保护性造口在直肠癌低位前切除术中价值的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的前瞻性评价保护性造口在直肠癌低位前切除术中的价值。方法选择2006年10月～2011年10月间在我院接受择期开腹根治性低位前切除术,并符合入选标准的100例中下段直肠癌患者,随机分为三组：A组33例在完成结直肠吻合后行经升结肠回肠置管造口术;B组35例行横结肠或末段回肠袢式造口术;C组32例不行保护性造口术。观察吻合口漏的发生率以及造口相关的并发症。结果 100例患者术后发生吻合口漏5例,总的吻合口漏发生率为5.0%。A、B、C组的吻合口漏发生率分别为6.1%（2/33）、5.7%（2/35）和3.1%（1/32）,组间比较无统计学差异（P=0.838,P〉0.05）。68例行保护性造口患者（A＋B组）和32例不行保护性造口患者（C组）术后吻合口漏的发生率分别为5.9%（4/68）和3.1%（1/32）,无统计学差异（P=0.922,P〉0.05）。4例（A、B组）有保护性造口发生吻合口漏的患者症状较轻,而1例（C组）无保护性造口发生吻合口漏患者的症状较重。A组中仅2例在拔除回肠置管后发生腹壁瘘口短暂的溢肠内容物现象,经换药后很快愈合。而B组中肠造口并发症的发生率为25.7%（9/35）,后期造口还纳术并发症的发生率为22.9%（8/35）。结论保护性造口不能降低直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏的发生,但能减轻吻合口漏发生后的症状。传统的保护性横结肠或末段回肠袢式造口术造口相关的并发症发生率较高。对具有吻合口漏高危因素患者,经升结肠回肠置管造口术是一种理想的可供选择的方法。     

直肠癌保括约肌手术患者预防性回肠造口延迟回纳的危险因素

目的探讨直肠癌术后预防性回肠造口延迟回纳的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2014年12月期间中山大学附属第六医院行预防性回肠造口关闭的130例直肠癌患者的临床资料,根据造口回纳时间分为延迟回纳组72例(≥120 d)和正常回纳组58例(120 d)。结果 130例患者的肠造口回纳时间为39～692 d,中位数为132 d。多因素分析结果提示,术后辅助化疗(OR=14.106,P=0.002)、肿瘤距肛缘的距离(OR=0.019,P=0.002)及术后吻合口漏(OR=32.440,P=0.001)是延迟回纳的独立危险因素,术后辅助化疗及发生吻合口漏患者的回纳时间延长,随肿瘤距肛缘的距离缩短,回纳时间延长。结论直肠癌术后辅助化疗、肿瘤距肛缘的距离短和术后发生吻合口漏会延迟预防性回肠造口的关闭时间。     

直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的影响因素和预后分析

分析直肠癌患者保肛术后吻合口漏的影响因素和预后情况。收集2008年1月—2014年1月行直肠癌保肛术236例患者的临床资料,比较术后患者出现吻合口漏的时间,分析影响吻合口漏的因素。术后吻合漏情况:在术后5.6 d(2～13 d)确诊43例患者出现吻合口漏。行预防性肠造口术患者术后吻合口漏发生率为9.2%(8/87),明显低于未行预防性肠造口术患者23.5%(35/149,χ2=73532,P=0.006)。吻合口漏严重程度:5例A级患者,23例B级患者。15例C级患者,其中3例行单纯的漏口修补术,2例腹腔冲洗引流,3例行漏口修补联合肠造口术,另外7例行肠造口术。发生吻合口漏的影响因素:术前白蛋白(AIb)35 g/L、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离≤5 cm、新辅助放化疗为吻合口漏发生的独立危险因素,预防性肠造口为吻合口漏的保护因素。术后随访及预后分析:患者中位随访时间为48个月(15～69个月),发生吻合口漏组患者的生存率为72.1%,明显低于未发生组82.4%(P0.05)。术前AIb35 g/L、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离≤5 cm、新辅助放化疗为吻合口漏发生的独立危险因素,预防性肠造口为吻合口漏的保护因素,吻合口漏降低患者的生存率。     

