半月板损伤的MRI诊断与关节镜所见的比较研究

目的 探讨MRI对半月板损伤的诊断及其指导制定关节镜下手术方案的可行性。方法 将157个(147例)膝关节分为两组．骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)组107膝，运动创伤(sport injury，SI)组50膝。所有病例均行MR检查．152膝行关节镜下手术．按半月板损伤MRI诊断标准进行分级诊断，并将结果与关节镜下表现进行对比，结果 OA组中MRI诊断Ⅰ级21膝，Ⅱ级34膝，Ⅲ级40膝，Ⅳ级12膝，各级诊断的准确率分别为100％(21/21)、91．2％(31／34)、92.5％(37/40)和100％(12/12)，OA组总诊断准确率为94．39％；关节镜下行半月板修整15膝．部分切除及成形术25膝，次全切除4膝，全切8膝．未处理55膝。SI组中MRI诊断Ⅰ级5，Ⅱ级4膝．Ⅲ级26膝，Ⅳ级15膝，Ⅱ～Ⅳ级诊断的准确率分别为75％(3／4)．92.3％(24／26)和93.3％(14／15)．SI组Ⅱ～Ⅳ级总诊断准确率为91．11％；行关节镜下半月板修整2膝．半月板部分切除及成形21膝．半月板次全切5膝．半月板全切9膝，半月板修补2膝，未处理6膝。结论 MRI诊断Ⅰ级的半月板损伤可不必手术；Ⅱ级损伤必要时可行关节镜探查；Ⅲ级损伤可行部分切除或成形术．关节囊缘撕裂可行半月板修补术；Ⅳ级损伤应行半月板次全切除或全切术。     

关节镜在膝关节单间室置换术中的应用探讨

[目的]探讨关节镜在膝关节骨性关节炎单室置换手术中的应用价值与作用.[方法]对21例(30个膝关节)内侧单室置换患者的临床症状、术前影像学、临床理学检查与术中关节镜检情况和最终手术方法的选择进行比较,从而分析关节镜在膝关节单间室置换中的作用与价值.[结果]所有患者镜检显示病变主要位于内侧室,股骨髁和胫骨平台软骨呈Outbrige Ⅲ度～Ⅳ度退变.26/30(87%)患者存在不同程度的内侧半月板损伤,4/30(13.3%)合并外侧半月板退变裂,骨性关节炎的病变均以前内室为主,19/30(63%)合并Ⅰ度～Ⅳ度局限或广泛的髌骨软骨退变,外侧室正常或局限性软骨退变＜Ⅱ度.镜下所见与术前临床体检和影像学检查基本相符.所有患者均实行了微创Oxford Ⅲ假体内侧单室置换术,没有因镜检结果而改变手术方式.[结论](1)关节镜在膝关节单间室置换中应用的主要目的在于处理关节内的其他病变而非确定手术适应证;(2)对于合并外侧半月板损伤和其他间室轻度骨性关节炎的患者,关节镜仍是一种有效的辅助治疗手段.     

关节镜下半月板水平撕裂的保全治疗

2008年2月～2009年4月,笔者对11例膝关节半月板水平撕裂患者经关节镜行半月板撕裂部分切除保全术,效果满意. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料本组11例,男9例,女2例,年龄36～62(47±14)岁.左膝1例,右膝10例.均经MRI确诊为关节积液并半月板水平撕裂损伤.膝关节半月板水平撕裂的MRI分级标准[1]:Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级8例.内侧半月板损伤8例,外侧半月板损伤3例,均为后角损伤,其中隐性水平撕裂4例.1例合并前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂,2例骨性关节炎.     

关节镜微创手术治疗膝关节半月板损伤

目的探讨关节镜微创手术治疗膝关节半月板损伤的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析应用膝关节镜诊治膝关节半月板损伤患者63例,施行半月板部分切除成形术16例,部分切除及囊肿切除3例,盘状半月板部分切除成形术4例,半月板全切除5例,半月板破裂缝合35例（包括合并有前十字韧带损伤3例,前十字韧带和内侧副韧带同时损伤1例,后十字韧带损伤1例）。采用Lysholm评分评定膝关节功能,术前Lysholm评分平均为（48.6±6.2）分。结果全部获得随访,随访时间为1～23个月,平均10个月。术后Lysholm评分平均为（90.5±5.8）分,较术前有显著提高,差异有统计学意义（t=4.12,P〈0.01）。结论关节镜微创手术治疗半月板损伤,综合应用缝合技术可达到最大限度保留半月板,创伤小、恢复快、疗效佳,并可同时处理其他病变。     

半月板组织工程的研究进展

半月板损伤临床常见,据美国矫形外科学会2008年的统计资料,美国每年全膝关节置换手术＆gt;250000例,其中半月板损伤是骨性关节炎进展的关键因素。然而,半月板仅外周1/3有血液供应,发生于此部位的损伤采用缝合治疗可以愈合;而内侧缘2/3均为无血管区,损伤后自行愈合能力较差,目前临床上针对这类损伤多采用半月板部分切除或全部切除术。     

关节镜下膝关节半月板手术

1993年4月～1994年4月,在膝关节镜下部分半月板切除78例次,全切除6例次,修正术12例次,边缘缝合3例次,计99例次(90例).经过1年～1年半随诊,优良率达92%,取得较好效果.认为膝关节镜下半月板切除术,是治疗半月板损伤较好的手术方法.     

