SHG-200紫外线照射装置应用于皮肤光毒性试验的可行性研究

目的探讨SHG-200紫外线照射装置作为UV光源进行皮肤光毒性试验的可行性。方法选择健康成年白化豚鼠,分别用SHG-200紫外线照射装置和常规使用的philipsUVA TL 60W/10R光管照射装置进行光毒性测试,观察和比较阳性对照物8-甲氧基补骨脂(8-MOP)及12种防晒化妆品的皮肤光毒性结果及经光源照射前后受试动物的体表温度变化。结果SHG-200紫外线照射装置和philipsUVA TL 60W/10R光管照射装置的试验照射时间分别为25 s和40 m in,2种光源装置分别照射后,动物皮肤均显示8-甲氧基补骨脂为明显皮肤光毒性,而12种化妆品均未见皮肤光毒性,经SHG-200紫外线照射装置照射后受试动物体表温度平均升高0.3℃,经philips UVA TL 60W/10R光管照射后的受试动物体表温度平均升高2.7℃,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论SHG-200紫外线照射装置作为照射光源进行皮肤光毒性试验具有较好的一致性和稳定性,并且能明显缩短实验时间,提高了化妆品的检测速度。     

烟酰胺对长波紫外线照射黑素细胞黑素合成的干预

目的研究烟酰胺对长波紫外线（UVA）致人皮肤黑素细胞黑素合成的干预作用。方法观察0．2J／cm^2 UVA（365nm）照射人皮肤黑素细胞后，烟酰胺在不同剂量时对人皮肤黑素细胞中黑素合成和转运的干预作用。结果0．2J／cm^2 UVA照射后，黑素细胞中黑素含量明显增加，UVA照射后的人皮肤黑素细胞给予不同剂量的烟酰胺时，黑素细胞中黑素含量明显下降，10．0mmol／ml时作用更为明显。烟酰胺在有效抑制黑素含量的同时，对黑素细胞的细胞周期、细胞凋亡及DNA指数无明显影响；0．2J／cm^2 UVA照射后立即给予烟酰胺时，烟酰胺可以调节黑素细胞中mRNA的表达水平。结论烟酰胺能够拮抗UVA的致黑作用；10．0mmol／ml烟酰胺在干预UVA所致的黑素细胞致黑作用的同时，对黑素细胞的作用浓度是安全的；烟酰胺参与其中黑素的转运；鉴于烟酰胺拮抗UVA致黑作用的有效结果，烟酰胺有望用于防护UVA照射所引起的晒黑作用。     

基于实验条件优化的100种化妆品光毒性检测

目的对化妆品光毒性试验测试的条件进行研究和优化。方法以健康普通级白化豚鼠为实验动物,采用化妆品光毒性试验检测100种需要在我国许可的化妆品,UVA的照射剂量为10 000 m J/cm~2,照射时间为50 min。设阳性对照(0.05%的8-MOP)。结果有4个化妆品引起了光毒性,包括2种防晒霜、1种祛斑霜、1种育发产品。其余未引起皮肤光毒反应,总体阳性率为4%。结论许可检验仍为我国化妆品产品上市前的必要手段。     

UVA与UVB对人体黑素细胞生长的影响

[目的]探讨长波紫外线（UVA）和中波紫外线（UVB）照射人体黑素细胞作用的差异。[方法]以不同剂量UVA和UVB分别照射黑素细胞,用四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法（MTT）测量细胞增殖率,比色法测定酪氨酸酶活性,吸光度测定黑素含量的变化。[结果]人体黑素细胞经0-2．25J／cm^2UVA照射后,黑素含量和酪氨酸酶活性无明显改变,其中较高剂量UVA（〉1．8J／cm^2）可使黑素细胞存活率下降。0-0．06J／cm^2UVB能明显抑制黑素细胞存活率,并能激活酪氨酸酶和促进黑素细胞的黑素合成。[结论]离体水平UVB对黑素细胞的促黑素合成作用明显强于UVA。     

烟酰胺对光老化皮肤真皮羟脯氨酸含量的影响

目的 初步探讨烟酰胺对紫外线（UV）所致光老化皮肤真皮羟脯氨酸（HP）含量是否有影响。方法 利用无毛昆明种小鼠动物模型模拟慢性工期紫外线照射所致的皮肤光老化，采用UVB和UVA混合光源，经17周剂量由1MED渐增至3MED的紫外线照射背部皮肤，然后观察15周，测定真皮HP含量。分组方法：非紫外线照射组（不施加任何处理因素）；烟酰胺组（照射紫外线结束30min后，0.2mol/L烟酰胺丙酮溶液200μl涂抹于小鼠背部皮肤，每周2次）；丙酮对照组（照射紫外线30min后，90％丙酮溶液200μl涂抹小鼠背部皮肤，每周2次）；紫外线照射组（仅照射紫外线）。结果 小鼠背部皮肤HP含量烟酰胺组明显高于紫外线照射和丙酮对照组（P＜0．01）。各组腹部真皮HP含量差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）。非紫外线照射组，烟酰胺组背，腹真皮HP含量自身比较差异均无显著性，而紫外线照射组，丙酮对照组 ，腹真皮HP含量差异有显著性（P＜0．01），腹部明显高于背部。结论 皮肤涂抹烟酰胺可抵抗由皮肤光老化引起真皮HP含量降低。     

