2001～2010年我院医院感染的调查和长期趋势分析

目的分析广西壮族自治区人民医院2001～2010年医院感染的发病率、感染部位分布、病原体的长期趋势,为深入开展医院感染监测工作提供依据。方法采用前瞻性与目标性监测相结合的调查方法监测该院2001～2010年的所有住院患者,对医院感染确认病例进行统计分析。结果 2001～2010年医院感染的总发生率为3.39%(2007～2008年呈上升趋势,P0.01)。常见感染部位为下呼吸道、泌尿道、胃肠道、上呼吸道及皮肤软组织;呼吸系统的感染率呈下降趋势(P0.01),但是下呼吸道构成比从2001年的27.9%上升到2010年的43.18%;泌尿系统、血液系统、腹部和消化系统、手术部位的医院感染发生率均呈上升趋势(P0.01)。重症监护病房、神经外科、老年病房、血液内科、肿瘤科的医院感染发生率长期处于前列。常见病原体有不动杆菌属、白色念珠菌、其它真菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷白菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌。结论通过长期趋势分析表明,该院医院感染的重点科室为重症监护病房、神经外科等、重点感染部位为呼吸道、泌尿道及胃肠道等,重点病原体为不动杆菌、白色含珠菌等。应有针对性地重点加强这些科室、部位和病原体的目标性监测。     

Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Cost-of-Illness Analysis

Background: We investigated incremental cost of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) from the perspective of a hospital and health insurance funds. Patients and Methods: The incremental cost was determined by calculating total costs for pneumonia patients and controls using prospective and retrospective matched-pairs analysis with 29 and 37 matched pairs, respectively. Results: Compared to controls, patients who developed pneumonia had to be on artificial ventilation 5 days longer, needed markedly more intensive care with 6.55 additional days in intensive care. Excess cost per pneumonia patient amounted to DM 14,606 (95% CI: DM 5,285–23,927) from the hospital's perspective and to DM 7,988 (95% CI: DM 5,281–10,894) according to statutory insurance charges. According to the retrospective analysis carried out on the neurosurgical and neurological intensive care wards, pneumonia patients were ventilated 5 days longer than patients without pneumonia, needed more intensive care over 30 days and had an additional 14.03 days of intensive care and 10.14 more days in hospital. Excess cost per patient was DM 29,610 (95% CI: DM 23,054–36,174) from the hospital's perspective and DM 18,000 (95% CI: 14,855–21,020) according to the statutory insurance criteria. Conclusion: The study gives insight into the structure of incremental cost caused by NP and shows that based on a conservative cost calculation the incremental cost per NP patient is higher for the hospital than for health insurance funds which indicates a significant financial deficit for the hospital. Antibiotics and microbiology together only contribute 6.8% to incremental cost. Therefore in a cost saving initiative their close relationship to length of hospitalization must be considered. Received: July 5, 2000 · Revision accepted: January 9, 2002     

Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli

Gentamicin resistance has emerged since 1971 among gram-negative bacilli isolated at the University of Virginia Hospital. Of 9,169 gram-negative bacilli isolated in 1971, 0.8 per cent were resistant to gentamicin by disc sensitivity testing. Of 7,817 isolates in 1975, 7.7 per cent were resistant. Approximately 20 per cent of the Klebsiellae had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 16 μg/ml of gentamicin.     

Epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections among patients from a hemodialysis unit in southeastern Brazil

Patients submitted to hemodialysis are at a high risk for healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Presently there are scarce data to allow benchmarking of HAI rates in developing countries. Also, most studies focus only on bloodstream infections (BSI) or local access infections (LAI). Our study aimed to provide a wide overview of HAI epidemiology in a hemodialysis unit in southeastern Brazil. We present data from prospective surveillance carried out from March 2010 through May 2012. Rates were compared (mid-p exact test) and temporally analyzed in Shewhart control charts for Poisson distributions. The overall incidence of BSI was 1.12 per 1000 access-days. The rate was higher for patients performing dialysis through central venous catheters (CVC), either temporary (RR = 13.35, 95% CI = 6.68–26.95) or permanent (RR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.09–4.13), as compared to those with arteriovenous fistula. Control charts identified a BSI outbreak caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in April 2010. LAI incidence was 3.80 per 1000 access-days. Incidence rates for other HAI (per 1000 patients-day) were as follows: upper respiratory infections, 1.72; pneumonia, 1.35; urinary tract infections, 1.25; skin/soft tissues infections, 0.93. The data point out to the usefulness of applying methods commonly used in hospital-based surveillance for hemodialysis units.     

