环孢菌素A拮抗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用

目的:研究环孢菌素A(CsA)拮抗小型猪心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(MI/RI)的作用及可能的机制。方法:经皮球囊封堵冠状动脉左前降支制备小型猪MI/RI模型。将存活的动物随机分为3组:即对照组(n=4)、CsA组(n=6)及他可英司(FK-506)组(n=6),分别静滴生理盐水100 ml、25 mg/kg CsA及1 mg/kg FK-506。所有动物均经90 min缺血和3 h再灌注。通过病理检查评估心肌梗死(MI)面积。用免疫组化染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡。用透射电子显微镜观察各组心肌细胞线粒体的形态。结果:CsA组MI的面积比对照组[(7.5±0.6)cm2vs.(10.5±2.6)cm2]和FK-506组[(7.5±0.6)cm2vs.(9.6±2.7)cm2]明显减少(P0.01);CsA组心肌细胞的凋亡率(%)比对照组[(11.9±1.88)%vs.(22.3±1.66)%]和FK-506组[(11.9±1.88)%vs.(19.2±1.82)%]明显下降(P0.01)。透射电子显微镜检查显示,CsA组能维持线粒体的形态,线粒体坍塌的百分率为(20%±7%),比对照组(53%±12%)和FK-506组(47%±9%)明显减少(P0.01)。结论:CsA可能对MI/RI具有拮抗作用,其机制可能是通过抑制线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mPTP),保持线粒体形态完整而实现,此种效应不依赖于钙调磷酸酶抑制途径。     

环孢菌素A拮抗心肌缺血／再灌注损伤的作用

目的：研究环孢菌素A（CsA）拮抗小型猪心肌缺血／再灌注损伤（MI／RI）的作用及可能的机制。方法：经皮球囊封堵冠状动脉左前降支制备小型猪MI／RI模型。将存活的动物随机分为3组：即对照组（n=4）、CsA组（n=6）及他可英司（FK-506）组（n=6）,分别静滴生理盐水100ml、25mg／kgCsA及1mg／kgFK-506。所有动物均经90rain缺血和3h再灌注。通过病理检查评估心肌梗死（MI）面积。用免疫组化染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡。用透射电子显微镜观察各组心肌细胞线粒体的形态。结果：CsA组MI的面积比对照组[（7．5±0．6）cm。粥．（10．5±2．6）cm。]和FK-506组[（7．5±0．6）cm。掷．（9．6±2．7）cm。]明显减少（P〈0．01）;CsA组心肌细胞的凋亡率（％）比对照组[（11．9±1．88）％郴．（22．3±1．66）％]和FK-506组[（11．9±1．88）％郴．（19．2±1．82）％]明显下降（JP〈0．01）。透射电子显微镜检查显示,CsA组能维持线粒体的形态,线粒体坍塌的百分率为（20％±7％）,比对照组（53％±12％）和FK-506组（47％±9％）明显减少（P〈0．01）。结论：CsA可能对MI／RI具有拮抗作用,其机制可能是通过抑制线粒体膜通透性转换孔（mPTP）,保持线粒体形态完整而实现,此种效应不依赖于钙调磷酸酶抑制途径。     