宽带仿生波谱治疗仪对果蝇遗传安全性的检测

宽带仿生波谱治疗仪（简称WSPA）具有改善血液循环、提高机体免疫、调节神经系统及双向调节等功能,它在治疗皮肤、内、外、妇、儿科等疾患方面已取得了良好的疗效。本文运用果蝇伴性隐性致死（SLRL）试验检测其遗传安全性,现将结果报告如下。一、材料与方法WSPA由福建健联医疗保健用品公司提供。果蝇系第二军医大学提供国际标准纯种品系。培养温度为25±1℃。1．毒性试验;WSPA选用强弱两种剂量（220V：410和60V：410）照射装在100目尼龙绳筒内的OregonK新羽化雄蝇100只,距离20cm照射40分钟,观察照射后果蝇24／小时内死亡情况。…     

缝隙连接蛋白43在长波紫外线诱发人皮肤光老化中的作用

目的 探讨缝隙连接蛋白43（connexin 43，Cx43）在长波紫外线（ultraviolet A，UVA）诱发人皮肤光老化中的作用。方法（1）体外培养原代人皮肤成纤维细胞（human dermal fibroblasts，HDFs），分为对照组、UVA照射组，采用CCK-8实验筛选出安全条件后，使用5 J/cm2 UVA照射实验组细胞1 h；在照射后0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h分别收集细胞及培养上清液，采用ELISA法检测细胞上清中基质金属蛋白酶-1（matrix metalloproteinases-1，MMP-1）和MMP-9的水平；采用qRT-PCR法和Western blot法检测细胞内Cx43 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。（2）瞬时转染Cx43-siRNA，采用ELISA法检测细胞上清中MMP-1和MMP-9的水平。（3）将HDFs分为对照组、UVA组、UVA+TNF受体1中和抗体组，经UVA照射后，采用qRT-PCR和ELISA法检测细胞中Cx43 mRNA表达和上清中肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）和MMP-1水平。结果（1）与对照组相比，UVA组MMP-1和MMP-9水平呈时间依赖性上升（P<0.001），同时Cx43 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显下降（P<0.01）；（2）Cx43-siRNA显著下调Cx43表达后，MMP-1和MMP-9水平显著上升（P<0.001）；（3）与对照组相比，UVA组TNF-α和MMP-1水平显著上升（P<0.01），同时UVA+TNF受体1中和抗体组Cx43和MMP-1水平无明显升高。结论 Cx43可能参与介导了UVA通过诱导TNF-α信号通路引发的皮肤光老化过程，这种介导作用可能是通过Cx43对皮肤中MMP-1的调控得以实现。     

皮肤光毒性试验方法研究

目的建立动物皮肤光毒性试验方法。方法检测UVA光源的稳定性,观察动物种属、性别、受试物浓度等因素对试验结果的影响,并观察受试物之间是否存在交叉影响。结果 UVA光源强度在启动半小时后垂直照射区左右10cm范围内均很稳定,动物种属、性别、受试物浓度均不影响试验结果,受试物之间也不存在交叉影响,但是与白化豚鼠比较,雌、雄大耳白家兔在24h和48h皮肤反应评分有非常显著性差异(P0.01)。结论成功建立动物皮肤光毒性试验方法。     

重组人乳铁蛋白作为化妆品新原料的安全性评价

目的评价重组人乳铁蛋白作为化妆品新原料对哺乳动物局部皮肤、眼睛的刺激作用或腐蚀作用,以及皮肤光毒性的作用。方法通过家兔多次皮肤刺激性试验和急性眼刺激性试验考察重组人乳铁蛋白的多次皮肤刺激和眼刺激损伤状况,通过豚鼠皮肤光毒性试验考察重组人乳铁蛋白接受光照射后安全性。结果重组人乳铁蛋白对家兔局部皮肤和眼睛均无刺激性。豚鼠皮肤局部涂抹重组人乳铁蛋白后进行UVA照射,未引起皮肤光毒性反应。结论重组人乳铁蛋白安全,对皮肤和眼睛均无刺激性且无光毒性。     

保健食品中壳聚糖含量的分析研究

目的：建立保健食品中壳聚糖含量的测定方法。方法：采取正交试验L9（3^4），优化水解工艺条件。结果：以80％H2SO4，温度95℃，时间20min水解效果最佳。结论：该优化条件下得到的壳聚糖水解度为92．0％，重复性试验的RSD为2．8％，回收率试验结果为96．7％-100．4％。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.