光学相干断层成像评价经皮冠状动脉内支架术后即刻效果

冠状动脉内光学相干断层成像（OCT）是近几年发展起来的一种具有高分辨率和对比度的冠状动脉断层成像技术，其分辨率达10，比目前所有已知的冠状动脉成像检查方法高10倍以上，可以显示冠状动脉病变以及介入治疗后支架周围超微结构的改变。我中心自2005年8月开展OCT检查技术，初步研究结果显示该项检查安全有效，能够分辨斑块的细节特征，识别易损斑块，为介入治疗提供决策依据。本研究的目的是利用OCT分析冠状动脉支架置入术后支架周围超微结构特征。     

光学相干断层扫描评价糖尿病冠心病患者冠脉病变的进展

糖尿病可促进血管内膜增生,易损斑块破裂,血栓形成,支架边缘夹层等。光学相干断层扫描（OCT）是目前最先进的血管内成像技术,临床主要用于识别冠状动脉易损斑块和药物洗脱支架（DES）置入术后随访。该文主要介绍OCT评估糖尿病冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点。     

复杂冠状动脉病变的介入治疗--冠状动脉瘤及冠状动脉分叉病变等

目前,介入术经皮冠状动脉（PCI）已成为临床治疗冠心病的常规手段,其中斑块消除术（如冠状动脉旋磨术、定向旋切术、准分子激光成形术）、血管内超声（IVUS）、血管内镜、激光相干断层显像（OCT）、虚拟组织成像（VH）、弹力图、温度图（热图像法测斑块温度）、近红外光谱法、拉曼光谱、血管内MRI和冠脉内血管镜等技术的应用提高了手术成功率,药物支架的问世明显的降低了术后再狭窄发生率。     

光学相干断层成像在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的初步应用

目的探讨血管内光学相干断层成像（OCT）在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的作用和安全性，评价其临床价值。方法9例老年冠心病患者，行冠脉造影和OCT检查，比较二者对冠状动脉病变的显示情况：包括病变结构、管腔狭窄程度、斑块性质等，根据造影及OCT结果参照病人临床表现对于狭窄较重（造影直径狭窄率〉70％），或造影中等程度狭窄（直径狭窄率介于50％～70％），但OCT狭窄相对较重（OCT管腔面积狭窄率〉60％）并伴有不稳定斑块的病变进行球囊扩张和支架植入治疗，并用OCT评价支架植入后的即时效果。结果与冠脉造影相比，血管内OCT能直观、清晰、实时地显示病变冠脉的管腔狭窄程度、微观组织结构、斑块组成性质及支架植入后靶病变血管及支架的形态特征。结论OCT在老年冠心病患者中的操作安全易行，能够精确测量病变血管狭窄程度、清晰观测管腔微观结构特征，明确斑块特征，指导支架植入及观测支架植入后的即刻效果，对老年冠心病人介入治疗具有指导作用。     

光学相干断层成像用于冠状动脉支架术后评价

光学相干断层成像（OCT）是以光为基础的成像模式,早期主要应用于眼科领域,现在OCT在冠状动脉中的应用显示其拥有巨大的潜力[1]。与血管内超声（IVUS）比较,OCT提供了10倍于IVUS的分辨率。这种高分辨率的优势对评价动脉粥样斑块特征（包括测量纤维帽厚度、罪犯斑块内巨噬细胞密度）及支架附壁和组织覆盖的情况,是目前其他成像模式无法比拟的。冠状动脉内OCT成像的临床应用,为了解冠状动脉内细微结构改变开辟了一个新时代。     

血管内超声和光学相干断层成像在冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用对比

血管内超声（IVUS）和光学相干断层成像（optical coherence tomography,OCT）作为成熟的冠状动脉血管内成像技术,已成为冠状动脉造影的重要补充手段。IVUS的优势在于透射深度大,在管腔结构之外可获取血管壁结构;而OCT则空间分辨率高,与组织学结果高度相关。随着无需球囊阻断血流的频域光学相干断层成像（FD-OCT）的不断推广,OCT临床实用性增强。本文就最新研究进展中IVUS与FD-OCT的成像方式、对病变血管的评估效用及对介入治疗的指引作用进行对比,以探讨冠状动脉介入治疗影像学未来的发展方向。     

