罹病西洋参根内主要人参皂苷含量的变化

目的：研究根部病害对西洋参根不同部位主要皂苷含量的影响。方法：采集田间同一栽培地发生不同程度根腐病的西洋参根，采用HPLC测定不同发病程度根韧皮部、木质部中人参皂苷Rg1，Re，Rb1的含量；结果：不同程度罹病西洋参根韧皮部及木质部中Rg1含量均无显著变化；发病严重的根韧皮部Re含量显著降低(P<0.05)，而木质部含量显著升高(P<0.05)；Rb1在中度及重度发病西洋参根韧皮部及木质部中含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。结论：不同严重程度的西洋参病根中Rg1，Re，Rb1呈现复杂的变化，导致Rg1，Re，Rb1在总皂苷中的比例发生变化。     

Antidiabetic effects of malonyl ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on type 2 diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Ethnopharmacology relevance

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been recorded to treat ‘Xiao-ke’ (emaciation and thirst) symptom in many ancient Chinese medical literatures (such as ‘Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing’) for thousands of years. ‘Xiao-ke’ symptom, in general, indicates diabetes mellitus.

Aim of the study

Malonyl ginsenosides (MGR) are natural ginsenosides which exist in both fresh and air-dried ginseng. The objective of this study is to determine the antidiabetic function of MGR on type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

High fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg/d of MGR or vehicle for 3 weeks. The effects of MGR on fasting blood glucose (FBG), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), serum insulin (SI), insulin tolerance test (ITT), body weight, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels in type 2 diabetic rats were measured.

Results

After 3 weeks of treatment, MGR administration showed significantly lower FBG levels compared to the diabetic control group. In glucose tolerance test, IPGTT data showed that both MGR 50 and 100 mg/kg groups significantly increased the glucose disposal after glucose load. The ITT also showed improvement of insulin sensitivity during 120 min of insulin treatment. In addition, MGR reduced TG and TC contents while showed no effect on body weight in diabetic rats.

Conclusion

The findings from this study suggest that MGR can alleviate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.     

In Vivo radioprotective effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active ginsenosides

This study evaluated the effect of water extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG), panaxadiol (PD), panaxatriol (PT), ginsenoside Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re and Rg(1) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells in gamma-irradiated mice. Jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with PG, Rc and Rd. Administration of PG, PD, Rd and Re prior to irradiation resulted in an increase in the formation of endogenous spleen colonies. The frequency of radiation-induced apoptosis in intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by pretreatment with PG, PD, Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re and Rg(1). In experiments on the effects of the individual ginsenosides, the rank order of activity was Rc > Rd > Rg(1) > Rb(2) > Re > Rb(1) on intestinal crypt survival assay, Re > Rb(2) > Rd > Rg(1) > Rb(1) > Rc on the spleen colony formation assay, and Rg(1) > Re > Rd > Rc > Rb(2) > Rb(1) on inhibiting the death of cells caused by apoptosis. The results indicated that Rc, Rd and Re may have a major radioprotective effect in mice irradiated with high and low doses of radiation. When the same experiments were performed using PD and PT, it was observed that most of the inhibitory effects came from PD rather than PT.     

红参加工过程中人参皂苷化学反应HPLC/MS/MS研究

目的研究红参加工过程中人参皂苷的变化机制。方法采用HPLC/MS/MS方法对生晒人参中主要皂苷类成分进行结构推测。用HPLC/MS方法对生晒人参和红参中的二醇型、三醇型和齐墩果酸型人参皂苷进行比较。结果在红参加工过程中丙二酸单酰人参皂苷酯键水解产生相应的人参皂苷,脱羧产生相应的糖乙酰化人参皂苷。在加工过程中达玛烷型人参皂苷主要发生20位糖苷键水解和异构化。齐墩果酸型皂苷发生酯苷键和醚苷键的水解。结论人参加工成红参后皂苷类成分发生较大的变化,人参加工可能产生红参的特异成分。     