肠道菌群失调与中低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏相关性研究

目的 分析中低位直肠癌病人行腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术（low anterior resection,LAR）后发生肠道菌群失调与吻合口漏的危险因素及二者的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2019年4月北京协和医院基本外科行腹腔镜LAR的155例中低位直肠癌病人的临床资料,评估术后肠道菌群失调和吻合口漏的发生情况。结果 155例病人中有34例（21.9%）术后发生肠道菌群失调,20例（12.9%）术后发生吻合口漏,肠道菌群失调与吻合口漏同时发生者为18例（11.6%）。单因素及多元回归分析显示,肠道菌群失调（c2=25.674,OR=90.398,P＜0.05）、肿瘤直径增加（c2=6.644,OR=3.915,P＜0.05）是术后发生吻合口漏的危险因素,保护性肠造口有助于减少术后吻合口漏的发生（c2=4.040,OR=0.024,P＜0.05）。肿瘤直径 、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离 、新辅助治疗、术前血清白蛋白水平、肠道准备用药量、保护性肠造口、术前癌胚抗原水平、 手术时间、术中出血量对肠道菌群失调的影响无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 直肠癌术后肠道菌群失调的早期诊断更多依赖于病人的临床表现,术后肠道菌群失调、肿瘤直径增加是术后发生吻合口漏的危险因素,术中行保护性肠造口有助于减少吻合口漏的发生。     

末端回肠置管造瘘术防治直肠癌同期放化疗后术后吻合口漏

目的探讨末端回肠置管造瘘术防治直肠癌同期放化疗术后吻合口漏临床效果。 方法选取2013年6月至2015年12月收治的中低位局部晚期直肠癌患者16例,均接受术前放化疗,治疗结束后5～8周行直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(TME),在TME术中行末端回肠置管造瘘术,观察其术后吻合口漏的发生情况及恢复指标。 结果本组患者16例,术后发生吻合口漏2例,占12.5%,予生长抑素及保守治疗后吻合口漏愈合。未发生吻合口漏14例,占87.5%,吻合口愈合良好,术后第10～14天出院。 结论末端回肠置管造瘘术可有效减少及治疗直肠癌同期放化疗术后吻合口漏,具有安全性和可行性,可在临床推广应用。     

末段回肠置管造口预防中低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏

目的探讨末段回肠置管保护性造口预防中低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的临床价值。方法 2011年3月~2014年3月完成22例保护性造口,行直肠前切除术结直肠吻合后经末段回肠置入气管导管,经右下腹壁引出固定并粘帖造口袋,观察术后肠内容转流、吻合口漏及造口闭合情况。结果留置导管时间16~35 d,平均24 d。拔管后造瘘口全部自行愈合,闭合时间5~24 d,平均11.6 d。无死亡和再手术病例,肠内容物转流效果良好,未发现与导管相关并发症。吻合口漏1例,经保守治疗后愈合。结论末段回肠置管操作简单,能有效预防直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生,避免传统回肠造口或结肠造口的再次手术。     

经肛粪便导流技术预防中低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的回顾性临床研究

目的评估经肛粪便导流技术预防中低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的有效性、安全性及可行性。方法回顾性收集2014–2019年期间在我院完成的中低位直肠癌手术患者,按采用预防吻合口漏方式分为经肛粪便导流组(粪便导流组)和末端回肠预防性造口组(回肠造口组),比较2组患者术后吻合口漏发生率及漏后处置方式及转归。结果共纳入患者231例,其中粪便导流组84例,回肠造口组147例,2组患者性别、年龄、术前合并症等基线资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.050)。2组患者手术时间、术中失血量、切口感染、术后肠梗阻、总住院费用、死亡情况、吻合口漏(总体、各分级、处理方式及结局)比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.050)。虽然粪便导流组的住院时间(除外漏病例)明显长于回肠造口组(P0.001),但2组患者总住院时间和排除死亡病例后的住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.050),且粪便导流组的吻合口漏愈合后吻合口狭窄发生率低于回肠造口组(P=0.029)。结论经肛粪便导流技术在预防中低位直肠癌保肛手术吻合口漏的发生的安全、有效、可行的。     

