食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗

１９６１年至１９９２年间我科共收治１０３例食管腐蚀性烧伤。５６例因严重狭窄行食管重建术，其中３４例采用了石炭酸烧灼狭窄下食管粘膜、颈段食管与胃行侧一侧吻合，较理想地解决了残存食管双端盲囊问题，并简化了手术操作，从而减少并发症发生。本文观察到２例因长期服用中药酒致食管瘢痕狭窄应注意防止。     

小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗

目的　探讨小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄采用回结肠代食管手术治疗的适应证和术后并发症的处理。方法　采用胸骨后径路、回结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄 13例。　结果　 13例均无术中和术后死亡。术后发生颈部吻合口瘘 2例 ,吻合口狭窄 3例。随访 11例 ,随访时间 2 3～ 4 0个月 ,平均 3 6个月 ,除 1例偶有呕吐外 ,其余10例进食和生长发育均正常。　结论　采用回结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄是一种有效的方法。     

Surgical Stricturoplasty in the Treatment of Ileal Pouch Strictures

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of stricturoplasty and endoscopic balloon dilatation in the treatment for ileal pouch strictures.

Method

Consecutive inflammatory bowel disease patients with pouch strictures seen at our Pouch Center from 2002 to 2012 were studied. The efficacy and safety of stricturoplasty (vs. endoscopic balloon dilation) were evaluated with both univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

A total of 167 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 16 (9.6 %) with surgical stricturoplasty and 151 (90.4 %) with endoscopic balloon dilation. Ninety-four patients (56.3 %) were male, with a mean age at the diagnosis of pouch stricture of 41.6?±?13.2 years. Fifty-one patients (30.5 %) had multiple pouch strictures, while 100 (59.9 %) patients had strictures at the pouch inlet. The mean length of pouch strictures was 1.2?±?0.6 cm. No difference was found between the stricturoplasty and endoscopic dilation groups in clinicopathological variables, except for the degree of strictures (p?=?0.019). After a mean follow-up of 4.1?±?2.6 years, pouch stricture recurred in 92 patients (55.1 %) and 21 (12.6 %) patients developed pouch failure. The time interval between the procedure and pouch stricture recurrence or pouch failure was longer in the stricturoplasty group than that in the endoscopic dilation group (p?<?0.001). Patients in the two groups had similar overall pouch survival rates and stricture-free survival rates. In the multivariate analysis, stricturoplasty vs. endoscopic dilation was not significantly associated with either overall pouch survival or stricture-free survival. There was no difference in the procedure-associated complication rates between the two groups.

Conclusion

Surgical stricturoplasty and endoscopic dilation treatment are complimentary techniques for pouch strictures. Repeated endoscopic dilatations are often required, while surgical stricturoplasty appeared to yield a longer time interval to stricture recurrence or pouch failure.     

肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 探讨如何提高肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄的疗效。方法 对我院1993年1月至2002年l0月经手术治疗的216例肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄病例进行回顾性分析。结果 216例中183例行择期手术；33例因急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎行单纯胆道探查引流术，其中30例行再手术治疗。手术方式：肝切除术，胆管狭窄切开、胆管原位整形，肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆管切开盆式整形及自体组织补片修复胆管或胆肠吻合术。治愈206例(95．4％)，好转8例(3．7％)，死亡2例(O．9％)。结论 肝叶切除术在治疗肝胆管结石病中效果最好。肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆管切开对解除肝胆管狭窄、清除结石及通畅引流提供了一条满意的途径。对肝外胆管和Oddi’s括约肌功能正常者，尽可能应用自体组织补片修复胆管，以保持胆道正常的生理状态和功能。术中胆道镜的应用对降低残石率有重要作用。     

Surgical Management of Bile Duct Strictures

Biliary strictures can arise from either benign or malignant diseases. Both are amenable to surgical treatment if the surgeon has a clear understanding of the inciting patho-physiology and appropriate training and skill. This review article focuses on the key aspects of surgical management of biliary strictures. The decision to perform a biliary bypass or radical resection of a biliary stricture depends upon the pathology (benign or malignant) and whether there is curative or palliative intent. Endoscopic findings and brushings can often be non-diagnostic and clinical judgment is required. Final pathology ranges from a delayed stricture years following cholecystectomy to cholangiocarcinoma. Performing the correct operation safely requires clinical experience and knowledge of multiple surgical approaches. Surgical options must maximize cure when possible and relieve biliary obstructive and infectious complications.     