人参和西洋参的化学物质指纹图谱初步研究

建立了人参和西洋参的化合物指纹图谱的研究方法。利用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱联用质谱(HPLC-MS)、毛细管电泳(CE)方法对人参和西洋参的提取物中的弱极性、中等极性和强极性成分分别进行分析,并指认各模式指纹谱中的主要色谱峰。用这种方法可较全面地反映人参和西洋参的化合物,为人参药材的鉴别和质量控制提供有效的方法。     

人参皂苷在不同商品人参中的分布研究进展

商品人参种类较多,已经有大量的研究证实不同生境、生长模式、生长年限、移栽次数、加工炮制的人参商品在性状方面会有差异,体现在药效物质基础上则是人参皂苷含量和种类也会有差异。但到目前为止,相关研究主要集中于对园参、生晒参和红参中皂苷类成分的含量分析、分离纯化及鉴定上。基于此,将商品人参的主要化学成分人参皂苷进行系统综述,明确不同类型和种类的人参皂苷在各种人参商品中的分布,为今后不同商品人参的药效物质基础和活性对比研究提供帮助。     

超临界CO2反相微乳萃取人参中人参皂苷的研究

目的提高超临界CO2萃取人参中人参皂苷的萃取率。方法采用二-(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸钠(AOT)/乙醇/水/超临界CO2反相微乳对人参皂苷的萃取进行研究。结果在萃取压力25MPa、温度45℃、时间4h、CO2流量为2L/h条件下,超临界CO2反相微乳萃取的人参皂苷萃取率是乙醇/水/超临界CO2萃取的3.2倍。人参皂苷的萃取率随加入的水量、萃取压力的增大而增大,随AOT浓度、萃取温度的升高先增大后减小。萃取人参皂苷时,采用适量水先浸泡物料与萃取过程中加入水相比,人参皂苷的萃取率要提高30%。结论结合实验结果与理论探讨,超临界CO2反相微乳萃取人参皂苷的机制主要是其形成的极性水池增大了对人参皂苷的溶解度。     

Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B,glycans of Panax ginseng roots: Effects on the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in the liver of mice

Panaxan A did not affect the activities of hepatic glucokinase and hexokinase but decreased glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Although panaxan B did not influence the activities of these enzymes, it showed a tendency to reduce hepatic glycogen synthetase activity, and panaxans A and B elevated the phosphorylase activity. Panaxan B lowered the glycogen content in the liver. Panaxans A and B significantly increased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase in the liver.     

Anti‐acne properties of hydrophobic fraction of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its active components

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that occurs when bacteria abnormally grow in hair follicles. The most common treatment is antibiotics, but they are limited due to antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the active ingredients of the antimicrobial effects of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), compare it to existing antibacterial substances, and determine its potential efficacy as a natural drug product. The hydrophobic fraction in red ginseng ethanol extract (RGEF) showed the same or better antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes than benzoyl peroxide or azelaic acid. In addition, the antimicrobial component derived from red ginseng selectively showed a high antimicrobial effect on P. acnes. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis showed that the active antimicrobial substance in this fraction was panaxynol and panaxydol. Twenty subjects who had acne symptoms were treated with cream containing 3 mg/g of RGEF for 4 weeks. It was found that oxidized sebum contents and redness of the skin were reduced, and symptoms of the early to middle stage of acne were effectively improved. This study showed that red ginseng extract containing panaxynol and panaxydol can effectively control the symptoms of acne.     

Preventive action of Panax ginseng roots in hypercortisolism-induced Impairment of hippocampal neurons in male C57BL/6N mice

An increasing number of people suffering from hypercortisolism are at risk of developing hippocampus impairment and mental disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the water extract of Panax ginseng roots (GWE) could prevent hypercortisolism‐induced adverse consequences. Hypercortisolism was experimentally induced by repeated corticosterone injection in male mice. Treatment with corticosterone alone resulted in a significant decrease in hippocampus neurofilament light chain (NF‐L) protein expression and induced depression‐like behavior. Serum corticosterone was significantly increased in the corticosterone‐treated mice. Treatment with GWE (800 and 400 mg/kg) during corticosterone treatment reduced or partially antagonized the effects induced by corticosterone toward the normal values of the controls; however, it failed to normalize increased corticosterone levels in corticosterone‐treated mice. Overall, ginseng conclusively exhibited a protective action against hypercortisolism‐induced impairment of hippocampal neurons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法鉴别人参、西洋参和三七的皂苷提取物