Inhibition of Rho-kinase protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Rho A and Rho-kinase in acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the protective effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 [(R)-(+)-trans-N-(4-pyridyl)-4-(1-aminoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide]. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male CD1 mice were subjected to 30 min of coronary occlusion and 24 h reperfusion. Ischemia/reperfusion upregulated expression of Rho A in ischemic myocardium, and subsequently activated Rho-kinase. Y-27632 significantly inhibited the activation of Rho-kinase following ischemia/reperfusion. Treatment with Y-27632 at 10 and 30 mg/kg oral administration, reduced infarct size by 30.2% and 41.1%, respectively (P<0.01 vs. vehicle). Y-27632 also enhanced post-ischemia cardiac function. Left ventricular systolic pressure, +dP/dt and -dP/dt were significantly improved by 23.5%, 52.3%, and 59.4%, respectively (P<0.01 vs. vehicle). Moreover, Y-27632 reduced ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial apoptosis. The apoptotic myocytes in ischemic myocardium after 4 h reperfusion were reduced from 13.1% in vehicle group to 6.4% in Y-27632-treated group (P<0.01). Meanwhile, ischemia/reperfusion-induced downregulation of Bcl-2 in myocardium was remarkably attenuated in the treated animals. Ischemia/reperfusion resulted in remarkable elevation in serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which was significantly suppressed by Y-27632. In addition, Y-27632 decreased ischemia/reperfusion-induced accumulation of neutrophils in the heart by 45% (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Rho-kinase plays a pivotal role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The cardiac protection provided by treatment with a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor is likely via anti-apoptotic effect and attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory responses. The finding of this study suggest a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

神经调节蛋白-1对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的:探讨神经调节蛋白-1(NRG-1)对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用及其潜在机制。方法:雄性,SD大鼠,分三组:假手术组(n=8)、心肌(I/R)组(n=8)和NRG-1+I/R组(n=9)。通过结扎冠状动脉左前降支45 min,再灌注3 h建立在体大鼠心肌I/R模型。用伊文氏蓝/2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定心肌梗死范围。用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的d UTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数;免疫荧光法测定线粒体膜电位水平;用Western blot方法检测线粒体细胞色素c的转位、凋亡相关因子Bcl-2和Bax的表达;caspase 3试剂盒检测caspase 3活性;用透射电镜观察心肌组织线粒体超微结构。结果:与假手术组相比,I/R组心肌细胞凋亡显著增加[(23.2±3.8)vs.(3.0±1.3)%,P0.01],心肌线粒体膜电位降低[(209.1±13.6)vs.(336.8±10.3)m V,P0.05],细胞色素c向胞浆发生转位,caspase 3活性显著升高[(20.1±3.6)vs.(8,3±1.5),P0.01]。与单纯I/R组比较,NRG-1给药显著降低I/R大鼠心肌的梗死面积/危险区面积[(28.6±9.2)vs.(51.7±7.8)%,P0.01],减少心肌细胞凋亡指数[(11.9±3.5)vs.(23.2±3.8)%,P0.01],升高Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达比值[(1.647±0.172)vs.(0.490±0.080),P0.01],升高线粒体膜电位[(327.2±15.4)vs.(209.1±13.6)m V,P0.05],抑制细胞色素c向胞浆的转位[(0.207±0.055)vs.(0.483±0.075),P0.01],降低心肌caspase 3活性[(9.3±2.6)vs.(20.1±3.6),P0.01],改善线粒体超微结构。结论:NRG-1具有抗心肌I/R损伤的保护作用,其机制部分通过抑制线粒体介导的心肌细胞凋亡途径实现。     

Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of human stem cell factor protects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury

Background

Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of human membrane-associated stem cell factor (hSCF) improves cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. However, whether hSCF overexpression protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is unknown. We aimed to investigate the effects of cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of hSCF on cardiac injury after acute myocardial I/R and related cellular and molecular signaling mechanisms.

Methods and results

Wild-type (WT) and hSCF/tetracycline transactivator (tTA) transgenic mice (hSCF/tTA) were subjected to myocardial ischemia for 45 min followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Infarct size and myocardial apoptosis were decreased in hSCF/tTA compared to WT mice (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these cardioprotective effects in the hSCF/tTA mice were abrogated by doxycycline, which turned off hSCF overexpression, and by a PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. Myocardial expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which are upstream activators of Akt signaling, was significantly increased in hSCF/tTA compared to WT mice after I/R (P < 0.05), and was associated with higher number of c-kit⁺ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) (P < 0.05). Inhibition of c-kit signaling by ACK2 treatment abolished these protective effects in hSCF/tTA mice.