Surgical Treatment of 31 Complex Traumatic Posterior Urethral Strictures Associated with Urethrorectal Fistulas

Background

Urethrorectal fistulas (URF) in patients with complex posterior urethral strictures are rare and difficult to repair surgically. There is no widely accepted standard approach described in the published literature.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the outcomes of various operative approaches for the repair of URFs in patients with complex posterior urethral strictures.

Design, setting, and participants

From January 1985 to December 2007, 31 patients (age: 6–61 yr; mean: 28.4) with URFs secondary to posterior urethral strictures were treated using a perineal or combined abdominal transpubic–perineal approach.

Interventions

A simple perineal approach was used in 4 patients; a transperineal inferior pubectomy approach was used in 18 patients; and a combined transpubic–perineal approach was used in 9 patients. A bulbospongiosus muscle and subcutaneous dartos pedicle flaps were interposed between the repaired rectum and urethra in 22 patients. The combined transpubic–perineal approach used either a gracilis muscle flap (one patient) or a rectus muscle flap (eight patients).

Measurements

Suprapubic catheterisation was used for bladder drainage, and a urethral silicone stent was left indwelling for 4 wk.

Results and limitations

One-stage repair was successful in 4 patients (100%) using the perineal approach, in 16 of 18 patients (88.9%) using the transperineal–inferior pubectomy approach, and in 7 of 9 patients (77.8%) using the transpubic–perineal approach. Recurrent urethral strictures developed in two cases; one patient required regular dilation, and the other patient was treated successfully with tubed perineoscrotal flap urethroplasty. Recurrent URFs developed in two additional patients.

Conclusions

Surgical approaches for the treatment of URFs associated with complex urethral strictures should be based on a number of considerations including the location of the URF, its aetiology, the length of the urethral strictures, and a history of previous unsuccessful repairs. These results demonstrate that the transperineal–inferior pubic approach may be appropriate as a first-line procedure.     

Trans-Balloon Visualisation During Dilatation (TBVD) of Oesophageal Strictures: a Novel Innovation

Background

Hydrostatic balloon dilatation of upper gastrointestinal strictures is associated with a risk of perforation that varies with the underlying pathology and with the technique employed. We present a technique of trans-balloon visualisation of the stricture during dilatation (TBVD) that allows direct ‘real-time’ observation of the effect of dilatation on the stricture, facilitating early recognition of mucosal abruption, thereby reducing the perforation rate.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analysed 100 consecutive patients, undergoing balloon dilatation of oesophageal strictures between 1st of January 2011 and 1st of July 2014.

Results

One hundred patients underwent 186 dilatations, with 34 having multiple procedures (mean 1.86). All had oesophageal strictures (mean diameter 8.49 mm, range 5–11 mm) and most underwent dilatation up to a maximum of 17 mm (mean 14.7 mm). Fifty-six percent were male and the average age was 62.5 years (17–89 years). Only one patient (0.5 % of all procedures) had a full-thickness perforation requiring intervention while just one further patient had a deep mucosal tear that did not require intervention.

Conclusions

TBVD is a safe technique with a short learning curve and is one of the important factors that allow potentially difficult dilatations to be performed safely with an exceptionally low rate of adverse events of less than 1 %.

     

Long-term Results of Surgical Treatment of Hydatid Disease

Background-Aims: non-radical surgery is the preferred method of treatment of hydatid liver disease, and is associated with low mortality and recurrence rate. The purpose of the study is the retrospective analysis of the outcome of patients who were treated surgically in a single institution.

Material and methods: between 1987 and 2005, 59 patients, mean age 58.2 ± 15.9 (13–83) years, underwent surgery for liver hydatid disease. The patients were reassessed with physical examination, serological tests and radiological examination for the evaluation of the recurrence rate.

Results: most cysts were solitary, the more frequently affecting the right lobe of the liver. Radical surgery was possible in four cases (6.8%) that were classified as PNM stage I. Partial cystectomy and omentoplasty was performed in 37 patients (62.7%) and external drainage with partial cystectomy in 18 patients (30.5%). The hospital morbidity was 27.2% and was found to be related to ASA class (p = 0.019). Hospital mortality was 5.1%. The median follow-up time was 94 (1–228) months and 45 out of 59 patients (76.3%) were reassessed, but no recurrence was recorded. There was no significant difference in morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay between partial cystectomy combined with external drainage or omentoplasty (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: PNM staging seems to be a reliable tool in selecting patients with liver hydatid disease for non-radical or radical surgery. Omentoplasty is an easy and effective surgical method for the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis but is not different than partial cystectomy and external drainage in regard to morbidity, mortality, and recurrence.     

Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma: Results of Surgical Treatment

Background  

Recurrent parotid pleomorphic adenoma surgery increases the risk of facial nerve injury, and there is also a risk of ulterior recurrence.     