生物可吸收支架的发展历程及应用现状

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）是冠心病的主要治疗手段，其经历了单纯球囊扩张、金属裸支架及药物洗脱支架（DES）三代介入技术的发展，虽然DES大幅降低了PCI患者支架内再狭窄发生率，但患者晚期支架内血栓形成的风险依然存在。近年随着科学技术发展和临床实践探索，生物可吸收支架（BRS）应运而生，其在扩张狭窄血管和释放抗增殖药物后，可逐渐降解并被完全吸收，使血管恢复到自然功能状态，已成为PCI新的研究方向。本文通过检索、分析文献总结了BRS的发展历程、应用进展、存在的问题及面临的挑战，以期提高临床医生对BRS的认识。     

自发性冠状动脉夹层的临床及影像学分析

目的 分析自发性冠状动脉夹层（SCAD）的临床、影像学特点及治疗情况。 方法 回顾性分析11例SCAD患者的临床特点、造影及其他腔内影像学资料、治疗方法及预后。 结果 11例SCAD患者均为女性,冠状动脉造影可见冠状动脉呈“鼠尾样”改变,血管内超声（IVUS）或光学干涉断层成像（OCT）可确诊,其中3人行PCI手术,1人在IVUS引导下进行,手术顺利,另外2人术中植入支架时血肿扩散至血管急性闭塞,其余8人药物保守治疗,11人预后均较好,一年随访无复发。 结论 SCAD好发于中年女性,预后较好,腔内影像引导可增加PCI手术成功率。     

光学相干断层成像评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变

目的:应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变。方法:对21例临床诊断冠心病准备介入治疗患者,在冠状动脉内置入支架后即刻进行OCT成像检查。21例患者中共有22支冠状动脉置入25个支架,其中前降支11支13个支架,回旋支8支9个支架,右冠状动脉3支3个支架。OCT评价支架贴壁不良、血管夹层及撕裂、组织脱垂等。支架贴壁不良定义为支架支撑杆与血管壁距离大于0.20mm,组织脱垂定义为血管壁组织通过支架网眼突入管腔。结果:21例患者均成功进行OCT检查,22支靶血管25个支架均成功获得清晰OCT图像。通过OCT发现置入的25个支架中有12个支架可以看到部分支架支撑杆未能完全封闭血管壁上的夹层及撕裂;所置入的支架中有50个支架支撑杆贴壁不良,平均支架支撑杆与血管壁的距离为0.39±0.20(0.20~1.16)mm。通过OCT检出置入的25个支架中有20个支架可见到不同程度组织脱垂,共检出85个组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.55±0.64(0.04~2.81)mm2。结论:OCT成像技术可清晰显示冠心病冠状动脉支架后血管夹层、撕裂组织脱垂及支架贴壁情况,其临床意义有待于进一步研究。     

光学相干断层成像在冠心病介入治疗中的应用价值

目的应用光学相干断层成像（OCT）技术评价冠状动脉内粥样硬化斑块、血管对置入支架后即刻和中远期的反应。方法20例冠心病患者,有22支血管在完成冠状动脉造影或介入治疗后进行OCT成像。同时获取23个支架OCT成像,在23个支架中有15个为支架术后4～35个月随访,其中7个为雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架,8个为金属裸支架,另外8个为支架置放后即刻成像。结果入选的20例患者均成功进行OCT检查,并获取22支血管和23个支架满意的图像。通过OCT成像清晰地显示8处纤维斑块、3处钙化斑块、9处富含脂质斑块、2处血栓形成、斑块破裂3处及血管壁上夹层、粥样硬化斑块微小裂口和夹层等。7个置入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架后OCT随访,均未发现有明显再狭窄,支架表面有少量内膜覆盖,部分支架表面没有内膜覆盖,其中1个支架血管出现瘤样扩张、支架与血管壁分离、支架表面没有内膜覆盖,有1个支架没有充分扩张。8个金属裸支架后用OCT随访发现,所有置入金属裸支架后支架表面内膜增殖明显,其中有3个支架因为内膜过度增殖而出现再狭窄,并再次接受介入治疗。8个支架术后即刻OCT检查显示,与血管贴壁均良好、支架扩张充分有3个支架,4个支架充分扩张,但可见到斑块裂片通过支架网眼突入管腔,1个支架支撑杆分布不均,可见支架与血管壁分离,在8个支架中有2个为支架内套叠支架。结论OCT成像技术可清晰显示各种冠状动脉粥样斑块情况,并可用于评价冠状动脉介入治疗的效果。     

