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1.
Background
Interventions aimed at reducing bullying behavior commonly target the development of empathy. Yet, few longitudinal studies have investigated how empathy levels vary with bullying and victimization over time, especially during the transition to middle school.Objective
To that end, the purpose of the present study was to: (1) examine the naturally-occurring changes in cognitive empathy during the transition from elementary to middle school, and (2) explore the effect of bullying and victimization involvement on changes in cognitive empathy over time, and specifically during this school transition.Methods
Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine growth trajectories in empathy over time and the effects of bullying involvement on this growth among a sample of 431 students (52 % female, 52 % Latino, 10.18 years old at baseline), using data collected during the spring semester of the 4th grade, the fall and spring semesters of 5th grade, and the spring semester of 6th grade.Results
Cognitive empathy decreased over time, and a linear trajectory was the best fitting shape for these data. Bullying and victimization were both associated with lower levels of cognitive empathy throughout the study. However, the effect of victimization was small and it became non-significant when both were added to the model. Several notable participant-related differences were found.Conclusions
These findings point to the potential to improve cognitive empathy skills and reduce involvement in bullying via preventive interventions prior to the transition from elementary to middle school to assist youth in making a more successful transition.2.
Background
Children’s bullying involvement may arise from biases and deficiencies in social information processing, and it is important to consider cognitive and emotional aspects of bullying because social cognition is an important aspect of children’s social skills and their ability to get along with others. It is also important to understand how children see things from others’ point-of-view.Objective
The study examined whether empathic concern, perspective-taking, attitude towards bullying, and Theory-of-Mind were associated with non-physical form of bully perpetration and victimization in diverse sample of middle school students.Method
Participants included 310 students (grades 6–7) from a small, Midwestern town who completed a 45-min survey encompassing demographic questions and self-report measures of bullying, victimization, empathic concern, perspective-taking, and positive attitude towards bullying. Vignettes were also used to assess students’ Theory-of-Mind.Results
Non-physical bully perpetration was higher for African American students. We also found that students’ perspective-taking was negatively associated with non-physical bully perpetration, while positive attitude towards bullying was positively associated with non-physical bully perpetration.Conclusion
The findings suggest empathy and understanding of how youth see things from others’ point-of-view may be important factor in bullying.3.
Ivana Sekol 《Child & youth care forum》2016,45(3):409-431
Background
To date, no study examined possible contributions of environmental factors to bullying and victimization in adolescent residential care facilities.Objective
By testing one part of the Multifactor Model of Bullying in Secure Setting (MMBSS; Ireland in Int J Adolesc Med Health 24(1):63–68, 2012), this research examined the way the physical and social residential environment relates to bullying and victimization in adolescent residential care.Method
Young people aged 11–21 (N = 272) from ten residential institutions in Croatia completed: (a) an anonymous self-reported bullying questionnaire; (b) the social residential environment questionnaire; and (c) the physical residential environment questionnaire.Results
The results demonstrated that both bullies and victims reported having significantly lower levels of perceived peer support than other residents. Male bullies also reported significantly lower levels of their overall wellbeing within their facilities and were significantly more likely than non-bullies to perceive their facilities as having problems with cleanliness and food. Male victims were significantly younger than non-victims. Female victims reported lower levels of their overall wellbeing than non-victims as well as poorer relationship with staff.Conclusion
The results are discussed with reference to the relevant prison and school-based bullying literature and directions for future research are provided. Overall, the findings of this study are consistent with the part of the MMBSS (Ireland 2012) examined and provide initial support for the notion that the special nature of the physical and social residential environment may be important in explaining bullying in care.4.
Purpose
No previous study has estimated the association between bullying and preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (“utility”), knowledge of which may be used for cost-effectiveness studies of interventions designed to prevent bullying. Therefore, the aim of the study was to estimate preference-based HRQoL among victims of bullying compared to non-victims.Methods
A cross-sectional survey data collection among Swedish adolescents aged 15–17 years in the first year of upper secondary school was conducted in the city of Gothenburg in Sweden (N = 758). Preference-based HRQoL was estimated with the SF-6D. Regression analyses were conducted to adjust for some individual-level background variable.Results
Mean preference-based health-related quality of life scores were 0.77 and 0.71 for non-victims and victims of bullying, respectively. The difference of 0.06 points was statistically significant (p < 0.05) and robust to inclusion of gender, age, and parental immigrant status.Conclusions
The preference-based HRQoL estimates in this study may be used as an upper bound in economic evaluations of bullying prevention interventions, facilitating a comparison between costs and quality-adjusted life-years.5.