Surveillance with successful reduction of central line-associated bloodstream infections among neutropenic patients with hematologic or oncologic malignancies

To determine nosocomial catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CA-BSIs) and to improve the prevention measures, we performed a prospective surveillance in our hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit at our university hospital. During the 36-month study period all patients with at least two consecutive neutropenic days (NDs) were included. After the first 18 months the recorded data were analyzed and compared with reference data and were then presented to the clinical staff. An intensive training to improve the handling of central venous lines was performed afterwards. At the end of the last 18-month study period the data were evaluated and a multivariate analysis was conducted. Altogether 268 patients were treated for a period of 10,013 patient days including 4,286 NDs. A total of 202/268 (75.4%) patients underwent transplantation (157/76.6% allogeneic, 48/23.4% autologous). Eighty-seven CA-BSIs were identified. The incidence density was 24.3 CA-BSI episodes per 1,000 NDs in the first period and 16.2 in the second. A significant reduction in the CA-BSI rate of adults was achieved (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.339–0.987; p < 0.05). Significant risk factors for nosocomial CA-BSIs during the neutropenic phase were AML as underlying disease as well as transplantations.     

Nosocomial fungal infections: epidemiology, infection control, and prevention

Fungal infections are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. This article reviews the current epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in adult patients, with an emphasis on invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. Recently published recommendations and guidelines for the control and prevention of these nosocomial fungal infections are summarized.     

阴沟肠杆菌医院感染分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨阴沟肠杆菌(ECL)在临床标本中的分布及耐药性,为临床医师合理用药提供科学依据。方法采用微量稀释法对临床送检标本分离的ECL菌株进行药敏试验,分析其耐药性。结果 136株ECL菌株主要分布在重症监护病房(ICU)(37株)、呼吸内科(36株)、肾内科(18株)、血液内科(14株)和神经内科(14株)等科室;主要来源于痰液(75株),占55.1%。ECL对IPM的敏感率为97%;对头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率在70%～81%,对哌拉西林、妥布霉素的敏感率在60%～70%之间,对头孢他啶、头孢曲松、氨曲南的敏感率在50%～60%,且均呈下降趋势;对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、氨苄西林/舒巴坦敏感率仅为5.9%、2.2%和27.9%。结论阴沟肠杆菌耐药性已十分严重,临床应根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素。     

Nosocomial infections in HIV-positive patients: an overview

Nosocomial infections (NIs) constitute a significant public health problem and contribute to prolonged hospitalization, additional healthcare costs and excess morbidity and mortality. NIs appear to be more common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a result of some degree of immunosuppression, prior antiobiotics treatment and greater exposure to invasive devices such as indwelling intravenous catheters. The objective of this article is to give an insight into the main NIs occurring in HIV-infected patients. Literature pertaining to NIs in HIV-infected patients was reviewed. According to the leading studies in the literature, the incidence of NI ranges from 7.9 to 15 per 100 admissions. Bloodstream infections are the most frequent infections, mainly due to intravascular catheters, followed by urinary and respiratory tract infections. Colonization seems to have an important role in the development of NIs among this immunocompromised population. CLinicians need to be aware of the risk of NIs in HIV-infected patients, and must always take these infections into account in their overall management.     

Endocarditis caused by Propionibacterium acnes: an easily ignored pathogen

Propionibacterium acnes, which usually considered as a contaminant, has been found to be an emerging pathogen in human diseases. We describe a case of prosthetic valve related endocarditis caused by P. acnes. Sequencing of the genetic coding of 16S ribosomal RNA was used to identify the pathogen and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns further confirmed the persistent bacteraemia, which help to determine the diagnosis.     

