Epithelioid sarcoma: Still an only surgically curable disease

BACKGROUND: Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare soft tissue sarcoma with a known high propensity for locoregional recurrence and distant metastases. The clinical behavior and prognostic factors that influence the survival of patients with epithelioid sarcoma were studied. METHODS: Twenty-three patients, including 16 men (70%) and 7 women (30%), who were treated for epithelioid sarcoma between 1979-2003 at the University Medical Center Groningen and Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, were reviewed retrospectively. The median age at diagnosis was 22 years (range, 1-54 years). At the time of diagnosis, 11 patients (48%) had metastases. Six patients with distant metastasis and 1 patient with an unresectable tumor received palliative treatment (30%). The remaining 16 patients underwent surgical treatment of local disease (11 patients) or locoregional disease (5 patients). Five patients in that group received isolated limb perfusion with tumor necrosis factor and melphalan. RESULTS: The 5-year and 10-year disease-free survival rates for all patients were 34% and 17%, respectively; for the 16 patients who received curative treatment, both rates were 56%. In the latter group, 8 patients developed local recurrence (50%) after a median follow-up of 4 months (range, 1-14 months). Nine patients were disease free after a median follow-up of 50 months (range, 6-290 months). Tumor size >5 cm (P < .0026) at diagnosis and local recurrence (P < .0008) were significant predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis for patients with epithelioid sarcoma is poor, because a substantial number of patients present with extensive disease, lymph node metastases, and/or distant metastases. Treatment consists of radical surgical excision of the tumor and, if indicated, therapeutic lymph node dissection. In patients who have large tumors, isolated limb perfusion may be useful.     

Treatment and Outcomes of Ewing Sarcoma in Turkish Adults: A Single Centre Experience

Background: Ewing sarcoma is a small round cell tumor arising from soft tissue and bone that predominantlyaffects children and adolescents. The most unfavorable prognostic factor is the presence of distant metastasis atthe time of diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The records of 26 Ewing sarcoma patients (14 male, 12 female)were re-evaluated retrospectively. Results: The median age was 26.5 (19-42) years. Eight patients (31%) showed aprimary tumor in their extremities, 8 (31%) in the thorax, 4 (15%) at the vertebra, 4 (15%) in the head and neck,and 2 (8%) in the abdomen. Five patients (19%) had distant metastasis at diagnosis. The median progression-freesurvival was 72 months and 10 months in localized and metastatic disease, respectively (p=0.005). The overallsurvival rate was 19 months in metastatic disease, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 64% in localizeddisease (p=0.006). Patients who had localized disease in the extremities and were under age 30 had a favorableprognosis. Conclusions: Although Ewing sarcoma is a tumor affecting children and adolescents, it may be seenin adults, where the prognosis is generally worse. Although it is a highly malignant tumor, it is possible to achieveimproved survival with combined modality treatments.     

食管癌术后区域性淋巴结转移三维适形放射治疗的预后分析

目的:探讨食管癌术后区域性淋巴结转移患者三维适形放射治疗的预后,并分析影响预后的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析河北医科大学第四医院放疗科2001年1 月至2005年12月收治的食管癌根治术后因区域性淋巴结复发和/或转移而接受根治性三维适形放疗的患者90例,其中79例全程适形放疗处方剂量为50~72Gy/25~36次,11例后程适形放疗的剂量为50~76Gy/25~38次。结果:自手术之日起计算的术后1、3、5 年生存率分别为85.71% 、34.34% 、14.92% ,自复发和（或）淋巴结转移放疗之日起计算的放疗后1、2、3 年生存率分别为43.41% 、18.09% 、7.81% 。单因素分析显示术中测量原发食管病变长度、钡餐造影病变长度、T分期、TNM分期、转移淋巴结个数、淋巴结转移度、术后出现区域性淋巴结转移的时间对术后生存均有显著影响。多因素分析显示双肺V35、放疗后近期疗效和淋巴结缩小率是影响食管癌术后区域性淋巴结转移放疗疗效的独立性预后因素。结论:双肺V35越小、放疗后近期疗效越好;淋巴结缩小率越大,食管癌术后区域性淋巴结复发和（或）转移者放疗后的生存率越高。      

Multifactorial analysis of the survival of patients with distant metastasis arising from primary extremity sarcoma

