腹壁下动脉穿支横行下腹部皮瓣游离移植乳房再造

目的对下腹部横行腹直肌(TRAM)肌皮瓣的术式进行改进和完善,从而避免腹部并发症,扩大皮瓣的临床应用范围.方法TRAM瓣改进为保留腹直肌及其前鞘,分离出腹壁下动脉穿支横行下腹部皮瓣(DIEP),用于21例乳房再造.结果20例双侧腹壁下动脉的双蒂穿支皮瓣病例全部成活;1例仅保留单侧穿支的皮瓣远端出现缺血现象.随访5月~3年,再造乳房外形满意,未见腹壁薄弱、腹疝等腹部并发症发生.下腹供区疤痕隐蔽,同时也达到了腹壁整形减肥的效果.结论移植横行下腹部DIEP瓣再造乳房,供区损伤小,组织量充足,血供丰富,是目前最为理想的手术方法.DIEP瓣也能根据需要修复多种软组织缺损,因保留了腹直肌及其前鞘,对供区的创伤最小,对肥胖者还能起到腹壁整形的作用.该皮瓣的应用代表了整形外科的发展方向.     

腹壁下动脉穿支横行下腹部皮瓣游离移植乳房再造

目的 对下腹部横行腹直肌(TRAM)肌皮瓣的术式进行改进和完善，从而避免腹部并发症，扩大皮瓣的临床应用范围。方法 TRAM瓣改进为保留腹直肌及其前鞘，分离出腹壁下动脉穿支横行下腹部皮瓣(DIEP)，用于21例乳房再造。结果 20例双侧腹壁下动脉的双蒂穿支皮瓣病例全部成活；1例仅保留单侧穿支的皮瓣远端出现缺血现象。随访5月～3年，再造乳房外形满意，未见腹壁薄弱、腹疝等腹部并发症发生。下腹供区疤痕隐蔽，同时也达到了腹壁整形减肥的效果。结论 移植横行下腹部DIEP瓣再造乳房，供区损伤小，组织量充足，血供丰富，是目前最为理想的手术方法。DIEP瓣也能根据需要修复多种软组织缺损，因保留了腹直肌及其前鞘，对供区的创伤最小，对肥胖者还能起到腹壁整形的作用。该皮瓣的应用代表了整形外科的发展方向。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及临床

目的: 改进和完善下腹部横行腹直肌(transverse rectus abdom in is myocutaneous,TRAM)肌皮瓣乳房再造术式。方法: 将TRAM瓣改进为保留腹直肌及其前鞘的下腹部横行腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP)皮瓣用于乳房再造4例,并复习文献阐述其优点。结果: 皮瓣全部成活,不仅再造了乳房,同时又有腹壁整形的效果,患者满意。结论: 该皮瓣具有TRAM瓣的所有优点,又避免了腹部并发症;DIEP瓣的大小、厚薄、血管蒂的长短应用都有很大的灵活性,从而大大拓宽了临床应用范围。     

应用腹直肌皮瓣行乳房再造3例

腹直肌肌瓣、肌皮瓣是以腹壁上动脉、腹壁下动脉为主要血供的组织瓣。1977年Mc Craw首先报道了腹直肌肌皮瓣的临床应用。可移位修复胸部、腹部软组织缺损与矫正畸形。尤其适用于乳房再造,也可修复腹股沟、会阴、股上部的组织缺损和畸形。1990年以来,我们应用腹壁上动脉、静脉为血管蒂的上     

游离肌皮瓣修复下肢大面积软组织缺损

目的:探讨下肢软组织缺损的修复。方法:受区彻底清创,并解剖出拟吻合的胫前或胫后血管。合并骨折者先安装外固定架,再依软组织缺损面积切取背阔肌皮瓣或腹直肌皮瓣。皮瓣移至受区,胸背血管或腹壁下血管与胫前或胫后血管吻合。结果:应用该方法共修复29例,21例采用腹直肌皮瓣,8倒背阔肌皮瓣。皮瓣全部成活。结论:胸背皮瓣和背阔肌皮瓣血管蒂恒定,可切取面积大,是修复下肢软组织缺损的较好皮瓣。     

游离肌皮瓣修复下肢大面积软组织缺损

目的：探讨下肢软组织缺损的修复。方法：受区彻底清创，并解剖出拟吻合的胫前或胫后血管。合并骨折者先安装外固定架，再依软组织缺损面积切取背阔肌皮瓣或腹直肌皮瓣。皮瓣移至受区，胸背血管或腹壁下血管与胫前或胫后血管吻合。结果：应用该方法共修复29例，21例采用腹直肌皮瓣，8例背阔肌皮瓣。皮瓣全部成活。结论：胸背皮瓣和背阔肌皮瓣血管蒂恒定，可切取面积大，是修复下肢软组织缺损的较好皮瓣。     

胸脐皮瓣的应用(附33例报告)

1996年8月~2000年6月,我们采用胸脐皮瓣修复各种软组织缺损共33例,主要适应征是四肢复杂创伤或软组织肿瘤切除后所遗较大缺损,急诊或二期手术均可。胸脐皮瓣的血供主要源于腹壁下动脉的脐旁最大皮穿支———胸脐支,后者于脐旁2 cm穿出斜向肩胛下角方向与后肋间动脉吻合。皮瓣切取时先于腹直肌外下缘解剖腹壁下动脉,向下追至髂外动脉、向上于腹直肌内锐性分离腹壁下动脉,直至脐旁支处。受区感染创面或需肌肉填塞空腔,可携带部分腹直肌。待受区血管解剖完毕再断蒂,血管蒂尽可能长。本组切取皮瓣长度10~40 cm,宽度8~25 cm。33例均成活,成活率100%。供区皮瓣宽度10~12 cm以内者可直接缝合,瘢痕不易觉察。皮瓣宽度超过10~12 cm者,需植皮。术后随访2年,皮瓣无异常,供区创伤亦较小。胸脐皮瓣血管蒂解剖恒定且血管蒂较长、血管口径较粗、供皮范围较大,是修复四肢大面积软组织缺损的较好皮瓣。     

