后植入Meter或Beck假体,即时再造乳房。根治术时根据冰冻结果决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体。结果32例病人中,23例行Meter单囊假体植入,9例行Beck双囊可扩张假体植入,5例保留乳头乳晕复合体,均获得满意效果。32例病人中经病理证实15例为浸润性导管癌,11例为浸润性小叶癌,4例为浸润性导管癌同时合并浸润性小叶癌,1例为乳管内乳头状瘤病伴部分癌变,1例为浸润性小叶癌保乳术后复发。结论保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后运用假体植入法行Ⅰ期乳房再造,创伤小、安全、快速,恢复期短,手术操作简单易行,即时效果满意。     

Gracilis free muscle transfer for morpho-functional reconstruction of the lower lip

BACKGROUND: Large full-thickness defects of the lower lip need free tissue transfer. The free forearm flap is the more widespread technique for free flap lower lip reconstruction, but it results in a static lip. The authors describe a technique of morphodynamic sensate reconstruction of the lower lip with a free gracilis flap and a musculomucosal flap. METHODS: Three patients underwent reconstruction with an innervated free muscular gracilis flap, an innervated musculo-mucosal flap for the vermillion (2 cases), and a full-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: No significant complications were observed. Static function and vermillion sensitivity were immediately restored. The skin color match was excellent. After 9 months, contraction of the transferred muscle was evident. CONCLUSION: The lip is a dynamic unit. The innervated gracilis muscle seems ideal for lip reconstruction in that it correctly replaces all the lip layers and compensates for the lost function much better than a static technique.     

New options in breast reconstructive surgery: Alternatives to the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap

Transposition of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap is still considered by most authors a first-choice technique for breast reconstruction. However, the aesthetic drawbacks of the technique are significant: In our experience the posterior scar and the patchlike skin island are of concern to more than 30% of patients. Recent alternatives have sharply reduced the use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap as our first-choice technique. The utilization of a latissimus dorsi muscular flap in association with submuscular placement of a tissue expander is now our favorite technique for the majority of patients: Residual scarring is insignificant since the whole muscle can be raised through a 5–7-cm-long, S-shaped incision placed along the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi. The results obtained in a group of 35 patients demonstrate that the final results of the procedure in terms of shape and projection of the reconstructed breasts are absolutely similar to those obtained using the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. However, in patients with heavy body structure and large contralateral breast, satisfactory symmetry and a natural-looking reconstructed breast are obtained more effectively by transposition of a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. The precautions to be taken in order to make the procedure suitable for overweight patients are described and the results are discussed.     

A simple and effective technique of femoral tunnel bone grafting in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Restoring the bone stock in the femoral tunnel during revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is vital for better surgical results and to avoid potential complications. The technique must be easy, effective, simple, reproducible and cost effective. We describe a new, simple and inexpensive technique of femoral tunnel bone grafting in revision ACL reconstruction using universally available materials.     

CORRECTION OF CLEFT LIP NASAL DEFORMITY IN ORIENTALS WITH A CANTILEVERED ILIAC BONE GRAFT

We describe our technique for correcting a nasal deformity associated with cleft lip in oriental people. Cantilevered iliac bone grafts are used to provide additional structural support and to achieve the desired nasal projection and profile. Augmentation of the nasal bridge creates the illusion of a narrower nose. This technique was used in 20 patients with severe nasal deformities. Clinically and radiographically it consistently produced good, long-lasting results.     

THE FREE TRANSVERSE RECTUS ABDOMINIS MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP IN BREAST RECONSTRUCTION AFTER MASTECTOMY

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy by the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap technique is a widely accepted method which allows reconstruction without the need for an implanted silicone prosthesis. Even in suitable patients, deficiencies of the traditional technique, where the blood supply is based on anastomotic vessels in the superior part of the rectus abdominis muscle, may lead to complications. These include flap failure, fat necrosis which may mimic recurrence of breast carcinoma or sub-optimal cosmetic results. By transferring the same abdominal tissue as a free flap based on the inferior epigastric vessels, a more reliable blood supply and better cosmetic results can be obtained. This article reports a series of 14 flaps in 13 patients in whom an entirely free flap technique was used. No flap losses were recorded and the results are judged to be superior to the traditional technique.     