BACKGROUND: Despite optimal multimodality limb-sparing therapy for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS), a significant number of patients develop distant metastasis. The objective of this study was to analyze patterns of metastatic disease and define prognostic factors for survival in a large group of patients followed prospectively at a single institution. METHODS: Between July 1, 1982, and June 30, 1996, all adult patients admitted to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with primary extremity sarcoma were treated and prospectively followed. Patients who developed distant metastases constituted the study group. Prognostic factors were analyzed for postmetastasis survival. These included both factors related to the primary tumor and factors related to the pattern of metastasis. Postmetastasis survival was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical significance was evaluated using the log rank test for univariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, the authors admitted and treated 994 patients with primary extremity STS. The median follow-up was 33 months. Distant metastasis developed in 230 patients (23%). Median survival after distant metastasis was 11.6 months. The lungs were the first metastatic site in 169 patients (73%). Other first sites of metastasis included the skin and soft tissues of the head and neck, trunk, and extremities. There was no statistically significant difference in survival between patients with pulmonary and those with nonpulmonary metastatic disease. In multivariate analysis, resection of metastatic disease, the length of the disease free interval, the presence of a preceding local recurrence, and patient age > 50 years all were significant predictors of postmetastasis survival. Other factors that defined the primary tumor, including histologic grade, depth, and microscopic margins, were not associated with postmetastasis survival. CONCLUSIONS: Despite optimal multimodality therapy, 23% of the patients in this series with primary extremity sarcoma developed distant metastasis. Median survival after metastasis was approximately 1 year. After metastasis, the independent favorable factors that are associated with patient survival include resection of the metastases, a long disease free interval, the absence of preceding local recurrence, and patient age < 50 years. Although a definitive conclusion regarding the benefit of resection can be made only with a randomized clinical trial, these data suggest that resection of metastatic STS may contribute to patient survival, which in some cases may be long term.     

Results of isolated regional perfusion in the treatment of malignant soft tissue tumors of the extremities

High-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities continue to pose problems of local disease control and deaths from distant metastases. Between 1969 and 1976, eight patients with primary and six with recurrent high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities were treated by isolated regional perfusion with cytostatics and local excision. None received systemic adjuvant chemotherapy or external-beam radiotherapy. During the follow-up (median, 13 years) five patients (36%) developed distant metastases. One was cured after resection of a pulmonary metastasis. In one other patient (7%) recurrent local disease was diagnosed after 48 months; he was cured after resection of the local lesion followed by postoperative external beam radiotherapy. The actuarial 5-year and 10-year survival was 69%. Treatment caused no cardiovascular complications and there was no postoperative mortality.     

Tendosynovial sarcoma. Clinicopathologic features, treatment, and prognosis.

BACKGROUND. Clinicopathologic features, treatment, and results are reported for 95 tendosynovial sarcomas identified from a prospective sarcoma data base established at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in 1982. METHODS. Eighty-five patients had definitive treatment of the primary tumor at MSKCC. Epithelial sarcomas were excluded. RESULTS. The local recurrence rate was 18%. Survival rates were not influenced by either the method of local treatment or the use of chemotherapy. The overall actuarial survival rate was 59% at 5 years (median, 92 months). For 25 patients who had resection of pulmonary metastases, the 5-year actuarial survival rate was 43% (median, 22 months) from the time of first thoracotomy. Sex, age, tumor site, and histologic subtype (monophasic versus biphasic) were not significant predictors of survival rates. Regional lymph node metastasis occurred in 3%. The incidence of distant metastasis was 49%, with an associated 5-year survival rate of 31% (median, 33 months). Tumor size was a highly significant prognostic feature, with 5-year survival rates of 86% for patients with tumors smaller than 5 cm and 22% for those with tumors larger than 10 cm (P less than 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS. Improvement of treatment results for tendosynovial sarcoma will require effective new systemic adjuvant therapeutic strategies.     