Conclusions

Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of hSCF protects the heart from I/R injury. The cardioprotective effects of hSCF overexpression are mediated by increased c-kit⁺ CSCs, enhanced growth factor expression and activation of Akt signaling pathway.     

阿利吉仑通过调控线粒体介导的凋亡通路改善心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的通过体外构建心肌细胞缺氧复氧模型(H/R)模拟体内心肌细胞缺血再灌注,验证阿利吉仑(Aliskiren)对于改善心肌细胞缺血再灌注的药物效果,同时探究细胞凋亡在其中的机制。方法将细胞实验分为四组:正常氧供应组即对照组(Control)、缺氧复氧组(H/R)、阿利吉仑+缺氧复氧组(阿利吉仑+H/R)、NF-κB P65特异抑制剂+缺氧复氧组(bay11-7082+H/R)。使用CCK-8检测不同浓度阿利吉仑处理的心肌细胞存活率,ELISA检测各实验组炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平。Hoechst33258染色、Annexin V/PI双染流式细胞仪检测各组心肌细胞凋亡比例,JC-1试剂盒测量线粒体膜电位及心肌细胞ATP含量。同时采用Caspase-3试剂盒检测各组心肌细胞凋亡蛋白酶的活性。结果阿利吉仑小于20 mmol/L时,与心肌细胞活性存在正相关关系,而在20 mmol/L和80 mmol/L之间,两者之间存在负相关关系,文章中阿利吉仑的最佳处理浓度是20 mmol/L,此时的心肌细胞活性最高(76.40%±1.64%)。相比H/R组,阿利吉仑能降低TNF-α和IL-6水平[(129.33±5.86) ng/L比(319.00±4.58) ng/L,P0.05;(29.67±1.53) ng/L比(64.67±2.08) ng/L,P0.05],同时显著降低心肌细胞的凋亡率[(7.23%±1.14%)比(32.25%±3.15%),P0.05],并具有降低能量代谢障碍心肌细胞所占比例[(6.9%±1.6%)比(13.5%±1.7%),P0.05]、稳定线粒体膜电位的功能[(3.90±0.60)比(1.80±0.16),P0.05]。另外,抑制凋亡蛋白酶Caspase-3的活性[(2.26±0.35)比(3.26±0.62),P0.05],且阿利吉仑+H/R组与bay11-7082+H/R组的各项实验结果无统计学差异。结论阿利吉仑可以通过抑制炎症反应、调控线粒体受体介导的凋亡,改善缺血心肌细胞缺血再灌注损伤,且阿利吉仑的调控凋亡作用可能与NF-κB表达抑制有关。     

Melatonin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle

Abstract:  Melatonin has been shown to diminish ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in many tissues. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the protective antioxidant effect of melatonin in skeletal muscle during I/R injury. Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. Hindlimb ischemia was achieved by clamping the common femoral artery in two groups but not in control group. Limbs were rendered ischemic for 1.5 hr; at the end of the reperfusion period of 1.5 hr muscle tissue samples were taken for the histological evaluation and biochemical analysis. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected i.p. in the I/R + Mel group at the onset of ischemia whereas the vehicle solution was injected in the I/R group. In I/R + Mel group histological damage was significantly less than in the I/R group ( P  < 0.001). In the I/R + Mel group, the mean malonedialdehyde level was lower than in the I/R group ( P  < 0.01) and was quite near to the levels in the control group ( P  > 0.05). Glutathione levels were found to be reduced in the I/R group compared with the control ( P  < 0.01) and I/R + Mel group ( P  < 0.01). Melatonin has a protective effect against I/R injury in skeletal muscle and may reduce the incidence of compartment syndrome, especially after acute or chronic peripheral arterial occlusions.     