腹腔镜直肠癌超低位前切除术造口回纳后再发吻合口漏危险因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌超低位前切除术(Ls-uLAR)并发直肠吻合口漏病人的转归,并对造口回纳后再发吻合口漏的危险因素进行初步分析。方法回顾性分析北京大学第一医院普通外科2012年1月至2020年12月同一手术团队完成的Ls-uLAR并发吻合口漏的31例直肠癌病人的临床资料及随访结果,对造口回纳后再发吻合口漏的临床特征及危险因素进行分析。结果371例接受Ls-uLAR的病人中有31例(8.4%)术后并发吻合口漏。其中预防性造口术后吻合口漏23例(23/307,7.5%),其转归为:1例围手术期死亡,1例吻合口复发再次行经腹-会阴联合切除术,6例吻合口重度狭窄难以回纳,15例经保守治疗吻合口漏临床愈合(其中2例因肺转移而放弃回纳);无预防性造口术后吻合口漏8例(8/64,12.5%),其转归为:1例围手术期死亡,2例急诊行回肠造口,5例经保守治疗愈合。符合吻合口漏临床愈合标准的15例病人于初次术后3~16个月行造口回纳,其中8例(8/15,53.3%)再次出现吻合口漏。单因素分析结果显示:新辅助放化疗(是vs.否:100.0%vs.30.0%,P=0.026)、初次术中出血量(>50 mL vs.≤50 mL 87.5%vs.14.3%,P=0.010)及吻合口内镜下缺血征象(有vs.无:85.7%vs.25.0%,P=0.041)与再发吻合口漏相关。8例再发吻合口漏病人表现为骶前脓肿并继发不完全性肠梗阻4例,反复发作肛周脓肿和肛瘘2例,直肠阴道瘘2例。所有再发漏病人经保守治疗1~2个月均未能愈合,除1例直肠阴道瘘拒绝再次造口外,其余7例均改行横结肠造口。结论腹腔镜直肠癌超低位前切除术并发吻合口漏结局不良,继发吻合口狭窄及回纳后再发吻合口漏的风险较高,对吻合口漏病人的临床愈合标准、造口回纳时机和手术方式,尤其是新辅助放化疗后病人仍有待进一步研究。     

取标本切口行回肠造口在腹腔镜直肠前切除术中的应用

目的:探讨经取标本辅助切口行预防性回肠造口在腹腔镜直肠前切除术中的应用效果。方法:选取2020年4月至2022年4月收治的65例行腹腔镜直肠癌前切除+预防性回肠造口术的患者作为研究对象。根据造口位置分为观察组(经标本取出辅助切口行预防性回肠造口术，n=32)与对照组(另做切口行预防性造口术，n=33)。比较两组术中、术后及并发症发生情况。结果:两组均无吻合口漏发生，两组造口还纳手术时间、术中出血量、术后造口排气时间、术后进食时间、造口相关并发症、造口还纳切口感染发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组直肠癌前切除+预防性回肠造口术时间、术后24 h与48 h疼痛评分、术后住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:对于腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后行预防性回肠造口的患者，经标本取出辅助切口取出标本并行预防性回肠造口是安全、可行的，值得临床应用。     

临时性末端回肠造口在超低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用体会

目的探讨临时性末端回肠造口在超低位直肠癌术中的应用价值。方法总结14例超低位直肠癌保肛术中行临时性末端回肠造口术的临床效果。结果14例患者术后均恢复良好，无吻合口漏发生。结论在超低位直肠癌保肛术中施行临时性末端回肠造口对预防吻合口漏的发生效果好。     

预防性造口在低位直肠癌手术中的应用分析

目的探讨预防性造口在低位直肠癌手术中的应用价值。方法采用病例对照研究,将湖南省攸县人民医院普外科2011年1月~2013年4月期间共46例低位直肠癌患者分为两组:26例行预防性回肠造口(A组),其中23例为回肠双腔造口,3例为回肠单腔造口,术后3月回纳造口;20例未行预防性造口(B组)。对比其术后吻合口漏、肠梗阻、切口感染等并发症发生率。结果 46例患者中共发生7例吻合口漏,其中A组2例(7.7%),B组5例(25%),且死亡1例,两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05);切口感染率A组6例(23.1%),B组5例(25%),两组比较无明显差异(P0.05);肠梗阻发生率A组1例(3.8%),B组3例(15%),两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论预防性造口可有效降低低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生率。对存在2个以上危险因素,尤其是超低位直肠癌(距肛缘低于5cm)推荐行预防性造口术。     

Protective defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leak is a serious complication of resection for low rectal carcinoma. METHODS: Data from a prospective multicentre study conducted between January 2000 and December 2001 were analysed to determine the early outcome after low anterior resection in patients with and without a protective stoma. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with ileostomy and colostomy closure were compared. RESULTS: Eight hundred and eighty-one (32.3 per cent) of 2729 patients received a protective stoma after low anterior resection. Overall anastomotic leak rates were similar in patients with or without a stoma (14.5 versus 14.2 per cent respectively). The incidence of leaks that required surgical intervention was significantly lower in those with a protective stoma (3.6 versus 10.1 per cent; P < 0.001), as was the mortality rate (0.9 versus 2.0 per cent; P = 0.037). Logistic regression analysis showed that provision of a protective stoma was the most powerful independent variable for avoiding an anastomotic leak that required surgical correction. Seven hundred and twenty-four of the 881 patients who received a stoma were followed up. The overall postoperative morbidity associated with stoma closure was significantly lower for colostomy than for ileostomy (15.3 versus 22.4 per cent; P = 0.031). CONCLUSION: A protective stoma reduced the rate of anastomotic leakage that required surgical intervention, and mitigated the sequelae of such leakage. Colostomy closure was associated with less morbidity than closure of an ileostomy.     

