移植肾功能延迟恢复的原因及诊治新进展

移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)是肾移植术后常见并发症,也是影响肾移植受者人/肾长期存活的重要因素,本文就DGF发生原因、诊断、预防、治疗方面的新进展进行综述.     

移植肾功能延迟恢复的原因及诊治新进展

移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)是肾移植术后常见并发症,也是影响肾移植受者人/肾长期存活的重要因素,本文就DGF发生原因、诊断、预防、治疗方面的新进展进行综述.     

移植肾功能超延迟恢复1例的护理体会

介绍1例肾移植术后肾功能超延迟恢复（DGF）达108天的护理体会。护理体会是：密切观察生命体征；控制及准确记录出入液量，维持水电解质的平衡；加强基础护理；进行心理护理；对感染的预防；饮食护理。     

移植肾功能延迟恢复对长期存活的影响

目的 探讨移植肾功能延迟恢复对肾移植受者人／肾长期存活的影响。方法 回顾分析５７３例肾移植中发生的７０例移植肾功能延迟恢复受者的人／肾存活情况及其相关危险因素。结果 ７０例患者总的１、３、５年人存活率分别为７７．１％、４７．６％、３７．５％,肾存活率分别为７１．４％、４０．５％、１５．０％,明显低于同期未发生肾功能延迟恢复的受者,但未合并排斥反应的移植肾功能延迟恢复者存活率并不受影响,合并排斥反应     

移植肾功能延迟恢复与长期存活的关系

为探讨移植肾功能延迟恢复（ＤＧＦ）与长期存活的关系，分析１９８５年１月－１９９４年１月施行尸体供肾移植术６８例，结果发生ＤＧＦ３１例，占４５．６％；发生至少１次排斥反应者３８９例，占５７．３％。ＤＧＦ伴斥反应才５年存活率（０）明显低于不伴有排斥反应者（２５％），ＤＧＦ≥１４ｄ者１个月内排斥反应的发生率明显地ＤＧＦ〈１４ｄ者。提示ＤＧＦ≥１４ｄ或ＤＧＦ伴有排斥反应的发生是影响患者后长期存活的一个主要     

肾移植术后移植肾功能延迟恢复的处理(附14例报告)

目的探讨肾移植术后移植肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）的原因及处理措施。方法通过对发生DGF的14例患者临床表现、血肌酐、环孢素A（CsA）血浓度、彩色多普勒超声、移植肾细针穿刺吸抽细胞学检查（FNAB）等分析，诊断移植肾静脉栓塞1例，CsA中毒性肾损害2例，急性肾小管坏死（ATN）6例，急性排斥反应（AR）5例。分别予血液透析、手术探查、调整免疫抑制剂种类或剂量等处理。结果1例移植肾静脉栓塞患者行移植肾切除术；13例患者9—27d尿量增多，术后1个月复查肾功能良好。结论DGF原因包括技术性并发症、CsA中毒性肾损害、ATN、排斥反应等，应结合临床表现及辅助检查，早期诊断，及早采取血液透析、手术探查、调整免疫抑制剂种类或剂量等措施，可取得良好效果。     

肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复的血液净化治疗

肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复的血液净化治疗刘文渊孟建中邵玉萍肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复（ＤＧＦ）发生率较高，在移植肾功能恢复前，需行几天至几周血液净化及其它相应治疗，等待并促使其功能恢复。本文总结了我院血液净化中心１１例ＤＧＦ者１０４次血液净化治疗体会，报...     

移植肾功能延迟恢复与供者谷胱甘肽硫转移酶多态性的研究

目的 探讨影响移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)的相关因素.方法 收集肾移植受者150例临床资料.其中24例发生DGF,对可能影响DGF发生的各项指标进行统计学分析.提取移植肾供者172例和健康体检者157例外周血中基因组DNA,应用多重PCR和特异性引物多态PCR技术检测谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)基因多态性,比较DGF和无DGF组供者GST基因多态性的差异.结果 受者DGF组和非DGF组性别(χ~2=0.028,P=0.867)、PRA(χ~2=1.564,P=0.211)及透析类型(χ~2=0.585,P=0.444)之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单因素线性回归分析提示术后第2个24 h尿量、第1和第2个24 h入量与T_(1/2(SCr))间存在线性关系(P<0.05),Cox风险比例回归模型提示术后第2个24 h尿量可判断受者移植肾功能的恢复情况(RR=1.002,P=0.001).DGF组供者GSTMl基因型缺失频率为86.4%,与未发生DGF组的62.7%、健康对照组的47.8%比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 受者术后第2个24 h尿量对预测DGF的发生有重要意义.供者GSTMl基因型缺失可能是发生DGF的原因之一.     