Metalloproteinase-9 deficiency protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury

Leukocyte transmigration across endothelial and extracellular matrix protein barriers is dependent on adhesion and focal matrix degradation events. In the present study we investigated the role of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B) in liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using MMP-9-deficient (MMP-9(-/-)) animals and mice treated with a specific anti-MMP-9 neutralizing antibody or with a broad gelatinase inhibitor for both MMP-9 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2/gelatinase A). Compared to wild-type mice, MMP-9(-/-) mice and mice treated with an anti-MMP-9 antibody showed significantly reduced liver damage. In contrast, mice treated with a broad gelatinase inhibitor showed rather inferior protection against I/R injury and were characterized by persistent ongoing liver inflammation, suggesting that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may have distinct roles in this type of injury. MMP-9 was mostly detected in Ly-6G and macrophage antigen-1 leukocytes adherent to the vessel walls and infiltrating the damaged livers of wild-type mice after liver I/R injury. Leukocyte traffic and cytokine expression were markedly impaired in livers of MMP-9(-/-) animals and in livers of mice treated with anti-MMP-9 antibody after I/R injury; however, initiation of the endothelial adhesion cascades was similar in both MMP-9(-/-) and control livers. We also showed that MMP-9-specific inhibition disrupted neutrophil migration across fibronectin in transwell filters and depressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) activation in vitro. CONCLUSION: These results support critical functions for MMP-9 in leukocyte recruitment and activation leading to liver damage. Moreover, they provide the rationale for identifying inhibitors to specifically target MMP-9 in vivo as a potential therapeutic approach in liver I/R injury.     

全反式维A酸抑制细胞内凋亡信号和改善心肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究

目的:探讨全反式维A酸(ATRA)对心肌缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的影响和可能机制。方法:用ATRA对大鼠心肌母细胞株H9c2进行预处理,之后通过缺氧-再氧干预建立体外心肌IR模型。干预后的H9c2细胞用水溶性四唑盐试剂(WST-1)法检测细胞存活率,膜联蛋白Ⅴ流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,蛋白质印迹检测与细胞凋亡相关的活化胱天蛋白酶-3、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)的表达以及促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)家族信号p38 MAPK(p38)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)的磷酸化表达变化。结果 :IR后ATRA0.01μmol/L和1μmol/L处理组H9c2细胞的存活率升高(P<0.01),使IR后H9c2细胞的Bcl-2表达升高(0.78±0.01比1.08±0.02,P<0.01),胱天蛋白酶-3表达降低(1.24±0.03比0.97±0.04,P<0.01)。结论:ATRA提高了IR后H9c2细胞的存活率,抑制了IR后H9c2细胞的凋亡,这种作用可能与MAPKs信号表达下调有关。     

缺血后适应对老龄大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究缺血后适应能否减轻老龄大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤,比较缺血后适应的心脏保护作用在成年和老龄大鼠之间有无差别。方法32只雄性F344大鼠分为成年（6～8月龄）和老龄（20～22月龄）组,每组再分为缺血再灌注（I/R）组（缺血30min,再灌注2h,8只）和缺血后适应（IPost）组（缺血30min,给予4轮10s再通/10s缺血后再灌注2h,8只）,监测平均动脉压（MAP）、心率收缩压乘积（RPP）等血流动力学参数和心电图,测定心肌梗死面积,再灌注2h后检测血清肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）浓度。结果再灌注2h时,成年IPost组MAP和RPP均高于I/R组（P＜0.05）,而老龄IPost组与I/R组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。再灌注初30min内,成年IPost组和I/R组心律失常评分分别为1分和3.5分,两者间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;老龄IPost组和I/R组心律失常评分分别为2分和3分,两者间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。成年和老龄IPost组心肌梗死面积较I/R组分别减少52%和44%（均P＜0.05）。成年和老龄IPost组CK和LDH浓度较I/R组均有明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论缺血后适应能缩小老龄大鼠心肌梗死面积、减少心肌酶释放,且其程度与成年大鼠相似;同时缺血后适应能改善成年大鼠心肌顿抑、减少再灌注心律失常,但此作用在老龄大鼠未观察到。     