结肠内旁路保护低位直肠癌吻合口的手术技巧和疗效观察

目的探讨结肠内旁路保护低位直肠癌吻合口的手术技巧并评估其疗效。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年5月期间140例拟行结肠内旁路低位直肠癌保肛手术患者(结肠内旁路组)以及同期收治的30例拟行回肠袢式造口低位直肠癌保肛手术患者(回肠造口组)资料。采用SPSS20.0统计软件分析，术中术后相关指标等用"均数±标准差"表示，采用独立t检验；术后Dukes分期比较、吻合口漏发生情况比较采用χ²分析；P<0.05代表差异有统计学意义。 结果结肠内旁路组手术时间较回肠造口组明显缩短(P<0.05)；两组患者吻合口高度和术后Dukes分期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结肠内旁路组术后首次肛门排气时间、首次进食时间、住院时间较回肠造口组明显缩短，住院费用较回肠造口组降低(P<0.05)。术后，结肠内旁路组明显低于回肠造口组(2.9% vs. 16.7%, χ²＝5.522, P<0.05)。结肠内旁路组吻合口漏后引流时间和术后2个月吻合口狭窄发生率均较回肠造口组明显降低(P<0.05)。 结论结肠内旁路保护低位直肠癌吻合口手术是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

新型肠内引流预防低位直肠吻合口瘘的临床研究

目的评价一种新型肠内引流技术预防低位直肠吻合口瘘的临床应用价值。方法将119例获得经腹切除、低位直肠吻合的直肠癌病例随机分成2组，研究组（55例）术中附加由生物可降解吻合环、避孕套复合而成的新型肠内引流装置；对照组（64例）术中附加回肠末端保护性造瘘：比较两组治疗结果。结果两组患者性别、年龄、体形、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小、肿瘤分化、吻合位置、营养状态及伴随疾病等生理病理因素差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。无围手术期死亡者。全组病例3个月随访率100％。研究组吻合口瘘的发生率7．3％（4／55），内引流装置排出时间平均18．3d，无引流相关并发症，术后3个月仅见5．5％（3／55）无需松解治疗的吻合口轻度狭窄；吻合口瘘者漏后引流时间平均4．8d，前3日引流量平均12．8ml／d，无严重感染及保肛失败病例。对照组吻合口瘘发生率10．9％（7／64）；45．3％（29／64）的病例伴有肠造瘘相关并发症，3个月后有28．1％（18／64）的病例吻合口轻度狭窄，6．3％（4／64）的病例吻合口严重狭窄需进行松解治疗：吻合口瘘者漏后引流时间平均17．1d，前3日引流量平均35．4ml／d；2例并发严重感染，1例吻合口毁损而致保肛失败。两组吻合口瘘发生率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但漏后腹腔引流量、引流时间、感染及3个月后吻合口狭窄发生情况两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论新型肠内引流技术简便、安全．能有效避免低位直肠吻合口瘘所导致的严重后果。与预防性肠造瘘相比．保护吻合口的作用更为优越，同时也显著减少了因废用而导致的吻合口狭窄的发生率。     

骶前引流方式对直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏愈合的影响

目的比较经会阴和经腹壁两种不同的骶前引流方式对直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏愈合的影响。方法总结2010年1月至2015年12月间45例直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏的临床资料。结果经会阴和经腹壁两种引流方式在病人年龄、性别、是否接受新辅助放化疗、平均手术时间、p TNM分期、术后发生漏的确定时间、初次手术后平均住院时间等方面差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。但经会阴引流组的保护性造口率(16.7%)、腹膜炎发生率(8.3%)及再次手术率(16.7%)均明显低于经腹壁引流组(分别为75.8%、39.4%、93.9%,P0.05)。结论经会阴骶前引流可降低低位直肠吻合口漏的相关并发症,有助于吻合口漏的愈合。     

结直肠外科专业化程度对腹腔镜低位直肠癌手术预防性造口的影响

目的:探讨结直肠外科专业化程度对腹腔镜低位直肠癌手术中行预防性造口的影响.方法:采用回顾性队列研究方法,收集2017年1月至2020年6月收治并经病理确诊的107例腹腔镜低位直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,分为专业组(n=57例)与非专业组(n=50例).观察两组术中情况、术后吻合口漏及其他并发症发生情况.结果:两组术中出血...     