宫颈癌综合治疗后远处淋巴结转移临床分析

目的：探讨宫颈癌综合治疗后远处淋巴结复发转移的临床特征、治疗和预后。方法：对5例远处淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果：5例患者接受手术、化疗或放疗等综合治疗，所有患者术前磁共振显像（MRI）／计算机断层扫描（CT）检查未发现远处转移，而于治疗结束后1个月～2年出现，其中4例发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移，2例合并左锁骨上淋巴结转移。经全身化疗及三维适形放疗，4例死亡，平均生存15．3个月．1例带瘤生存24个月。结论：腹主动脉旁及左锁骨上淋巴结转移可能是宫颈低分化癌患者远处复发转移部位之一，需要应用手术、化疗及放疗等综合治疗。正电子发射断层扫描（PET）／单光子发射扫描（SPECT）技术是诊断、随访及评价预后的重要工具。     

非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移(N2)的外科治疗选择

目的 探讨有纵隔淋巴结转移（N2）的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的外科治疗选择。方法 回顾性分析总结325例N2 NSCLC的外科治疗效果和经验。结果 全组5年生存率为19．6％,其中根治性切除者高于姑息性切除者,鳞癌高于腺癌,行袖式肺叶切除和全肺切除者高于常规肺叶切除者,纵隔淋巴结转移1～3枚者高于〉3枚者,术后综合治疗者高于单一外科治疗者,上述差异均有统计学意义。所有T3、T4以及M1患者均无5年生存者。结论 对于N2 NSCLC肿瘤为Tl或T2、病理类型为非腺癌以及纵隔转移淋巴结〈4枚者,外科治疗是最好的选择。对于肿瘤为T3的患者,外科治疗可能并非良策,肿瘤的根治性切除以及肺门和纵隔的系统淋巴结清扫,是病变分期和生存率提高的关键所在,术后综合治疗有助于患者的远期生存,尤其适用于有肿瘤残留和（或）纵隔转移淋巴结〉3枚的患者。     

A preoperative alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy program for patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of a preoperative alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy program followed by surgery in stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The tumor response, resection rate, tumor/lymph node downstaging, and survival were also evaluated. The positive predictive value (PPV) in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis was 81% using conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with short inversion-time inversion recovery (STIR) technique (STIR-MRI) on our criteria. Eligible patients had clinical N2 lesions (stage IIIA) and a World Health Organization (WHO) performance status of 0-2. The treatment program consisted of two courses of preoperative cisplatin, vindesine, and ifosfamide; alternating with radiotherapy, including two courses of 20 Gy radiation. Surgery was performed within 4 weeks after the treatment. Twenty-two patients with stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC (20 men and two women, age 35-71 years) were enrolled into the study. Hematologic and other toxicities were within an acceptable range. Surgery was not indicated for two patients because of distant metastasis; one patient with renal dysfunction and one with pancytopenia during this treatment underwent surgery subsequently. The clinical response rate was 50% (partial response in 11/22). Definitive surgery was indicated for 18 patients resulting in 17 patients with complete resection and one exploratory thoracotomy. A pathologic complete response of the primary tumor occurred in 41% of the patients (seven of 17; without residual tumor), whereas 58% (ten of 17) were pathologic N0. The median survival was 33 months with an actuarial 4-year survival rate of 33% in 17 patients with complete resection and 30 months with 28% 4-year survival rate in all entered patients. A randomized phase-III study using this approach for stage IIIA (clinical N-2 disease) is warranted.     

早期结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤疗后远处淋巴结转移的临床特征

目的 分析 Ⅰ_E~Ⅱ_E期原发上呼吸消化道NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(UADT-NKTCL)经治疗后远处淋巴结转移率及危险因素。方法 1979—2012年共收治 468例Ⅰ_E~Ⅱ_E期UADT-NKTCL患者,其中 170例接受单纯放疗、19例单纯化疗、278例综合治疗、1例抗炎治疗。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算远处淋巴结转移率。结果 中位随访35个月,32例出现远处淋巴结转移,绝对转移率为6.8%(32/468),占总失败病例数的19.8%(32/162),2年远处淋巴结累积转移率为6.4%。71.9%(23/32)合并远处器官转移。最常见转移部位是腹腔淋巴结。单因素分析显示肿瘤原发于鼻腔外上呼吸消化道、Ⅱ_E期、首程治疗疗效未达CR者是远处淋巴结转移的高危因素。多因素分析显示 Ⅱ_E期和首程治疗疗效未达CR是远期复发的独立危险因素,危险度分别为2.82(1.37~5.82,P=0.005)和3.01(1.16~7.78,P=0.023)。Ⅱ_E期综合治疗组的远处淋巴结转移率显著低于单纯放疗组、单纯化疗组,2年远处淋巴结累积转移率分别为12.5%、35.1%、50.0%(P=0.011)。结论 早期UADT-NKTCL治疗后远处淋巴结转移率较低,但对于 Ⅱ_E期和首程疗效未达CR者转移率仍较高。Ⅱ_E期患者建议采用综合治疗以降低远处淋巴结转移率。     