光学相干断层成像在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的临床应用进展

光学相干断层成像是一种利用光学原理的血管内成像新技术,具有高分辨率及良好的组织相关性,对于识别冠状动脉内不同斑块具有很重要的意义,现就其在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的诊断及治疗中的应用做一综述。     

Research and Clinical Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography in Invasive Cardiology: A Review

In cardiology, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an invasive imaging technique based on the principle of light coherence. This system was developed to obtain three-dimensional high resolution images to examine coronary artery normal and/or pathological structure. This technique replaces the ultrasound used by its main alternative procedure, intravascular ultrasound, by a near-infrared light source. Acute coronary syndromes due to atherosclerotic vascular disease are the leading cause of mortality in developed and developing countries. As a consequence, intravascular imaging systems became an important area of research and 1991 marks the first use of OCT in coronary artery observations. Since its first appearance in invasive cardiology, OCT maintains a strong presence in the research environments for the identification of vulnerable plaques, as it is able to overcome difficulties presented by other techniques such as virtual intravascular ultrasound, near-infrared spectroscopy, and histology. Moreover, OCT is increasingly being used in the clinical practice as a guide during coronary interventions and in the assessment of vascular response after coronary stent implantation. This review focuses on the relevance of OCT in research and clinical applications in the field of invasive cardiology and discusses the future directions of the field.     

Use of intravascular imaging in managing coronary artery disease

For many years,coronary angiography has been considered "the gold standard" for evaluating patients with coronary artery disease. However,angiography only provides a planar two-dimensional silhouette of the lumen and is unsuitable for the precise assessment of atherosclerosis. With the introduction of intravascular imaging,direct visualization of the arterial wall is now feasible. Intravascular imaging modalities extend diagnostic information,thereby enabling more precise evaluation of plaque burden and vessel remodeling. Of all technologies,intravascular ultrasound(IVUS) is the most mature and widely used intravascular imaging technique. Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is an evolving technology that has the highest spatial resolution of existing imaging methods,and it is becoming increasingly widespread. These methods are useful tools for planning interventional strategies and optimizing stent deployment,particularly when stenting complex lesions. We strongly support the mandatory use of IVUS for left main percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). In addition,it can be used to evaluate vascularresponses,including neointimal growth and strut apposition,during follow-ups. Adequately powered randomized trials are needed to support IVUS or OCT use in routine clinical practice and to answer whether OCT is superior to IVUS in reducing adverse events when used to guide PCI. The current perception and adoption of innovative interventional devices,such as bioabsorbable scaffolds,will increase the need for intravascular imaging in the future.     

低分子右旋糖酐光学相干断层成像技术在冠状动脉疾病中的应用进展

光学相干断层成像(OCT)是一门新兴的血管内成像技术,是以反射近红外线代替反射超声波对生物组织进行成像,在冠心病诊疗中具有重要的应用价值.OCT操作最大的缺点是需注射对比剂,过多的对比剂会增加对比剂肾病风险,非对比剂(如低分子右旋糖酐)可能可代替对比剂冲洗血液来实现OCT.现就低分子右旋糖酐OCT技术在冠状动脉疾病中的...     