Background
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and depression are common among adolescents, frequently comorbid, and resistant to change. Prevention programs for adolescent SAD are scant, and depression prevention programs do not fully address peer-risk factors. One critical peer-risk factor for SAD and depression is peer victimization. We describe the development and initial evaluation of a transdiagnostic school-based preventive intervention for adolescents with elevated symptoms of social anxiety and/or depression and elevated peer victimization. We modified Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Adolescent Skills Training for depression, incorporating strategies for dealing with social anxiety and peer victimization.Objective
Our open trial assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary benefit of the modified program (called UTalk) for adolescents at risk for SAD or depression and who also reported peer victimization.Method
Adolescents (N = 14; 13–18 years; 79 % girls; 86 % Hispanic) were recruited and completed measures of peer victimization, social anxiety, and depression both pre- and post-intervention and provided ratings of treatment satisfaction. Independent evaluators (IEs) rated youths’ clinical severity. The intervention (3 individual and 10 group sessions) was conducted weekly during school.Results
Regarding feasibility, 86 % of the adolescents completed the intervention (M attendance = 11.58 sessions). Satisfaction ratings were uniformly positive. Intention-to-treat analyses revealed significant declines in adolescent- and IE-rated social anxiety and depression and in reports of peer victimization. Additional secondary benefits were observed.Conclusions
Although further evaluation is needed, the UTalk intervention appears feasible to administer in schools, with high satisfaction and preliminary benefit. Implications for research on the prevention of adolescent SAD and depression are discussed.6.
Background
Although callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with bullying among children and adolescents, relatively little is known about whether each of the three sub-constructs of CU traits—callous, uncaring, and unemotional—are associated with bullying when they are considered concurrently in the analysis.Objective
This study was the first to examine in a single model whether callous, uncaring, and unemotional traits are directly related to the perpetration of bullying and to harm-effect moral reasoning in bullying among children as well as whether these three CU traits are indirectly related to bullying mediated by harm-effect moral reasoning.Methods
Self-reported data on CU traits, harm-effect moral reasoning in bullying situations, and bullying perpetration were collected from 381 children from 13 schools in Sweden. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses.Results
When all three sub-constructs of CU traits were included in a single model, greater callousness and uncaring were directly associated with greater bullying. In contrast, greater harm-effect moral reasoning was associated with less bullying. Moreover, greater callousness and unemotional were indirectly associated with greater bullying through the reduced use of harm-effect moral reasoning.Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that all three CU traits are important to address, although their associations with bullying took some different paths, and that callousness appears to be the most important CU trait in relation to bullying.7.
8.
Akira Tsunoda Tomoko Takahashi Kaori Arika Sachiyo Kubo Takeshi Tokita Shogo Kameda 《Environmental health and preventive medicine》2016,21(6):547-553
Objectives
We conducted a survey to investigate the use of bidet toilets among community dwelling Japanese people and explored the correlates for an itch on the anus.Methods
A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among a convenience sample of individuals, who were derived from outpatients and employees of Kameda Medical Center, and students and employees of two technical colleges.Results
A total of 4,963 respondents were evaluated in this study, 55 % of whom used bidet toilets either before or after defecation, and at least 30 % of bidet users washed the anus before defecation, partly to aid defecation. Men rather than women, and older people (aged ≥50 years) rather than younger people used bidets more actively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the correlates for an itch on the anus included male sex, younger age, washing the anus before defecation, warmer water for washing the anus after defecation, and the frequency of fecal leakage.Conclusions
Nearly, one-third of bidet toilet users washed the anus before defecation. An itch on the anus may be associated with the active use of bidets.9.