 目的采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法(HPLC/ESI-MSn)研究人参、三七和西洋参中不同皂苷提取物的组成,以期建立快速高效的鉴别方法。方法通过与人参皂苷对照品比较和对碰撞诱导解离(CID)质谱图的解析鉴定各皂苷提取物的主要成分。结果共计鉴定32种皂苷成分。通过对比,发现了各皂苷提取物中的标识性成分。结论采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法能够快速高效地鉴别人参、三七和西洋参的不同皂苷提取物,具有很高的实用价值。     

人参果中一个新的天然化合物的分离

目的研究人参浆果的化学成分。方法采用溶剂提取和柱色谱分离等方法进行分离和纯化,根据化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构。结果从人参浆果分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为:苯甲酸(Ⅰ)、异人参皂苷-Rh3(Ⅱ)、人参皂苷-Rh2(Ⅲ)、人参皂苷-Rh1(Ⅳ)、人参皂苷-Rg1(Ⅴ)、人参皂苷-Re(Ⅵ)、人参皂苷-Rd(Ⅶ)、人参皂苷-Rc(Ⅷ)、人参皂苷-Rb2(Ⅸ)、人参皂苷-Rb1(Ⅹ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅺ)和20-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-20(S)-原人参二醇,命名为化合物K(ⅩⅡ)。结论化合物K是一个新的天然产物。     

人参中植酸钙的分离与鉴定

目的对人参中植酸钙进行分离及鉴定。方法人参经酸提,超滤,碱沉得到组分提取物。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法进行纯度鉴定,钼酸铵显色法、三氯化铁沉淀法、蛋白质沉淀法、草酸钙沉淀法进行性质鉴定,1H-NMR、MS进行结构鉴定;采用铁分光光度法对人参中植酸钙进行含量测定。结果从人参中分离得到的化合物经鉴定是植酸钙,人参中植酸钙的含量为4.97%。结论该研究首次从人参中分离并鉴定出植酸钙,可为人参药理活性研究提供新的方向。     

Saponins derived from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng attenuate scrotal heat‐induced spermatogenic damage via inhibiting the MAPK mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice

Heat stress (HS) reaction is a stress response caused by adverse conditions. Currently, the incidence of reproductive malignancies particularly in males has been constantly increasing. This work investigated the effects of saponins derived from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (GSLS) on testicular injury induced by scrotal hyperthermia in mice. GSLS (150, 300 mg/kg) were administered intragastrically to mice for 14 days, then exposed to a single scrotal heat treatment at 43°C for 18 min on seventh day. HS induced a significant loss of multinucleate giant cells, desquamation of germ cells in destructive seminiferous tubules. Moreover, HS reduced the serum testosterone, testicular tissue superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione (GSH) content, while significantly enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (p < .05). GSLS exhibited the protective potential against HS‐induced injury not only by modulating Bcl‐2 family and caspase protease family, but also by suppressing the protein levels of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and activation of Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (p < .05). In conclusion, we clearly demonstrated that GSLS exhibited a significant protective effect against HS‐induced testicular dysfunction, mainly the inhibition of oxidative stress associated apoptosis partly via regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.     

人参皂苷对人体骨肉瘤细胞U_2OS增殖的影响

目的　为寻找人参中抑制骨肉瘤细胞增殖的活性成分。方法　采用细胞计数法检测了 2 7种从人参中得到的单体化合物对体外培养的人体骨肉瘤细胞 U2 OS增殖的影响 ;以流式细胞术分析 DNA含量 ,选择有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖作用的化合物对肿瘤细胞的细胞增殖周期的变化进行研究 ;另外 ,以荧光染色法检测了人参皂苷对细胞死亡率变化的影响。结果　对骨肉瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用研究表明 ,在 5 μmol/ L 浓度下 ,人参皂苷 - Ro,- Rh1 ,- Rh2 ,- F1 和 - L8较明显地抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖 ,人参皂苷 - Rg1 ,- F3,- Rf,PPT和 PT显著地抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖 ;进一步对骨肉瘤细胞有抑制作用的化合物检测其对细胞增殖周期影响发现 :人参皂苷 - Ro,- Rf,- Rg1 ,- F1 ,- Rh2 ,PPT和 PT使处于 G0 / G1 期的细胞数目明显增多 ,伴随着 S期和 G2 M期的细胞明显减少 ,说明这些化合物抑制了肿瘤细胞增殖周期的进行 ;与对照相比人参皂苷 - Rf1 ,- Rg1 ,- F1 和 PPT显著地促进了肿瘤细胞的细胞死亡现象。结论人参皂苷是通过阻止细胞增殖周期的 G0 / G1 期或促使细胞死亡两种方式抑制了肿瘤细胞 U2 OS的增殖     