A Combined Surgical Approach for Extensor Hallucis Longus Reconstruction: Two Case Reports

The surgical management of foot tendon injuries is not well-represented in literature. To achieve excellent functional recovery of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon, we aimed at developing a reliable and feasible reconstructive technique.A surgical technique for delayed reconstruction of the EHL tendon, combining an elongation procedure with second toe extensor tendon transfer, is described in this article.The results of this combined approach for EHL tendon reconstruction were remarkable, since the patients of the two clinical cases reported regained active extension of the hallux after 6 months without any associated complication.This study represents a step forward in foot surgery, since it describes an alternative technique to manage EHL tendon lesions.     

扩张的耳后皮瓣行耳再造设计方法的探讨

目的：观察不同的皮瓣设计方法行耳再造的临床效果。方法：采用三种不同的设计方法行耳再造２６只,结果：几种不同的方法均可完成耳再造术,但术后效果有一定的差异。结论：采用方法三行耳再造。术后形态较好,收缩程度低,可有效利用扩张皮瓣。     

Reconstruction of circumferential pharyngoesophageal defects with laryngotracheal flap and pectoralis major myocutaneous flap

BACKGROUND: Hypopharyngeal cancer often presents at an advanced stage. Radical surgery has played an important role in the treatment of these cases; however, it always results in a large, or even a circumferential, defect of the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) that causes some difficulties during reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer and cervical esophageal invasion received surgery resulting in a circumferential defect of PES, which was reconstructed with the contralateral unaffected laryngotracheal flap and a patch-on pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMCF). RESULTS: The operation time of this method was shorter compared with free flap reconstruction. Only two minor complications and no pharyngocutaneous fistulas were found postoperatively. Nine patients can resume a regular diet. During the follow-up period (median, 38 months), there were no local recurrences and only one contralateral neck recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary result shows this technique is a simple and effective method with low morbidity and satisfactory oncologic and functional results.     

Aesthetic Remodeling of the Healthy Breast in Breast Reconstruction Using Expanders and Implants

Background  Breast reconstruction using expanders and implants still is the most common surgical procedure in many hospitals. The most important factor in obtaining a satisfactory aesthetic result for both the patient and the surgeon is to achieve the greatest symmetry possible between the healthy breast and the reconstructed breast. To get a good result, it is necessary to make an exhaustive preoperative examination that facilitates selection of the most suitable technique for remodeling the healthy breast and to choose the most suitable expander for placement on the side to be reconstructed. Methods  A retrospective study investigated 60 patients submitted to breast reconstruction between October 2005 and January 2008. The study analyzed the characteristics of the healthy breast (e.g., volume, ptosis), which is treated in the first part of the first operation. These characteristics are used later as a model for reconstructing the mastectomy side. The most adequate technique for remodeling the healthy breast based on its characteristics is indicated, as well as techniques not recommended for obtaining the desired symmetry. Results  This study aimed to determine the basis for selecting the most appropriate technique to use in managing the healthy breast and obtaining the most aesthetic result in breast reconstruction. The healthy breast analysis allows an algorithm of indications to be elaborated based on the volume and degree of ptosis exhibited by the healthy breast. The healthy breast should resemble the reconstructed breast with its anatomic implant. In this study, the technique used most often to remodel the healthy breast was reduction surgery with a superomedial pedicle, and glandular flap (autoimplant) (30%). The results were highly satisfactory for both the patient and the surgeon. Conclusions  Aesthetic remodeling of the healthy breast is the first surgical treatment in breast reconstruction in two stages using expanders and implants. The expander for reconstruction of the other breast then is selected according to the measurements of the healthy modified breast. This reproducible and simple model of breast reconstruction, with its detailed preoperative plan, allows clinicians to obtain a good aesthetic result for breast reconstruction patients.     

改良Langenbeck、Limberg手术及提肌吊带成形术联合治疗单侧完全性腭裂

目的探讨利用改良Langenbeck手术联合Limberg手术及提肌吊带成形术来治疗单侧完全性腭裂的临床治疗效果。方法本组共58例,均为单侧完全性腭裂,应用3种手术联合修复,包括改良Langenbeck手术、Limberg手术、提肌吊带成形术。术后随访3个月到4年,观察腭部创口愈合及腭咽闭合情况。结果随访50例患者中无1例发生腭瘘,术后腭咽闭合情况佳。结论3种手术联合修复治疗单侧完全性腭裂简单易行、远期效果佳,是一种临床上值得推广的方法。