A.‑L. Bartsch M. Härter A. L. Brütt A. Buchholz 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2018,13(3):237-247
Background
The study “ENTER: Evaluation of a collaborative smoking cessation intervention” is a cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention implemented in the German primary care setting in collaboration with AOK NORDWEST in Westphalia-Lippe and Schleswig-Holstein.Objectives
A process evaluation was performed with the aim of investigating barriers and facilitators to intervention implementation and giving recommendations for future interventions.Materials and methods
Between November 2015 and January 2016 semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with AOK employees and general practitioners of the intervention group. Interviews focused on contextual factors (e.?g. responsibilities for implementing the intervention), the communication between network partners and the process of referring patients to smoking cessation courses.Results
Overall, 21 interviews were completed (8 AOK employees, 13 general practitioners). Intervention implementation was facilitated because physicians perceived smoking cessation counseling to be important and were supported by their office staff. Challenges were seen in patients’ motivation for participation in smoking cessation courses and meeting the minimum number of course participants.Conclusions
Successful intervention implementation would be facilitated by motivating patients to participate in smoking cessation courses and informing them about the effectiveness of the courses. Patient’s preferences for different smoking cessation aids should be investigated in order to increase the use of effective aids.10.
Johanna Adams Tanja Kurtz Ann-Kathrin Jakobs Merle Riechmann-Wolf Till Beutel Stephan Letzel 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2016,11(3):177-181
Background
Special education is a fundamental component of the German educational system. Job specifications are dependent on the type of school, which has an influence on the strains and demands of the employees.Objectives
The review aims to systematically present the national and international current state of research concerning the health status of employees at special education and general education schools with integrative classes, respectively.Results
Previous studies analyzed prior psychological factors. Emotional strain, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction have been mainly examined and seem to depend on type of special education school. The analysis of individual coping styles plays a specific role in the German literature. Physical aspects include hygienic characteristics and musculoskeletal strains and demands. Supervision and advanced training might be helpful as prevention in order to protect and develop the employee’s health.Conclusion
Central stress-related factors for staff working at special education schools were reviewed. It became apparent that they vary by type of special education school, so that this could be an interesting focus for future research.11.
Dirk Lehr Elena Heber Bernhard Sieland Andreas Hillert Burkhardt Funk David Daniel Ebert 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2016,11(3):182-192
Background
Occupational eMental Health covers a wide variety of interventions using the potential of information and communication technology for the purpose of prevention and health promotion in employees. Based on extensive research in psychotherapy, internet-based interventions are increasingly being developed for chronically stressed employees.Objectives
To review the evidence on the efficacy of internet-based interventions for the promotion of mental health in teachers.Methods
A systematic literature search and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials were conducted.Results
A total of 4155 abstracts were screened and four were included in the meta-analysis. Internet-based interventions led to a reduction in depressive symptoms (d = 0.68), improved quality of sleep (d = 1.03), reduced perseverative thinking in terms of improved mental detachment (d = 0.76), and reduced worrying (d = 0.60) compared with nonactive control groups. After 6 months, the effects for depression (d = 0.75), insomnia (d = 0.96), mental detachment (d = 0.83), and worrying (d = 0.63) remained stable. The effects for absenteeism were d = 0.18 (4.9 days) and for presenteeism d = 0.15 (4.3 days).Conclusion
Internet-based interventions are an effective and sustainable method for mental health preservation in teachers. They have the potential to reach target groups that have not been reached before by established interventions. The effects are similar to those observed for established interventions. More evidence from replication studies is needed, especially in the area of universal prevention and routine care.12.
Stefan Röttger Johanna Maier Larissa Krex-Brinkmann Jens Kowalski Heidi Danker-Hopfe Cornelia Sauter Michael Stein 《Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften》2017,25(6):685-691
Aim
In the present study, the benefits of a short-term sleep coaching intervention embedded in the workplace health promotion (WHP) program of the German Armed Forces was investigated.Participants and methods
Well-being, self-care awareness, self-care behavior and irritation of participants attending the sleep coaching (n = 24) and participants attending other courses offered in the WHP program (n = 24) were assessed before and after the intervention.Results
Participants attending the sleep coaching had a significant increase in well-being, self-care behavior and self-care awareness and a significant decrease in their irritation score after attending the sleep coaching. In the control group, no significant change in the dependent variables was observed; furthermore, participants’ evaluation of the sleep coaching was positive on both affective reactions and utility judgements.Conclusions
Results show that the sleep coaching intervention evaluated is practically feasible and able to improve important indicators of employees’ well-being and self-care in WHP programs.13.