Ewing's Sarcoma Treatment in Scandinavia 1984-1990: Ten-year Results of the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Protocol SSGIV

A report on the long-term follow up of the first cooperative Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study in Ewing's sarcoma of bone is presented. Fifty-two previously untreated patients entered the study between 1984 and 1990. Half of the tumors were located in the extremities and one quarter in the pelvis. The combined modality treatment consisted of 5 cycles of chemotherapy-including vincristine, methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin and dactinomycin. The first two cycles were followed by local resection or amputation in 35 patients and by radiotherapy alone in 17 patients. When surgery was not performed, was incomplete or yielded poor margins radiotherapy was given at a dose of 40-60 Gy. Local tumor relapses developed in 10 patients and in all but one patient were accompanied by metastatic disease. Five patients had metastasis at diagnosis and distant metastases developed after primary treatment in 27 patients after a median of 14 months. The median follow-up time for the 20 surviving patients is 10 years. At 5 years the tumor-related survival was 46% and the metastasis-free survival 43%. Late tumor relapses occurred in 4 patients, which reduced the 10-year tumor related survival to 41% and the metastasis-free survival to 38%. Histopathological tumour response correlated with survival with 5-year metastasis-free survival rates of 73% for the good responders and 35% for the poor responders.     

Evaluation of modalities for recurrent breast cancer patients

Of 342 breast cancer patients radically operated on in the Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University during 1965-1988, treatment for 75 recurrent patients were evaluated by the initial modes of recurrence. The modes of recurrence were classified into distant metastases, local lymph node recurrence (axillary, parasternal and supraclavicular nodes) and chest wall recurrence according to the General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Recording of Breast Cancer. Of 75 recurrent patients, distant metastases were seen as common as 77.3%, followed by recurrences of local lymph nodes (14.7%) and chest wall (8.0%). The number of patients in each mode of recurrence increased in relation to increase in the size of tumor and the number of metastatic lymph nodes at the time of the first operation. Histologically, scirrhous carcinoma was most common in chest wall recurrence. 2-year disease-free survival rates of distant metastases, local lymph node recurrence and chest wall recurrence were 44.6%, 24.2% and 16.7%, respectively. 5-year survival of bone metastasis with chemo-endocrine therapy was as significantly favorable as 60%, compared to chemo- or radiotherapy alone (p less than 0.01). However, 5-year survival of lung metastasis with or without endocrine therapy revealed no significant difference. Local lymph node recurrence with the combination of resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy produced a trend toward showing more favorable survival than that without resection.     

Intraoperative electron radiotherapy as a component of salvage therapy for patients with colorectal cancer and advanced nodal metastases

PURPOSE: To define the survival rates and relapse patterns in patients with isolated advanced nodal metastases secondary to colorectal cancer, treated with curative intent using aggressive combined-modality treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-eight patients with isolated advanced lymph node metastases secondary to colorectal cancer received intraoperative radiotherapy as part of curative-intent treatment. Forty-seven patients also received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Chemotherapy was delivered concomitantly with EBRT in 35 patients. The median intraoperative radiotherapy dose was 1250 cGy. End points included local failure within the EBRT field, central failure within the intraoperative radiotherapy field, distant metastases, survival, and toxicity. RESULTS: The median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 35 months and 34%, respectively. At 3 years, the local control and central control rates were 81% and 93%, respectively. Macroscopically complete resection and colonic primary site were predictors of survival and disease control. The median survival time and 5-year survival rate in patients with colonic primary sites and macroscopically complete resection were 53 months and 49%, respectively. Intraoperative radiotherapy-related neuropathy occurred in 3 patients and ureteral fibrosis in 1. CONCLUSION: With aggressive combined-modality therapy that includes intraoperative radiotherapy, long-term survival is achievable in colorectal cancer patients presenting with nodal relapse or advanced nodal disease. Survival and disease control rates are highest in those without gross residual disease.     