1310例侧膝关节半月板损伤关节镜下诊治效果分析

目的　分析关节镜下半月板损伤不同修复方法的效果 ,提出半月板损伤修复较适用方法。方法　随访 1310例侧膝关节半月板损伤镜下修复的患者 ,从发病年龄、损伤类型、镜下修复方法及效果进行分析 ,其中男性 880例 (90 9例侧 ) ,女性 374例 (4 0 1例侧 ) ,平均 2 5 5岁 ,平均患病时间半年。半月板缝合 6 8例侧 ,部分切除成形术 75 6例侧 ,半月板全切除 4 80例侧 ,6例儿童半月板损伤镜检确定后未行镜下处理 ,于镜检后石膏固定。结果　术后平均随访 4年 3个月 ,Lysholm评分 :半月板缝合术前 4 7 5分 ,术后 86 3分 ;半月板部分切除成形术前 4 5 1分 ,术后 84 0分 ;半月板全切除术前4 5 4分 ,术后 76 1分。 6例少年儿童半月板损伤 ,Lysholm评分术前 4 5 0分 ,术后 98 7分。三种治疗方法效果有显著性差异 (t=2 876 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　半月板损伤应在关节镜下行缝合或部分切除成形治疗 ,避免半月板切除 ;<14岁盘状半月板损伤需部分切除成形 ,半月板损伤非手术治疗可获得较好疗效     

膝关节镜术后再手术原因分析

目的探讨导致膝关节镜手术疗效差或术后复发的技术因素,以提高对膝关节病变的认识和手术技能。方法回顾性分析膝关节镜术后再手术特别是再次关节镜手术时的检查所见。1990年1月～2002年1月,由本人施行的2000余例膝关节镜手术中,有38例因初次膝关节镜术的适应证选择不当、疗效差或术后复发而再手术。38例患者于初次手术后3～108个月,平均(29.61±21.98)个月,进行再手术。初次手术年龄11～68岁,平均(45.8±12.9)岁。男12例,女26例;左膝13例,右膝25例。原发疾病包括骨性关节炎21例,滑膜炎7例,半月板损伤及其它病变10例。再手术的症状包括疼痛、机械性症状或肿胀。再手术方式仍优先选择关节镜,方法同初次手术。对于滑膜炎较严重者选择开放性滑膜切除术,对X线检查提示至少有两个间室关节间隙显著狭窄的年龄适宜的患者选择全膝关节置换术。结果再手术包括膝关节镜术24例,全膝关节置换术10例,开放性滑膜切除术4例。软骨剥脱、滑膜病变残留或滑膜炎复发、以及漏诊半月板损伤是再手术中见到的主要病变。9例重度骨性关节炎和1例类风湿关节炎行全膝关节置换术。1例骨性关节炎、2例色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎和1例反应性关节炎行开放性滑膜切除术。术后至少随访6个月,疼痛、机械性症状和肿胀消失。结论膝关节镜术的临     

半月板切除对下肢力线的影响

目的探讨半月板切除后下肢力线的改变情况。方法自2000年6月至2004年3月,以术前诊断为半月板损伤且站立时膝关节能伸直的45例膝关节镜手术患者作为研究对象。男28例,女17例;年龄15～42岁,平均27.5岁。经膝关节镜证实,内侧半月板损伤6例,外侧半月板损伤21例,外侧盘状半月板12例,滑膜皱襞综合征、髌下脂肪垫增生症但半月板正常者6例。行半月板部分切除22例,半月板次全切除10例,半月板全切除7例。所有患者分别于手术前后拍摄双下肢全长负重位X线片,测量下肢力线,以膝关节中心到髋关节、踝关节中心连线的距离作为固有偏距(intrinsicvarizingdistance,IVD)。以手术前后IVD差的绝对值ΔIVD为参数,比较不同半月板切除量、不同半月板损伤情况、手术前后下肢力线改变程度之间的关系。结果随着半月板切除量的增加,下肢力线的改变程度也相应增加。半月板全切除组及次全切除组下肢力线的改变程度与半月板部分切除组和未切除组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。外侧盘状半月板切除后下肢力线的改变程度明显大于单纯外侧半月板切除者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论半月板全切除、次全切除后,膝关节承受及传导截荷能力的变化主要表现为下肢力线的改变和膝关节内、外翻,外侧盘状半月板切除后膝关节外翻增加更为明显。术中应尽量修复损伤的半月板,对于需行半月板全切除、次全切除者,为避免下肢力线改变应尽早行同种异体半月板、组织工程半月板替代物移植,防止关节软骨发生退变。     

膝关节镜治疗老年人盘状半月板损伤

目的探讨膝关节镜治疗老年人盘状半月板损伤的疗效。方法对19例外侧盘状半月板损伤的老年患者进行关节镜手术,依具体损伤情况采用半月板成形术15例,次全切除术2例,全切除术2例。同时对伴随的骨关节炎、关节游离体、内侧半月板损伤、滑膜皱襞增生给予切除增生滑膜、关节软骨修整、游离体取出及内侧损伤半月板次全切除。结果18例获得随访,时间6～24（15±9）个月,按Ikeuchi膝关节评分标准：优13例,良2例,可2例,差1例。结论膝关节镜下治疗老年人盘状半月板损伤可以获得良好的效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.