Sabine Weber Andreas Jud Markus A. Landolt Lutz Goldbeck 《Quality of life research》2017,26(10):2717-2727
Purpose
Research on the consequences of child maltreatment has primarily focused on behavior and mental health; the children’s overall well-being has not received the same attention. A number of studies have investigated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among victims of child maltreatment, but there is still a lack of knowledge about predictors of HRQoL in maltreated children and adolescents. This study seeks to bridge the gap by drawing data from the German multi-site study Child Abuse and Neglect Case-Management (CANMANAGE).Methods
Parents or caregivers of 350 children and adolescents completed a proxy version of the Kidscreen-10-Index, a multidimensional instrument measuring child HRQoL. An additional 249 children age 8 years and older completed a self-report version. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify potential predictors for both self- and proxy-rated HRQoL.Results
Comparisons with the reference group revealed a significantly lower mean proxy-rated HRQoL, the self-rated HRQoL of the study sample was not significantly impaired. Predictors of impaired self-reported HRQoL were older age, self-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and self-reported emotional and behavioral symptoms. Predictors of impaired proxy-reported HRQoL again were older age, self-reported PTSS, and emotional and behavioral symptoms in the child/adolescent, as reported by the caregiver, as well as low socioeconomic status. Multivariate analysis explained 20% and 38% of the variability in self-reported and proxy-rated HRQoL, respectively.Conclusions
It is important to treat PTSS and emotional and behavioral symptoms in maltreated children, as these two phenomena are strong cross-sectional predictors of a child’s HRQoL. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapies are one possible option to address the needs of such children.14.
Samantha Coyle Michelle K. Demaray Christine K. Malecki Jaclyn E. Tennant Jacqueline Klossing 《Child & youth care forum》2017,46(6):895-922
Background
Peer bullying is associated with internalizing problems for children and adolescents. However, less is known about how these same behaviors are related to student well-being when they occur within the context of the sibling relationship and how supportive behavior may benefit those experiencing bullying.Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the unique associations among peer and sibling bullying and internalizing problems, and the role of peer and sibling social support in relation to social-emotional outcomes.Methods
Data on students’ experiences of peer and sibling bullying, perceptions of social support and internalizing symptoms were collected from a sample of 372 elementary school students using the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ; Olweus 1996), a modified version of the OBVQ created to assess bullying by siblings, the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS; Malecki et al. 2000), and three subscales from the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, Self-Report of Personality (Reynolds and Kamphaus 2004).Results
Results indicated that Sibling Bullying was significantly related to internalizing problems above and beyond Peer Bullying alone. Additionally, social support from peers moderated the association between Sibling Bullying and Depression; and social support from siblings moderated the association between Peer Bullying and Social Stress. Gender differences in study findings were also uncovered.Conclusions
Results of this study suggest that bullying behaviors are detrimental to student social-emotional well-being, regardless of whom the perpetrator may be, and that being bullied by siblings is associated with similar outcomes as traditional bullying.15.
16.
Objective
To examine relationships between work-based cultural activities and mental employee health in working Swedes.Hypothesis
A positive relationship between frequent cultural activity at work and good employee health was expected.Research design
Random sample of working Swedish men and women in three waves, 2006, 2008 and 2010, on average 60 % participation rate.Methods
A postal questionnaire with questions about cultural activities organised for employees and about emotional exhaustion (Maslach) and depressive symptoms (short form of SCL). Employee assessments of “non-listening manager” and work environment (“psychological demands” and “decision latitude”) as well as socioeconomic variables were covariates. Cross-sectional analyses for each study year as well as prospective analyses for 2006–2008 and 2008–2010 were performed.Main outcome and results
Lower frequency of cultural activities at work during the period of high unemployment. The effects of relationships with emotional exhaustion were more significant than those with depressive symptoms. The associations were attenuated when adjustments were made for manager function (does your manager listen?) and demand/control. Associations were more pronounced during the period with low unemployment and high cultural activity at work (2008). In a prospective analysis, cultural activity at work in 2008 had an independent statistically significant “protective” effect on emotional exhaustion in 2010. No corresponding such association was found between 2006 and 2008.Conclusions
Cultural activities at work vary according to business cycle and have a statistical association with mental employee health, particularly with emotional exhaustion.Implications for future research
There are particularly pronounced statistical protective effects of frequent cultural activity at work on likelihood of emotional exhaustion among employees.17.