Treatment outcome after radiotherapy alone for patients with Stage I-II nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to review the long-term treatment outcome of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 1997 Stage I-II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who were treated with radiotherapy alone. METHODS: One hundred forty-one patients with NPC had AJCC 1997 Stage I-II disease (Stage I NPC, 50 patients; Stage II NPC, 91 patients) after restaging and were treated with radiotherapy alone between September 1989 and August 1991. Fifty-seven patients had lymph node disease, and the median greatest lymph node dimension was 3 cm. The median dose to the nasopharynx was 65 grays. The median follow-up was 82 months (range, 4-141 months). RESULTS: Patients who had Stage I disease had an excellent outcome after radiotherapy. The 10-year disease specific survival, recurrence free survival (RFS), local RFS, lymph node RFS, and distant metastasis free survival rates were 98%, 94%, 96%, 98%, and 98%, respectively. Patients who had Stage II disease had a worse outcome compared with patients who had Stage I disease: The corresponding 10-year survival rates were 60%, 51%, 78%, 93%, and 64%. The differences all were significant except for lymph node control. Among patients who had Stage II disease, those with T1-T2N1 NPC appeared to have a worse outcome compared with patients who had T2N0 NPC. No significant differences in survival rates were found with respect to lymph node size or status for patients with T1-T2N1 disease. CONCLUSIONS: When patients with NPC had their disease staged according to the AJCC 1997 classification system, patients with Stage I disease had an excellent outcome after they were treated with radiotherapy alone. Patients with Stage II disease, especially those with T1-T2N1 disease, had a relatively worse outcome, and more aggressive therapy, such as combined-modality treatment, may be indicated for those patients.     

Surgical therapy for distant metastases of malignant melanoma

BACKGROUND: Manifestation of distant metastases in melanoma patients commonly indicates a poor prognosis. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of surgical treatment in these patients. METHODS: Data from 444 patients with distant melanoma metastases were gathered prospectively from January 1978 through December 1997. Characteristics of the primary tumor, time until the first occurrence of distant metastases, frequency and site of distant metastases, surgical therapy, and survival were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Histology, Breslow thickness, Clark level, and pT and pN categories (UICC 1997) significantly influenced the median interval from initial diagnosis to manifestation of distant metastases. The most common single localization was the lung (n = 83), followed by distant lymph node (n = 79), and skin metastases (n = 51). One hundred seventy-four patients received surgical treatment (39%) and 111 (25%) patients received surgical treatment with curative resection (R0, UICC 1997), most frequently in distant lymph node or skin metastases (57% and 59%, respectively). Median survival time and 2-year survival rate for all patients were 7 months and 15.8%, respectively, 17 months and 36.1% following curative resection, 6 months and 12.7% after incomplete resection (n = 63) (P < 0.0001). Conservatively treated patients survived for a median of only 4 months with a 2-year survival of 8.1%. Multivariate survival analysis showed localization of the primary tumor (head/neck/trunk vs. extremities), the number of involved sites, and surgical therapy to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical therapy of distant metastases was most beneficial when complete removal of metastatic tissue was achieved. Selection of patients for surgical excision should be determined by individual patient indications.     

胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者预后的多因素分析

目的:分析胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者预后的危险因素,并探讨对应的干预对策,以期为临床提供借鉴。方法:回顾自2002年6月至2013年12月入院治疗的胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者的资料,对患者的一般情况如性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、肿瘤侵犯程度、淋巴结转移、血管侵犯、手术切缘、远处转移、总生存期等数据进行分析,总结胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者预后的危险因素。结果:123患者平均发病年龄56.9岁,男性平均发病年龄59.5岁,女性平均发病年龄52岁。＜60岁患者68例,≥60岁55例,从发病到明确诊断时平均时间为9.8月,中位生存时间为46.1个月,1年生存率为69%,3年生存率为37.4%, 5年生存率为29.6%。通过单因素分析,年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤侵犯程度、淋巴结转移、血管侵犯、手术切缘、远处转移与胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者预后显著相关,P＜0.05;性别、肿瘤部位与胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者预后无明显相关,P分别为0.784、0.988。通过多因素COX回归分析,年龄(HR=1.93,95%CI:1.06~3.50)及远处转移(HR=1.83,95%CI:1.24~2.72)为胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者预后的独立危险因素。结论:年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤侵犯程度、淋巴结转移、血管侵犯、手术切缘、远处转移等是胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤患者生存预后的危险因素,年龄大、远处转移患者生存预后最差。     

Retroperitoneal sarcoma in a series of 51 adults.

