瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于无痛胃镜的临床观察

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于无痛胃镜麻醉,并与芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉进行比较,观察其麻醉效果和安全性。方法选择要求无痛胃镜检查的患者200例,随机分为两组,即芬太尼复合丙泊酚（F组）和瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚（R组）。观察SBP、DBP、ECG、SpO2、HR。麻醉效果、苏醒情况和检查中并发症低血压、心动过缓、呼吸暂停、体动、呛咳、头晕、恶心呕吐等不良反应情况。结果两组麻醉方式均能达到满意的麻醉效果,两组意识恢复时间、定向力恢复时间、离院时间R组明显短于F组（P〈0．05）,术中发生体动、术后头晕的例数R组明显低于F组（P〈0．05）。R组发生呼吸暂停例数高于F组（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于无痛胃镜麻醉其镇痛效果优于芬太尼复合异丙酚,且苏醒时间更短,苏醒质量更好,但应注意瑞芬太尼可能引起的呼吸抑制。     

颅内手术中异丙酚联合不同阿片类药物持续静脉输注的疗效比较

目的观察异丙酚联合芬太尼、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼持续静脉输注在颅内手术中的应用，比较其优劣。方法颅内手术患者75例，年龄20-60岁，性别不限，ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级；随机分成芬太尼组、舒芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼组。监测术中血流动力学变化，观察患者苏醒和并发症情况，进行术后VAS疼痛及OAAS意识评分。结果芬太尼在开颅、关颅、拔管时平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）均明显高于基础值（P〈0．05），舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼在开颅、颅内手术期、关颅均低于基础值（P〈0．05）；颅内手术各期芬太尼的MAP、HR值均高于舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼组（P〈0．05），而在开颅、颅内手术期瑞芬太尼要明显低于舒芬太尼组（P〈0．05）；三组患者针刺疼痛时间舒芬太尼最长11．7±1．6（P〈0、05），瑞芬太尼最短6．0±1．2（P〈0．05）；在拔管5minOAAS评分芬太尼组最低，为2．0±0．3（P〈0．05），而舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；但术后1h、2h、4h舒芬太尼组VAS疼痛评分明显低于芬太尼、瑞芬太尼组（P〈0．05），12h达到高峰，8h后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；术后恶心呕吐（PONV）发生率芬太尼组明显高于舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼组（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚持续静脉输注用于颅内手术优于芬太尼或舒芬太尼，而舒芬太尼优于芬太尼。     

瑞芬太尼在肝硬化脾切除术中应用的临床观察

目的:观察肝硬化脾切除术中应用瑞芬太尼的安全性和有效性.方法:术前ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级肝硬化脾切除患者60例随机分为瑞芬太尼组(30例)和芬太尼组(30例).常规诱导:瑞芬太尼组静脉给予瑞芬太尼1.5～2 μg/kg,芬太尼组给予芬太尼3～5 μg/kg.麻醉维持:瑞芬太尼组静脉持续输注瑞芬太尼0.1～0.2μg/(kg·min),芬太尼组输注芬太尼0.1～0.2 μg/(kg·min).2组均吸入异氟醚,间断静脉推注阿曲库铵维持肌松.分时段(T0～T3)观察2组患者诱导时血压、心率的变化,术中切皮不耐受、浅麻醉发生率,术中阿托品、麻黄素使用率,切皮和术中探查时血压、心率变化,术后呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、意识恢复时间,纳洛酮拮抗、恶心呕吐发生率.结果:瑞芬太尼组诱导时收缩压、舒张压、心率低于同时间段芬太尼组(P<0.05);术中维持时瑞芬太尼组切皮不耐受、浅麻醉发生率低于芬太尼组(P<0.05),阿托品、麻黄素使用率高于芬太尼组(P<0.05),切皮和术中探查时收缩压.舒张压,心率低于芬太尼组(P<0.05);瑞芬太尼组术后呼吸恢复时间、意识恢复时间、拔管时间短于芬太尼组,纳洛酮拮抗发生率低于芬太尼组(P<0.05),恶心呕吐发生率2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:瑞芬太尼应用于肝硬化脾切除术安全、有效,不仅可维持全身麻醉诱导和术中血压、心率稳定,还有利于术后恢复.     