移植肾功能延迟恢复的血液净化治疗

移植肾功能延迟恢复(Delayed graft function,OGF)属于急性肾功能衰竭,是肾移植术后最常见的并发症,必须依靠血液净化治疗过渡。本文将对DGF时血液净化方式、透析膜的选择、抗凝剂的应用以及血液净化过程中常见问题的处理等内容作一简要综述。     

移植肾功能延迟恢复的血液净化治疗

移植肾功能延迟恢复(Delayed graft function,DGF)属于急性肾功能衰竭,是肾移植术后最常见的并发症,必须依靠血液净化治疗过渡.本文将对DGF时血液净化方式、透析膜的选择、抗凝剂的应用以及血液净化过程中常见问题的处理等内容作一简要综述.     

Early post‐transplant conversion from tacrolimus to belatacept for prolonged delayed graft function improves renal function in kidney transplant recipients

Prolonged delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients imparts a risk of poor allograft function; tacrolimus may be detrimental in this setting. We conducted a retrospective single center analysis of the first 20 patients converted to belatacept for prolonged DGF as part of a clinical protocol as a novel treatment strategy to treat prolonged DGF. Prior to conversion, patients underwent an allograft biopsy to rule out rejection and confirm tubular injury. The primary outcome was the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 12 months post‐transplant; secondary outcome was the change in eGFR 30 days post‐belatacept conversion. At 1 year post‐transplant, the mean eGFR was 54.2 (SD 19.2) mL/min/1.73 m². The mean eGFR on the day of belatacept conversion was 16 (SD 12.7) mL/min/1.73 m² and rose to 43.1 (SD 15.8) mL/min/1.73 m² 30 days post‐conversion (P<.0001). The acute rejection rate was 20% with 100% patient survival at 12 months post‐transplant. There was one graft loss in the setting of an invasive Aspergillus infection that resulted in withdrawal of immunosuppression and transplant nephrectomy. Belatacept conversion for prolonged DGF is a novel treatment strategy that resulted in an improvement in eGFR. Additional follow‐up is warranted to confirm the long‐term benefits of this strategy.     

Risk factors for acute rejection in renal transplant recipients experiencing delayed graft function

Acute rejection (AR) superimposed upon delayed graft function (DGF) following renal transplantation worsens graft outcomes. However, risk factors for AR in patients displaying DGF remain unclear. In this study, 71 patients displaying DGF >/= 5 d were investigated. All received cyclosporine, adjunctive azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and corticosteroids, with 43 receiving anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody induction. AR episodes were seen in 20 of 71 (28%) patients. Higher C2 levels at days 3 and 5 and the use of MMF were associated with a reduced incidence of AR, with increased HLA-DR mismatch associated with an increased risk for AR. C2 levels at days 3 and 5 below 885 and 1096 ng/mL, respectively, showed best discriminatory values for AR. C2 levels showed no correlation with DGF duration. This study suggests that optimizing immunosuppression in patients with DGF (by ensuring adequate calcineurin inhibitor exposure and the use of potent adjunctive immunosuppression) may reduce the incidence of AR without prolonging the duration of dialysis requirement.     

The relative influence of delayed graft function and acute rejection on renal transplant survival

Three hundred and eight cadaveric renal transplants were analysed to establish the effects of acute rejection in the first 90 days and delayed graft function (DGF) on graft outcome. There were 120 patients (39%) with no DGF and no rejection (group 1), 101 patients (33%) with rejection but no DGF (group 2), 41 patients (13%) with DGF but no rejection (group 3) and 46 patients (15%) with both rejection and DGF (group 4). The actuarial 4-year graft survival rates for groups 1,2,3 and 40.4%, respectively. The acute rejection rate was 101/221 (46%) in patients with initial graft function compared with 46/87 (53%) for those with DGF (²=1.02, P=0.31). Cox stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that DGF was a more powerful predictive factor for poor graft survival (P=0.001) than acute rejection occurring in the first 90 days post-transplant (P=0.034). Further efforts at improving graft outcome should concentrate on reducing the incidence of DGF.     

Risk factors for delayed kidney function and impact of delayed function on patient and graft survival in adult graft recipients

The influence of delayed kidney graft function on allograft outcome is described controversially in the literature. The aim of the study was to evaluate possible risk factors for delayed graft function (DGF) and investigate the impact of DGF on short- and long-term renal allograft function. Two groups were formed: the first one consisted of patients who gained immediate graft function (IGF) (n = 64) after transplantation and the second group included patients with DGF (n = 31; with at least one dialysis needed in first week after transplantation). The DGF group had a statistically significant longer duration on dialyses prior to transplantation (DGF 54 vs. IGF 33 months; p < 0.05), on average more frequently a re-transplantation (DGF 1.7 vs. IGF 1.3; p < 0.01), a longer re-anastomosis time (DGF 52.9 vs. 44.2 min; p < 0.01), a lower systolic (DGF 136 +/-24 mmHg vs. IGF 158 +/- 25; p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DGF 78 +/- 14 vs. IGF 89 +/- 16 mmHg; p < 0.01) at admission to the hospital and a higher serum (S)-creatinine at discharge (DGF 2.5 +/- 1.6 vs. IGF 1.6 +/- 0.4 mg/dL; p < 0.01). Prior to transplantation the DGF group had more often advanced vascular diseases (DGF 29.0 vs. IGF 12.5%; p < 0.01) and these patients incurred more frequently new ones during the next 3 yr after transplantation (DGF 22.6 vs. IGF 6.3%; p < 0.001). After 3 yr the graft survival tended to be lower in the DGF group (DGF 74.2 vs. IGF 84.4%; NS), but this difference was not statistically significant.     