Fifty-one patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma underwent surgery at the University Clinics of Hamburg from 1970 to 1988. Malignant schwannoma, liposarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma were the most common histological types. High grade sarcomas (G3) predominated (42%), while 26% were graded G2 and 33% G1. Complete resection was possible in 59% of cases. Reoperation for local recurrence and debulking in case of not completely resectable disease was common. Regional lymph node metastasis was found in 20% of cases. The peritoneum was the preferred location of metastatic spread. All adjuvant chemotherapies were followed by tumour recurrences. After adjuvant radiotherapy three of six patients remained free of disease. In cases of residual tumour we observed few partial responses on chemo- and radiotherapy, and all patients died because of the disease. The mean survival time was 60 months, the 5- and 10-year survival rates were 35% and 15%, respectively. Factors influencing prognosis in univariate analysis included grade, size, resectability, presence of metastatic spread, histological type, microscopic local growth (infiltrative vs intact pseudocapsule of fibrous tissue) and local recurrence. With multivariate analysis grade, size and lymph node metastasis retained their prognostic significance.     

Localized neuroblastoma. Surgical and pathologic staging

Sixty-five children with neuroblastoma without evidence of distant metastases underwent initial tumor resection. Seventeen with no evidence of lymph node involvement in whom tumor resection was complete (Group 1) received no further antitumor therapy. One child died postoperatively; disease recurred in the bone marrow of one child at 52 months, the child subsequently died. Fifteen were alive without disease, giving an 82% actuarial five year survival. Forty-eight children with minimal residual tumor and/or regional lymph node involvement (Group 2) received two 5-day courses of Peptichemio (1.2 mg/kg/d) and the 29 children in this group who were older than 1 year of age at diagnosis were randomized to receive either radiotherapy to the tumor bed in addition or no radiotherapy. In Group 2, ten of the 48 have relapsed: six of 17 with initial lymph node involvement, three of four with tumor rupture at operation, and one of eight with tumor extension to the intervertebral foramen. No relapses were seen in the 19 children with minimal residual tumor confined to the tumor bed. Only one of the 18 Group 2 children who were younger than 1 year of age at diagnosis relapsed. Of the 29 Group 2 children who were older than 1 year of age at diagnosis, five relapses occurred in the 14 who received radiotherapy and four relapses in the 15 who did not receive radiotherapy. All six children with disseminated relapse died. Actuarial 5-year survival in Group 2 is 87%, and actuarial relapse-free survival, 76%.     

The clinical course and treatment results of patients with postresection locally recurrent lung cancer.

Of 1018 patients with lung cancer seen in the division of radiation therapy between 1963 and 1976, forty-six patients (4.5%) presented with postresection local recurrence and no documented distant metastasis. The median time to recurrence was thirteen months. Most patients had central recurrence with hilar or mediastinal lymph node metastasis, parenchymal consolidation, main stem nodule or bronchial stump tumor. There was a propensity for these tumors to remain limited to the site of origin. Death was most often from local/regional disease rather than distant metastasis. In this clinical setting the effectiveness of radiotherapy was observed in terms of palliation and improved survival. Strong determinants to survival were cell type, tumor dose and tumor response. The median survival was eleven months.     

上皮样肉瘤的诊治分析

目的 分析上皮样肉瘤(ES)的临床特点、治疗模式及预后.方法 回顾性分析1995年3月至2008年12月间天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院收治的13例ES患者的临床资料、治疗和随访情况.其中男性10例,女性3例,平均年龄41.5岁.肿瘤发生于上肢6例,下肢4例,腰背部3例.全组除1例患者因远处血行转移行姑息化疗外,其余12例均行手术治疗.术后单纯放疗4例,单纯化疗5例,放疗+化疗1例.采用SPSS 16.0统计软件包,以Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析.结果 13例ES患者中,12例为单发肿物,肿物平均直径为(6.07±1.34) cm;有6例(46.2％)患者发现区域淋巴结转移.10例随访患者中,5例(50.0％)出现肿瘤局部复发,3例(30.0％)出现远处转移,其中以肺转移最常见;4例患者于术后2年内死亡.全组患者术后l、2、5、10年生存率分别为72.7％、54.5％、27.3％和9.1％,中位生存时间为27个月.结论 ES临床罕见,易发生局部复发、淋巴结扩散和(或)远处转移,患者预后不佳.明确诊断需病理学检查,手术切除仍是ES的主要治疗方式.