渝东南地区艰难梭状芽胞杆菌流行现状及高危因素的研究

目的 探讨渝东南地区艰难梭状芽胞杆菌(CD)院内感染流行现状及危险因素.方法 筛选并收集2012年3月渝东南地区三家医院的5783例住院患者的粪便标本,采用大便常规及CD的A和B毒素ELISA法检测大便标本.分析CD院内感染的流行情况及危险因素.结果 渝东南地区CD院内感染发病率为0.40％.其中,黔江中心医院发病率为0.38％;酉阳县人民医院发病率为0.42％;彭水县人民医院发病率为0.40％.三家医院相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).使用抗生素患者发病率为2.1％,与未使用抗生素患者(发病率0.1％)相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).使用免疫抑制剂与未使用免疫抑制剂患者相比,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).重大手术患者与无重大手术患者相比,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 渝东南地区CD院内感染发病率为0.40％.使用抗生素及免疫抑制剂、重大手术患者均为CD院内感染高发人群.     

Central venous catheter-related infections caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other multiresistant non-diphtherial corynebacteria in paediatric oncology patients

Bloodstream and venous catheter-related corynebacterial infections in paediatric patients with haematological cancer were investigated from January 2003 to December 2014 at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We observed that during cancer treatment, invasive corynebacterial infections occurred independent of certain factors, such as age and gender, underlying diseases and neutropenia. These infections were ssscaused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other non-diphtherial corynebacteria. All cases presented a variable profile of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, except to vancomycin. Targeted antibiotic therapy may contribute to catheters maintenance and support quality of treatment. Non-diphtherial corynebacteria must be recognized as agents associated with venous access infections. Our data highlight the need for the accurate identification of corynebacteria species, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing.     

Nosocomial infections in the pediatric patient: an update

Substantial progress has been made in measuring the burden of nosocomial infection in pediatric patients, particularly in certain populations (e.g., critical care, immunocompromised, chronic care, and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and after certain procedures (e.g., central catheter lines and open-sternum cardiovascular surgery). Preventive measures, such as the use of goggles, gowns, and gloves, have been subjected to new and additional study. The following report is a summary of recent progress. A review of factors responsible for infection in various patient care populations and settings and recommendations for control are presented.     

Direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and real-time PCR in a combined protocol for diagnosis of bloodstream infections: a turnaround time approach

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are serious infections associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Every hour delay in initiation of an effective antibiotic increases mortality due to sepsis by 7%. Turnaround time (TAT) for conventional blood cultures takes 48 h, forcing physicians to streamline therapy by exposing patients to broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Our objective was (1) to evaluate the accuracy and TAT of an optimized workflow combining direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bacterial identification and antimicrobial resistance profiling directly from positive blood bottles for diagnosing bloodstream infections and (2) to verify the effect of reporting results to medical staff. A total of 103 BSI episodes from 91 patients admitted to three hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil were included. TAT from molecular versus conventional methods was measured and compared. Our protocol showed an overall agreement of 93.5% for genus and 78.5% for species identification; 74.2% for methicillin resistance detection, 89.2% for extended-spectrum β-lactamase profiling, 77.8% for metallo-β-lactamase profiling, and 100% for carbapenemase profile and vancomycin-resistance detection when compared with conventional testing. TAT of molecular sample processing according to our protocol was 38 h shorter than conventional methods. Antimicrobial interventions were possible in 27 BSI episodes. Antimicrobial discontinuation was achieved in 12 BSI episodes while escalation of therapy occurred in 15 episodes. Antimicrobial therapy was inadequate in three (12%) BSI episodes diagnosed using results of molecular testing. Our in-house rapid protocol for identifying both bacteria and antimicrobial resistance provided rapid and accurate results, having good agreement with conventional testing results. These results could contribute to faster antimicrobial therapy interventions in BSI episodes.     

Nosocomial outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a highly vaccinated population,Israel, July 2021

A nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infected 42 patients, staff and family members; 39 were fully vaccinated. The attack rate was 10.6% (16/151) among exposed staff and reached 23.7% (23/97) among exposed patients in a highly vaccinated population, 16–26 weeks after vaccination (median: 25 weeks). All cases were linked and traced to one patient. Several transmissions occurred between individuals wearing face masks. Fourteen of 23 patients became severely sick or died, raising a question about possible waning immunity.