京尼平通过SIRT3/SOD2改善小鼠缺血/再灌注后心脏功能

目的 研究栀子果实的主要药效成分京尼平对小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（myocardial ischemia/reperfusion,MI/R）损伤后心功能的影响及其机制。 方法 将C57BL/6小鼠心脏冠状动脉左前降支结扎/放松建立小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型;通过Miller导管和心脏超声检测心脏功能,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡,western blot检测SIRT3、SOD2及凋亡相关分子的表达量。 结果 与Sham组相比,给予京尼平（50 mg/kg）显著改善了MI/R小鼠心脏功能,减轻了心肌细胞的凋亡及减少了凋亡相关分子的表达量。进一步研究表明,京尼平提高了SIRT3的表达量并降低了乙酰化SOD2水平。给予SIRT3的抑制剂3-TYP后,京尼平改善MI/R小鼠心脏功能、减轻心肌细胞凋亡及减少凋亡相关分子表达量的效果受到了显著抑制。 结论 京尼平具有改善MI/R后小鼠心脏功能和减轻心肌细胞的凋亡的作用,其机制与京尼平提高SIRT3的表达量和降低SOD2的乙酰化程度有关。     

Mild hypothermia protects liver against ischemia and reperfusion injury

AIM: To determine whether mild hypothermia could protect liver against ischemia and reperfusion injury in pigs. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy pigs were randomly divided into normothermia, mild hypothermia and normal control groups. The experimental procedure consisted of temporary interruption of blood flow to total hepatic lobe for different lengths of time and subsequent reperfusion. Hepatic tissue oxygen pressure (PtiO2) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were evaluated, and ultrastructural analysis was carried out for all samples. RESULTS: Serum AST was significantly lower, and hepatic PtiO2 values were significantly higher in the mild hypothermia group than in the normothermia group during liver ischemia-reperfusion periods (P= 0.032, P= 0.028). Meanwhile, the histopathologic injury of liver induced by ischemia-reperfusion was significantly improved in the mild hypothermia group, compared with that in the normothermia group. CONCLUSION: Mild hypothermia can protect the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury in pigs.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

The function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in hepatic inflammation and injury is unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the role of PPARgamma in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Male mice were subjected to 90 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia followed by up to 8 hours of reperfusion. PPARgamma was found to be constitutively activated in hepatocytes but not in nonparenchymal cells. Upon induction of ischemia, hepatic PPARgamma activation rapidly decreased and remained suppressed throughout the 8-hour reperfusion period. This reduced activation was not a result of decreased protein availability as hepatic nuclear PPARgamma, retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha), and PPARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimer expression was maintained. Accompanying the decrease in PPARgamma activation was a decrease in the expression of the natural ligand 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2). This was associated with reduced interaction of PPARgamma and the coactivator, p300. To determine whether PPARgamma activation is hepatoprotective during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, mice were treated with the PPARgamma agonists, rosiglitazone and connecting peptide. These treatments increased PPARgamma activation and reduced liver injury compared to untreated mice. Furthermore, PPARgamma-deficient mice had more liver injury after ischemia/reperfusion than their wild-type counterparts. Conclusion: These data suggest that PPARgamma is an important endogenous regulator of, and potential therapeutic target for, ischemic liver injury.     

老年大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的缺血后处理保护

目的:评价老年大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注后的损伤以及缺血后处理的保护作用,并比较与成年大鼠之间的区别.方法:成年及老年雄性SD大鼠,左侧开胸,建立心肌缺血/再灌注模型.实验共分为6组,成年及老年大鼠各3组(n=8/成年组,n=6/老年组):成年大鼠缺血再灌注组(I/Radult)及老年大鼠缺血再灌注组(I/Raged);成...     