Results of Surgical Treatment for Nonthymomatous Myasthenia Gravis

Purpose. To clarify the factors that influence improvement and remission after thymectomy for patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis (MG).Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 204 patients with nonthymomatous MG who underwent thymectomy and anterior mediastinal dissection through a partial median sternotomy, between 1980 and 2001, and examined whether age, sex, preoperative classification, and duration of symptoms influenced their prognosis.Results. There was no perioperative or hospital mortality. The mean follow-up period was 7.2 ± 1.2 years, with early and late postoperative remission rates of 44.6% and 73%, respectively. Seven patients died; two from pneumonia and five from causes unrelated to MG. Preoperative treatment and classification, duration of symptoms, age, and sex did not seem to have a significant influence on remission, but the response to thymectomy was greater in patients with thymic hyperplasia. Remission and improvement rates were significantly better at the end of the first year, with the same status found at the last follow-up.Conclusion. Thymectomy is an effective and highly curative method of treatment for patients. with MG. It provides excellent symptomatic improvement, which is enhanced over the long term.     

Cerebellopontine Angle Epidermoids: Results of Surgical Treatment

Epidermoids, or congenital cholesteatomas, constitute about 0.2% to 1.5% of intracranial tumors, and 3% to 5% of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). We review the surgical management of CPA epidermoids in 13 patients at the House Ear Clinic for the years 1978 to 1993. There were seven male and six female patients, ranging in age from 27 to 59 years (average, 40 years). Tumors ranged in size from 3.5 cm to 7.0 cm, and the surgical approach was tailored to the tumor extent and location. All patients complained at presentation of unilateral hearing loss, and nine had poor speech discrimination (less than 50%) preoperatively. Serviceable hearing was preserved in two patients. Two patients presented with facial nerve symptoms, and four cases had postoperative permanent facial nerve paralysis (House-Brackmann Grade V or VI). There were no surgical deaths. Four patients required second surgeries to remove residual cholesteatoma. Compared with prior series, we describe a higher rate of total tumor removed, as well as a higher rate of second operations, indicating a more aggressive approach to these lesions.     

肘关节恐怖三联征的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的 总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会.方法 回顾5例典型肘关节恐怖三联征的手术治疗结果.手术方法包括:经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点.经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤.最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性.于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估.结果 5例平均手术时间为76 min(60-150 min),平均随访时间8.8个月(3-13个月).外固定支架拆除时间6周(4-9周).至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为(127±25)°.按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分(80-95分),优2例,良3例.无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症.结论 通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节恐怖三联征患者肘关节的功能及预后,对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗.     

Surgical Approaches to Strictures in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease resulting in multifocal intra- and extrahepatic biliary strictures. Dominant strictures occur commonly in PSC and may contribute to the progressive hepatic fibrosis in this disease. Extrahepatic bile duct resection should be considered for selected noncirrhotic patients with symptomatic biliary obstruction and dominant strictures, particularly in those who fail in endoscopic therapy. In addition, patients with dominant strictures and equivocal results on cancer screening tests should be managed with resection rather than prolonged efforts at cancer diagnosis. This paper was presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 22, 2007, Washington, DC, USA. This paper was originally presented as part of the SSAT/AHPBA Joint Symposium on Sclerosing Cholangitis at the SSAT 48th Annual Meeting, May 2007, in Washington, DC. The other articles presented in the symposium were Lazaridis KN, Sclerosing Cholangitis: Epidemiology and Etiology; Schulick RD, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Detection of Cancer in Strictures; and Chapman WC, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Role of Liver Transplantation.     

Surgical Management of Fossa Navicularis and Distal Urethral Strictures

Purpose of Review

Urethral reconstruction has evolved in the last several decades with the introduction of various techniques including fasciocutaneous skin flaps and buccal mucosal grafts. However, distal urethral strictures have continued to be a reconstructive challenge due to tendency for adverse cosmetic outcomes, risks of glans dehiscence or fistula formation, and stricture recurrence.

Recent Findings

The surgical options for treatment of distal urethral strictures have changed throughout the years; however, there is no one universally accepted technique for their treatment. The current trend for treatment is shifting away from multi-staged procedures or the use of local skin flaps to single-stage transurethral procedures that utilize buccal mucosa with glans preservation.

Summary

This chapter will describe the evolution of distal urethral stricture treatments tracking gradual improvements and modifications over time. The different interventions include transurethral approaches, such as dilations and visual urethrotomy, meatotomy, and meatoplasty/urethroplasty techniques including genital skin flaps and single- and double-stage repairs with buccal mucosal grafts.