The role of transanal tube after low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: A propensity score-matched study

BackgroundThe protective efficacy of transanal tube for anastomosis was compared with that of diverting stoma in patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.MethodsWe included consecutive patients with rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery from January 2013 to December 2019. The patients were grouped into transanal tube or diverting stoma, according to the protection methods they received. Propensity score-matching with 1:1 ratio was done. The primary outcome was the incidence of anastomotic leakage.ResultsOf the 656 eligible patients, 207 (31.6%) and 385 (58.7%) patients were grouped into transanal tube and diverting stoma, respectively, and 64 (9.7%) patients who did not undergo either transanal tube or diverting stoma were excluded. After matching, the incidence of anastomotic leakage was 9.7% and 10.6% in diverting stoma and transanal tube, respectively (P = .871). The overall morbidity was 23.2% and 15.0% in diverting stoma and transanal tube, respectively (P = .045). In the multivariate analysis, tumor size >2.5 cm and level of anastomosis <4 cm were significant risk factors for anastomotic leakage. In a subgroup analysis for patients with the level of anastomosis >4 cm, the incidence of anastomotic leakage was not significantly different between the transanal tube and diverting stoma groups. However, for patients with a level of anastomosis <4 cm, the incidence of grade C anastomotic leakage was significantly greater in the transanal tube than in the diverting stoma group (2.5% vs 9.9%, P = .040).ConclusionThe protective efficacy of transanal tube may be comparable to diverting stoma, especially for those with a level of anastomosis >4 cm.     

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??Influence factors of postoperative rectal cancer needing reoperation of anastomotic leakage CONG Zhi-jie*??QIN Jun??CUI Ran??et al.*Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
Corresponding authors??ZHONG Ming??E-mail??drzhongming1966@163.com??YU En-da??E-mail??yuenda@163.com
Abstract Objective To analyze the mortality of anastomotic leakage (AL) requiring reoperation after anterior resection ??AR?? for rectal carcinoma and risk factors associated with it. Methods The consecutive data of 946 rectal cancer patients underwent AR between January 2011 and December 2013 in two large colorectal surgery center of Shanghai were analyzed retrospectively. The associations between AL requiring reoperation and 15 patient-related and surgical-related variables were studied by using univariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis, respectively. Results Univariate analysis showed that non-specialized surgeon??defunctioning stoma??transanal stent putting??free distal margins and TNM classification were associated with AL requiring reoperation. When in multivariate logistic regression analysis??neoadjuvant radiotherapy ??P=0.002???? non-specialized surgeon ??P=0.006????transanal stent putting ??P=0.001?? and free distal margins ??1cm ??P=0.003?? were showed to be risk factors associated with AL requiring reoperation. Defunctioning stoma was associated as protective factor ??P=0.004??. But TNM classification was excluded from the equation in multivariate analysis ??P=0.109??. The rate of AL requiring reoperation was significantly higher in neoadjuvant radiotherapy group ??9.8% vs. 2.0%?? and in group of free distal margins??1cm ??11.1% vs. 2.1%??. The rate of AL requiring reoperation incolorectal surgeon group was significantly lower than that in non-specialized surgeon group ??1.9% vs. 7.5%??. The mean surgeon case volume of AR for rectal cancer in colorectal surgeons and non-specialized general surgeons was 43 per year and 2 per year?? respectively ??P??0.001??. It should be noted that colorectal surgeons group got a greater proportion of low rectal cancers than non-specialists group ??60.6% vs. 44.2%??P=0.020??. A defunctioning stoma didn’t significantly eliminate leakage ??2.8% vs. 5.3%??P=0.108???? but mitigated the consequences and reduced the reoperation rate ??0.3% vs. 3.3%??. And there was also a tendency for defunctioning stoma group to have much more low rectal cancers than non-stoma group ??93.7% vs. 42.7%??P??0.001??. The rate of AL requiring reoperation in transanal stent-putting group was not lower but unexpectedly higher ??10.0% vs. 1.6%??.Interestingly??the height of tumor didn’t affect the rate of AL requiring reoperation??P=0.211??. Conclusion ??1??Low-rectal cancer??non-specialized surgeons and neoadjuvant radiotherapy are risk factors of AL requiring reoperation after rectal surgery??no matter the location of rectal carcinoma.??2??It should be noticed that the defunctioning stoma group has much more low anastomosis patients with the above risk factors. But AL rate in stoma group still get decreased ??no significant difference?? and the incidence rate of leakage requiring reoperation has been significantly reduced.??3??Transanal stent putting couldn’t protect the anastomosis.??4??It suggests that defunctioning stoma should be taken in AR by non-specialized surgeons?? no matter the height of rectal carcinoma.