Background
Nursing care insurance funds are supposed to deliver preventive services in nursing homes. The strengthening of cognitive resources is considered as one field of action.Aim
The preventive effectiveness of physical activity on cognitive performance in nursing home residents shall be evaluated.Methods
A systematic search was carried out in the databases MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PEDro. Results were combined in random-effects meta-analyses.Results
Taking into account 13 primary studies, it was shown that those participating in physical activity showed statistically significant greater cognitive performance compared to controls (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.66, p = 00002). Subgroup analyses suggest that nursing home residents with different cognitive impairments might benefit from long-lasting physical activity interventions. Due to the high risk of bias in included studies, the results must be interpreted with caution.Conclusion
Physical activity might be effective in the inpatient care setting. Further studies with longer intervention periods are required.18.
Oğuzhan Bol Serhat Koyuncu Nurullah Günay 《Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England)》2018,13(1):35
Background
Carbon monoxide (CO) is formed as a result of the incomplete burning of hydrocarbon-containing fuels such as natural gas, coal, liquid petroleum gas, and wood. CO is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas that produces various acute and chronic effects in CO-exposed people. In this study, we aimed to measure CO levels in auto care repairmen with chronic CO-related illnesses using a serial, non-invasive method.A prospective cohort study.Methods
A total of 99 people from six different auto-repair services were included in the study. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels were measured at four different times with 2-hour intervals starting at 08:00 AM. Data concerning employees’ ages, working hours, smoking statuses, and types of home heating fuel were collected. A control group of 100 cases was created based on this data. The measurements were done on the control group in the morning with a Masimo Rad-57 CO-oximeter.Results
The highest mean (± SD) COHb value was 7.04%?±?3.32% after the third measurement. The mean value for the control group was 1.61%?±?1.43%. A statistically significant difference between the groups was found for each value.Discussion
We determined that the risk of being affected by CO is high in buildings in which the auto services were located. The effects of chronic or prolonged exposure to low amounts of CO were found to be ambiguous. However, in some studies, it was found that low-grade CO exposure could lead to coronary artery disease and some neurological complications. Therefore, it is necessary to be careful about the health of employees who have been exposed to CO.Conclusions
We concluded that there is a need for more detailed studies concerning chronic CO poisoning. Also, in workplaces in which there is high exposure to CO, proper workplace safety measures should be taken to reduce this gas’s harmful effects to employees.19.
Sandra Burger Susanne Feichtinger Thomas Reynartz Renate Oberhoffer Birgit Böhm 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2018,13(3):225-232
Background
Workplace health promotion programs (WHPP) are becoming increasingly important. AktivMobil is a behavioral preventive WHPP that was developed for an occupational group with increased work-related strain. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of the program, consisting of a check-up session and a subsequent 20-week virtual and 6?hour personal coaching, on health-related quality of life and physical activity.Methods
Health-related quality of life and physical activity were quantified by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in a quasi-experimental, controlled trial. In all, 28 employees took part in the intervention and were compared to 20 employees without intervention.Results
The physical component summary score, physical functioning, physical role functioning, pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, mental health and health transition improved significantly in the treatment group after 20 weeks. However, no significant effects were observed for total physical activity and leisure time physical activity. In addition, there was no significant difference between treatment and control subjects at the second evaluation point.Conclusions
The findings speak for the effectiveness of AktivMobil on promoting health-related quality of life, which is also an indicator of absenteeism. However, the combination with work-related strategies should not be ignored.20.
Martha Höfler 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2018,13(1):7-11