Financial impact of delayed graft function in kidney transplantation

Increased utilization of suboptimal organs in response to organ shortage has resulted in increased incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) after transplantation. Although presumed increased costs associated with DGF are a deterrent to the utilization of these organs, the financial burden of DGF has not been established. We used the Premier Healthcare Database to conduct a retrospective analysis of healthcare resource utilization and costs in kidney transplant patients (n = 12 097) between 1/1/2014 and 12/31/2018. We compared cost and hospital resource utilization for transplants in high-volume (n = 8715) vs low-volume hospitals (n = 3382), DGF (n = 3087) vs non-DGF (n = 9010), and recipients receiving 1 dialysis (n = 1485) vs multiple dialysis (n = 1602). High-volume hospitals costs were lower than low-volume hospitals ($103 946 vs $123 571, P < .0001). DGF was associated with approximately $18 000 (10%) increase in mean costs ($130 492 vs $112 598, P < .0001), 6 additional days of hospitalization (14.7 vs 8.7, P < .0001), and 2 additional ICU days (4.3 vs 2.1, P < .0001). Multiple dialysis sessions were associated with an additional $10 000 compared to those with only 1. In conclusion, DGF is associated with increased costs and length of stay for index kidney transplant hospitalizations and payment schemes taking this into account may reduce clinicians’ reluctance to utilize less-than-ideal kidneys.     

Peri‐operative hyperglycemia is associated with delayed graft function in deceased donor renal transplantation

Increasing evidence indicates that recipient diabetes is a risk factor for delayed graft function (DGF) after renal transplant and that peri‐operative hyperglycemia increases ischemia–reperfusion injury. To evaluate whether peri‐operative hyperglycemia as measured in the post‐anesthesia care unit (PACU) after transplant is a risk factor for DGF, we retrospectively reviewed 976 adult recipients of deceased donor renal transplants between January 1, 1997 and December 1, 2004. Logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors for DGF. In our final multivariate model, recipient blood glucose level in the PACU (odds ratio [OR] 1.10 per 25 unit increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–2.46, p = 0.03) was a statistically significant predictor of DGF along with donor age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, p < 0.01), cold ischemia time (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.07, p < 0.01), recipient male gender (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.14–2.68, p = 0.01), and a panel‐reactive antibody >30% (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.20–3.05, p = 0.01). We conclude that recipient blood glucose measured in the PACU is associated with DGF and begs the question of whether improved peri‐operative glucose control will decrease the incidence of DGF.     

High incidence of delayed graft function in HIV‐infected kidney transplant recipients

Kidney transplantation (KT) outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected recipients are under continuous research. High incidence of early post‐transplant complications such as acute rejection has been observed. A multicenter study including HIV‐infected patients who underwent KT in Spain, from 2001 to 2011, was performed. The study population included 108 recipients, 36 HIV‐infected, and 72 matched HIV‐negative KT recipients. HIV‐infected recipients developed more delayed graft function (DGF) (52% vs. 21%, P < 0.001). One‐ and 3‐year graft survival was 91.6% and 86.2% in HIV‐infected patients, and 97.1% and 94.7% in HIV‐negative patients (P = 0.052). In two‐variate Cox analysis, HIV infection was not a predictor of graft loss after adjusting for time on dialysis, acute rejection, and DGF. Multivariate analysis for DGF revealed HIV‐positive status as independent risk factor. We analyzed the evolution of immunosuppressive and antiretroviral therapy (ART). In HIV‐infected patients tacrolimus trough levels were very high in the first week and significantly lower in the second week post‐transplant (P = 0.042). Post‐transplant ART was significantly changed: protease inhibitors use decreased (P = 0.034) and integrase inhibitor use increased (P < 0.001). DGF is another frequent early complication in HIV‐infected recipients that can affect graft survival. Strategies to prevent DGF and antiretroviral regimes with less drug interactions could improve outcomes.     

肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复的原因及对策

目的：探讨肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)的原因及处理方法。方法：报告我院发生的33例肾移植术后DGF患者的临床资料,发生DGF的原因是急性排斥15例,急性肾小管坏死(ATN)13例,动脉吻合口狭窄2例。输尿管梗阻2例,环孢素中毒1例。经血液透析治疗31例,ATG／ALG或OKT3治疗28例,经皮移植肾动脉吻合口球囊扩张2例,外科手术2例。结果：29例肾移植术后10～93d(平均24．8d)肾功能恢复正常,2例肌酐在200～300μmol／L之间,1例恢复血透,1例于肾功能恢复正常1月后死于肺部感染。结论：急性排斥反应是引起肾移植术后DGF的主要因素,术前严格配型、合理治疗和耐心等待是成功的关键。