多层螺旋CT冠脉造影检查在冠心病诊断中的应用价值

冠心病的诊断是临床诊治的第一步。随着医学影像技术硬、软件的飞速发展,CT冠状动脉成像成为现实,实现了冠状动脉无创造影检查。CT冠状动脉造影在冠状动脉狭窄判断、斑块诊断、钙化积分测定、冠状动脉支架置人术后评价及左室心功能分析等方面发挥重要作用,在一定范围内可代替常规冠状动脉造影。该文对多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影检查在冠心病诊断中应用进行分析。     

The Role of Intracoronary Plaque Imaging with Intravascular Ultrasound,Optical Coherence Tomography,and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

The development of multiple diagnostic intracoronary imaging modalities has increased our understanding of coronary atherosclerotic disease. These imaging modalities, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), have provided a method to study plaques and introduced the concept of plaque vulnerability. They are being increasingly used for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) optimization and are invaluable tools in research studying the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in-stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis. IVUS has the ability to visualize the intracoronary lumen and the vessel wall and can be used to detect early atherosclerotic disease even in the setting of positive arterial remodeling. Studies supporting the use of IVUS to optimize stent deployment and apposition have shown a significant reduction in cardiovascular events. OCT provides even higher resolution imaging and near microscopic detail of plaques, restenoses, and thromboses; thus, it can identify the etiology of ACS. Ongoing trials are evaluating the role of OCT in PCI and using OCT to study stent endothelialization and neointimal proliferation. NIRS is a modality capable of localizing and quantifying lipid core burden. It is usually combined with IVUS and is used to characterize plaque composition. The benefits of NIRS in the setting of ACS have been limited to case reports and series. The utilization of all these intracoronary imaging modalities will continue to expand as their indications for clinical use and research grow. Studies to support their use for PCI optimization resulting in improved outcomes with potential to prevent downstream events are ongoing.     

Utility of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for the evaluation of coronary lesions

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) are imaging methods used in the diagnosis of coronary lesions. IVUS is widely used in interventional cardiology laboratories, but OCT is now increasingly used. Conventional coronary angiography can identify different types of coronary lesions but sometimes is unable to diagnose them correctly. Both intravascular imaging methods are useful for better interpretation of these lesions, and can accurately diagnose ruptured plaques, thrombosis, stent restenosis and hazy images. However, the resolution of OCT is ten times higher than IVUS, and so an accurate diagnosis cannot always be achieved with ultrasound imaging. We present three cases in which IVUS was unable to identify the lesion causing the condition and OCT was required to obtain clearer images that helped to confirm the diagnosis. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are then discussed.     

The role of optical coherence tomography in coronary intervention

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical analog of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) that can be used to examine the coronary arteries and has 10-fold higher resolution than IVUS. Based on polarization properties, OCT can differentiate tissue characteristics (fibrous, calcified, or lipid-rich plaque) and identify thin-cap fibroatheroma. Because of the strong attenuation of light by blood, OCT systems required the removal of blood during OCT examinations. A recently developed frequency-domain OCT system has a faster frame rate and pullback speed, making the OCT procedure more user-friendly and not requiring proximal balloon occlusion. During percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), OCT can provide detailed information (dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombi, and incomplete stent apposition [ISA]). At follow-up examinations after stent implantation, stent strut coverage and ISA can be assessed. Several OCT studies have demonstrated delayed neointimal coverage following drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation vs. bare metal stent (BMS) placement. While newer DESs promote more favorable vascular healing, the clinical implications remain unknown. Recent OCT studies have provided insights into restenotic tissue characteristics; DES restenotic morphologies differ from those with BMSs. OCT is a novel, promising imaging modality; with more in-depth assessments of its use, it may impact clinical outcomes in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease.     

冠状动脉易损斑块及其形态学检测技术的新认识

冠心病患者发生严重急性冠状动脉事件约70%是由易损斑块(VP)所致。不稳定斑块的破裂是急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)发生的核心机制,其较冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变范围更能反映冠心病患者发生急性心血管事件。现代影像学技术的进展,特别是血管内超声(IVUS)及光学相干断层成像(OCT)对识别和判断VP的形态学特征,包括斑块的形态、成分,甚至功能状态提供了快速、可靠的信息支持,在诊断和评价冠状动脉斑块方面,高分辨率的0CT检测水平已近似于组织学检测水平。该文就VP形态学检测技术的进展和认识作一简要综述。