人参红皮病发病原因探讨

本文从侵染性因素和非侵染性因素两个方面进行研究,诱发处理结果表明,非浸染性因素对人参红皮病的发生不起决定作用,而侵染性因素诱导易发病。试验证明,侵染源和人参处于不良环境是诱发病害的两个主导因素。     

不同海拔高度对人参总皂苷含量的影响

目的：研究人参总皂苷含量随海拔的变化趋势,为人参药材的道地性开发和人参适宜栽培区域的划分提供科学的依据。方法：采集不同海拔、不同年生人参,采用索氏提取法提取人参根中的人参总皂苷,并用比色法测定人参总皂苷含量。结果：人参总皂苷的含量随着年生的增长而增加;在集安、珲春及抚松地区,人参总皂苷的含量随海拔升高而升高;在长白高海拔地区,人参总皂苷的含量随海拔的升高而降低;在同海拔地区,集安地区人参总皂苷含量明显高于抚松地区。结论：海拔400～952m人参总皂苷含量较高,是人参栽培的适宜海拔高度。     

人参年龄的研究进展

人参的生长年龄被认为是影响人参品质的重要因素。总结近40年来与人参年龄相关的研究成果,着重于人参年龄与根的生物量、皂苷、多糖、微量元素等的相关性,并得出以下结论:大部分研究集中于7年以下的栽培参,对高年龄人参(>7年)的研究较少;1~7年人参根的生物量、总皂苷量、还原型糖量等都随着其生长年龄的增加而呈非线性增长,但增长模式受生长环境的显著影响;人参地下茎的不同部位各种单体皂苷和微量元素的量差异大于不同年龄个体间的差异,不同地区的人参其单体皂苷和微量元素量变化也较大,没有发现存在一致的年龄-含量变化模式;高年龄的野山参其总皂苷的量以及锶、钡、铝等微量元素明显高于6~7年栽培参,但其他成分未见显示差异;7年以上人参的有效成分的变化规律应该是未来人参年龄研究的重点。     

Effects of Panax ginseng on glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression and spermatogenesis in rats

Panax ginseng (PG) is a medicinal herb which has been used to improve male reproduction in traditional Korean medicine. This study investigated the effect of PG on spermatogenesis and the regulation of glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which has a crucial role in spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. PG was administered to 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats (1.0 g/kg/day, p.o.) for 56 consecutive days, the sperm formation period of the rat. Sperm analysis, RT‐PCR and western blot assays were then carried out. The PG‐treated group had significantly enhanced sperm counts, GDNF mRNA level and protein level. These results suggest that PG induces spermatogenesis and GDNF activation in rat testes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人参多糖中糖醛酸含量测定方法的建立

目的:建立人参多糖中糖醛酸的含量测定方法.方法:将葡萄糖和半乳糖醛酸配成一系列混合糖,考察中性糖在咔唑法和间羟基联苯法中对糖醛酸测定的干扰,选择干扰较小的方法作为人参多糖中糖醛酸的含量测定方法,并对该方法的测定条件进行优选,对方法学进行考察.结果:选择间羟基连本法作为人参多糖中糖醛酸的含量测定方法,最佳测定条件为:四硼酸钠-硫酸溶液用量为6.0 mL,加热时间为12 min,间羟基联苯加入量为80μL,显色时间为40 min,测定波长为525nm.人参多糖中糖醛酸的平均含量为29.34％.结论:该方法简便、准确,为人参多糖的的质量控制提供可借鉴的分析方法.