瑞芬太尼联合七氟醚在鼻内窥镜手术中的控制性降压

目的研究瑞芬太尼联合七氟醚为鼻内窥镜手术中进行控制性低血压的可行性。方法40例ASAI-Ⅱ级鼻息肉或慢性鼻窦炎病人随机分两组。两组均用异丙酚、芬太尼诱导,手术开始时瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=20)加瑞芬太尼0.2～0.5ug·kg-1·min-1,平均动脉压降至60mmHg时减量;硝酸甘油组(N组,n=20)加硝酸甘油5ug·kg-1·min-1,平均动脉压降至60mmHg时减量,间断注射芬太尼,两组术中均用七氟醚呼末浓度为2%左右维持麻醉。结果瑞芬太尼组达目标收缩压需(121±21)s与硝酸甘油组(62±9)s比较,差异有统计学意义,P<0.01。两组术中均能维持控制性低血压。两组术中出血、手术野评分比较,差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论瑞芬太尼联合七氟醚在鼻内窥镜手术中可提供控制性低血压,无需辅助其他降压药物。     

3种镇痛方法在人工流产手术中应用的效果观察

目的 探讨芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼联合异丙酚在人工流产手术中的应用效果.方法 选择妊娠6-12周的患者240例,根据采用镇痛方法不同分为芬太尼联合异丙酚组(芬太尼组)、瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚组(瑞芬太尼组)、舒芬太尼联合异丙酚组(舒芬太尼组),每组各80例.比较3种镇痛方法的效果.结果 3组患者的手术时间和宫颈松弛度良好...     

舒芬太尼、芬太尼和瑞芬太尼预防异丙酚注射痛的应用探讨

目的研究不同阿片类药物舒芬太尼、芬太尼、瑞芬太尼对异丙酚注射痛的影响。方法择期手术患者250例，ASAⅠ—Ⅱ，按随机、对照、双盲法均分为五组：空白对照组（0．9％氯化钠注射液3ml，n=50）、舒芬太尼组（10μg，n=50）、芬太尼组（100μg，n=50）、瑞芬太尼组（15μg，n=50）和2％利多卡因组（3ml，n=50），所研究的阿片类药物均稀释成3ml溶液。研究药物注入外周静脉后1min后以0．5ml／min的速度注射异丙酚（1％得普利麻）50mg。立即观察和询问注射处有无疼痛，并进行评估。结果利多卡因组、舒芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼组和芬太尼组都显著降低了异丙酚的注射痛（Χ^2分别=38．45、18．53、12、73和12．73，P均〈0．05）。但阿片类药物的明显有一副作用为咳嗽，同时阿片类药物减轻异丙酚注射痛的有效性不如利多卡因组（Χ^2=8．73，P〈0．05）。所研究的4种药物有效性为利多卡因〉舒芬太尼〉瑞芬太尼〉芬太尼。结论三种阿片类药物都显著的降低了异丙酚的注射痛．阿片类药物除了中枢的镇痛作用外在外周可能有直接的局麻作用。     

芬太尼与瑞芬太尼用于小儿气管异物取出术的对比研究

目的比较丙泊酚复合芬太尼或瑞芬太尼的全静脉麻醉用于小儿气管异物取出术的安全性和有效性。方法选择280例择期行气管异物取出术的患儿,年龄1~3岁,随机分为两组:芬太尼组(F组,n=140),给予丙泊酚2.00~3.00 mg/kg、芬太尼2.00μg/kg行麻醉诱导,丙泊酚200.00~500.00μg/(kg·min)泵注维持麻醉;瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=140),给予丙泊酚2.00~3.00 mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1.00~1.50μg/kg行麻醉诱导,丙泊酚200.00~500.00μg/(kg·min)、瑞芬太尼0.10~0.20μg/(kg·min)维持麻醉。两组患儿均保留自主呼吸。观察置镜前(T_1)、置镜后1 min(T_2)、3 min(T_3)、退镜后3 min(T_4)、10 min(T_5)的脉搏氧饱和度(Sp O_2)及退镜后(T_6)的呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_(ET)CO_2),记录置镜过程中体动、呛咳、屏气、低氧血症的发生情况以及诱导时间、手术时间、苏醒时间和静脉药物用量。结果两组的Sp O_2在各时点均在正常范围,但R组Sp O_2在T_(2~5)明显高于F组(P0.05)。T_6时R组P_(ET)CO_2低于F组(P0.05)。R组置镜过程中体动、呛咳的发生率与F组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而屏气、低氧血症发生率均低于F组(P0.05)。R组诱导和苏醒时间均明显低于F组(P0.05),手术时间和丙泊酚用量两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),芬太尼用量明显多于瑞芬太尼(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚复合芬太尼或瑞芬太尼在气管异物取出术中安全有效,但丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼可提供更稳定的氧合、诱导苏醒更快及减少术中不良反应的发生。     

瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注在人工流产手术中的应用

目的:比较复合异丙酚静脉全麻时瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注和芬太尼单次静脉注射用于人工流产手术的效果。方法:选择 80例行人工流产手术的患者,随机分为瑞芬太尼 (R)效应室靶控输注组和芬太尼 (F)单次静脉注射组,分别复合异丙酚静脉注射行静脉全麻,观察起效时间、恢复时间、准确定向时间、术中体动(程度和次数)、镇痛效果(口述描绘评分法,VRS)、呼吸抑制及心率(HR)、血压(MBP)、氧饱和度(SpO2 )的变化,以及术后并发症等。结果:R组恢复时间显著短于F组(P<0. 01),R组的异丙酚总用量、术中最低SpO2、术中体动及术后恶心呕吐、嗜睡显著低于F组(P<0. 01)。结论:瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注复合异丙酚单次静脉注射的麻醉方法用于人工流产手术,其临床效果优于芬太尼单次静脉注射复合异丙酚的静脉麻醉,但要注意其呼吸抑制作用较强的特点。     

瑞芬太尼在无痛人工流产术中的应用

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼在无痛人工流产术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法:选取准备行无痛人工流产术患者150例,随机分为盐水对照组(N组,n=30)、芬太尼组(F组,n=30)和瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=30)。N组采用0.9%氯化钠 异丙酚,F组采用芬太尼0.5μg/kg 异丙酚,R组采用瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg 异丙酚,各组异丙酚剂量均为1.5~2.0 mg/kg;记录患者入室时(T1)、诱导后2 min(T2)、术毕时(T3)的生命体征(SBP、HR、SpO2),异丙酚总用量及苏醒时间,围术期恶心、呕吐发生率,麻醉效果优良率,苏醒后3 min时腹痛VAS评分及苏醒后幻觉发生率。结果:(1)F组、R组患者在T2时SBP降低,与T1时相比差异有显著性(P<0.05);T2时F组HR升高、R组HR降低,与T1时相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),3组患者SpO2组内、组间差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。(2)F组、R组麻醉效果优良率显著优于单独使用异丙酚的N组(P<0.05);(3)F组、R组苏醒时间均较N组延长(P<0.05),其中F组苏醒时间最长,但F组与R组苏醒时间之间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);(4)F组、R组患者术后中重度腹痛发生率明显少于N组(P<0.05)。结论:瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于无痛人工流产术可以获得良好的麻醉效果,但瑞芬太尼组与芬太尼组各指标相比差异均无显著性,因此瑞芬太尼在小剂量时不能很好地体现出其短效、速效等优点。     

瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚或依托咪酯麻醉用于外阴白色病变聚焦超声治疗的研究

目的 比较瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚或依托咪酯麻醉用于外阴白色病变聚焦超声治疗的安全性和可行性.方法 择期行外阴聚焦白色病变超声治疗的患者60例,随机分为依托咪酯组（E组）和异丙酚组（P组）,每组30例.所有患者持续静脉输注0.1 μg·kg^-1·min^-1瑞芬太尼,待输注瑞芬太尼2 min后,E组患者缓慢推注0.3 mg/kg的依托咪酯,P组患者缓慢静注1 mg/kg的异丙酚,如患者体动,分别追加依托咪酯0.15 mg/kg 或异丙酚0.5 mg/kg.全程监测记录患者的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（RR）和Ramsay镇静（RSS）评分以及手术医师满意度.结果 给药后的各个时相点P组的MAP和HR明显低于E组（P〈0.05）,P组呼吸暂停、心动过缓、低血压和注射部位痛的发生率要显著高于E组（P〈0.01）,而肌阵挛发生率E组要显著高于P组（P〈0.01）,手术医师的满意度两组间无统计学差异.结论 依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于外阴白色病变的聚焦超声治疗,与异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼相比,患者呼吸循环更稳定,不良反应发生率明显降低.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.