禁食通过HSF1保护肝脏缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨短期禁食对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响及和HSF1的关系。方法小鼠随机分为两大组8小组,第一大组为假手术组,再进一步分为4个小组:A组HSF1Alb-小鼠正常饮食,B组HSF1Alb-小鼠禁食16 h,C组HSF1Alb+小鼠正常饮食,D组HSF1Alb+小鼠禁食16 h。对照组只进行开关腹和游离左外叶不进行阻断和开放左外叶血流;第二大组为缺血再灌注组,进一步分为4个小组:E组HSF1Alb-小鼠正常饮食,F组HSF1Alb-小鼠禁食16 h,G组HSF1Alb+小鼠正常饮食,H组HSF1Alb+小鼠禁食16 h。缺血再灌注组进行小鼠左外叶30%的缺血60 min再灌注6 h实验。检测各组小鼠血清ALT、AST。通过比较各组血清转氨酶的水平以及评价肝组织病理损伤的程度,来判断短期禁食及HSF1对小鼠缺血再灌注损伤的影响。结果假手术组禁食和不禁食对血清转氨酶没有明显差别,缺血再灌注组中,HSF1Alb-小鼠禁食组的转氨酶明显低于正常饮食组,但在HSF1Alb+小鼠看不到这一明显的保护作用;HSF1Alb-小鼠禁食组的肝组织损伤明显减轻。结论禁食能明显减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,禁食的肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用在HSF1-/-小鼠被消除。     

褪黑素减轻心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用及机制

目的:探讨褪黑素（melatonin,Mel）在大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（MI/R）损伤中的拮抗作用及其机制。方法:80只体质量200~250 g雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术（Sham）组、溶剂对照（MI/R+V）组、Mel治疗（MI/R+Mel）组、Mel+EX527（MI/R+Mel+EX）组。常规结扎左冠状动脉前降支行心肌缺血/再灌注手术,缺血30 min,再灌72 h后超声心动图法检测各组大鼠心功能,再灌6 h后ELISA法检测血清酶学指标,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Evans blue-TTC双染法测定梗死面积,Western blot法检测沉默信息转录调控因子1（SIRT1）、乙酰化叉头转录因子1（Ac-Foxo1）及凋亡相关蛋白表达水平。结果:Mel治疗可显著改善MI/R损伤后心功能,降低血清肌酸激酶（CK）及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平,降低凋亡率及梗死面积,上调SIRT1表达,下调Ac-Foxo1水平,降低凋亡相关蛋白表达。而使用EX527阻断SIRT1信号后逆转Mel的上述作用（均P<0.01）。结论:Mel可发挥抗凋亡作用减轻MI/R损伤并改善心功能,其作用机制可能与其激活SIRT1信号通路并降低Ac-Foxo1水平有关。     

Inhibition of IkappaB phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE: Reperfusion injury is related closely to inflammatory reactions such as activation of inflammatory cells and expression of cytotoxic cytokines. We investigated the efficacy of IkappaB phosphorylation blockade in a rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model. METHODS AND RESULTS: IMD-0354 inhibited phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in cultured cardiomyocytes. TNF-alpha-induced production of interleukin-1beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from cultured cardiomyocytes was reduced significantly by IMD-0354. Transient left coronary artery occlusion (30 min) and reperfusion (24 h) were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. IMD-0354 (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 min before the start of reperfusion. Treatment with IMD-0354 resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction of the infarction area/area at risk ratio (vehicle, 47.0+/-3.4%; 10 mg/kg of IMD-0354, 19.4+/-4.0%; P<0.01) and the preservation of fractional shortening ratio (vehicle, 25.0+/-1.5%; 10 mg/kg of IMD-0354, 42.3+/-1.7%; P<0.01). Histological analysis showed that accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the area at risk was decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB by IkappaBalpha phosphorylation blockade could provide an effective approach to attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury. The cardioprotective effects of IMD-0354 include not only reduction of harmful neutrophil accumulation in myocardium but also inhibition of harmful cytokine and chemokine production by cardiomyocytes.