胸脐皮瓣的应用（附33例报告）

1996年8月～2000年6月．我们采用胸脐皮瓣修复各种软组织缺损共33例，主要适应征是四肢复杂创伤或软组织肿瘤切除后所遗较大缺损，急诊或二期手术均可。胸脐皮瓣的血供主要源于腹壁下动脉的脐旁最大皮穿支——胸脐支，后于脐旁2cm穿出斜向肩胛下角方向与后肋间动脉吻合。皮瓣切取时先于腹直肌外下缘解剖腹壁下动脉，向下追至髂外动脉、向上于腹直肌内锐性分离腹壁下动脉，直至脐旁支处。受区感染创面或需肌肉填塞空腔，可携带部分腹直肌。待受区血管解剖完毕再断蒂，血管蒂尽可能长。本组切取皮瓣长度10～40cm，宽度8～25cm。33例均成活，成活率100％。供区皮瓣宽度10～12cm以内可直接缝合，瘢痕不易觉察。皮瓣宽度超过10～12cm，需植皮。术后随访2年，皮瓣无异常，供区创伤亦较小。胸脐皮瓣血管蒂解剖恒定且血管蒂较长、血管口径较粗、供皮范围较大，是修复四肢大面积软组织缺损的较好皮瓣。     

游离皮瓣、肌皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损

目的探讨四肢软组织缺损的修复.方法1.受区彻底清创,并解剖出拟吻合的受区血管.2.合并骨折者先安装外固定架,再依软组织缺损面积切取皮瓣或肌皮瓣.3.皮瓣或肌皮瓣移至受区,移植组织血管与受区血管端-端或端-侧吻合.结果应用该方法共修复75例,21例采用腹直肌皮瓣,8例背阔肌皮瓣,33例胸脐皮瓣,13例足背复合组织皮瓣.皮瓣全部成活,效果良好.结论1胸脐皮瓣、腹直肌皮瓣和背阔肌皮瓣血管蒂恒定,可切取面积大,是修复下肢软组织缺损的较好皮瓣.2.足背复合组织皮瓣是修复手背复合组织缺损的理想供区.     

背阔肌皮瓣移植修复足跟底部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复足跟底部皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法应用带血管、神经蒂的背阔肌游离皮瓣与胫后血管、神经吻合移植修复足跟底部皮肤软组织缺损10例,背阔肌皮瓣面积最大15×11cm2,最小10×8cm2。结果术后10例皮瓣完全成活,经6-24个月随访,足部功能完全恢复,皮肤无破损,感觉部分恢复。结论背阔肌皮瓣部位隐蔽,血供丰富,切取范围大,耐磨损,适合修复足跟底部皮肤软组织缺损,有助于足跟功能的重建。     

Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction: experience with 43 flaps

Background In the past decade, there has been increasing breast reconstructions after mastectomy. The ideal material for reconstruction of a breast is fat and skin. The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap has been the gold standard for breast reconstruction until recently. Abdominal wall function is a major concern for plastic surgeons in breast reconstruction with TRAM flaps. The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) free flap spares the whole rectus abdominis muscle, includes skin and fat only, and therefore preserves adequate abdominal wall competence. The aim of this study was to summarize our experience in breast reconstruction with DIEP flap.Methods Between March 2000 and August 2005, a total of 43 breast reconstructions were performed on 40 patients by our surgeons using DIEP flap (3 patients had bilateral procedures), 14 of them were immediate surgeries and 26 were delayed. Abdominal function, satisfaction with the donor site and reconstructed breast, and the sensation recovery was assessed respectively during follow-up. Results The mean age of the patients was 38.6 years (range, 28－50). The size of the flaps was 11 cm×26 cm in average (height 10－12 cm, width 15－33 cm). The mean length of the vascular pedicles was 9.3 cm (range, 7－12). The patients were followed up for a mean of 16 months (range, 6－30 months). During the follow-up, 2 (5%) patients had total flap loss, 2 (5%) had partial necrosis, 4 (9%) had wound edge necrosis in the abdomen, and 1 had axillary seroma. None of the patients had hernia, and all of them were able to resume their daily activities after the operation. Patient satisfaction with the reconstructed breast rated high, 95% of the patients achieved spontaneous return of sensation in the reconstructed breast, but none of them had a sensation equivalent or approximate to the normal. Conclusions The DIEP flap has the same benefits as the TRAM flap without destroying the continuity of the rectus muscle. It can reduce donor-site morbidity and provide an aesthetic refinement in breast reconstruction.     

乳腺癌根治术后部分筋膜法TRAM瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造术临床应用

目的 探讨乳腺癌根治术后部分筋膜法横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)乳房再造的手术方法的临床应用.方法 对32例乳腺癌根治术患者行部分筋膜法TRAM瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造术.结果 32例中,左侧腹直肌蒂者16例,右侧蒂14例,双侧蒂1例.术后所有病例的TRAM瓣均存活,仅1例发生皮瓣边缘坏死.再造乳房与对侧基本对称26例,不对称6例中,4例为对侧乳房中度以上下垂,2例为再造乳房偏小.24例乳房下皱褶与健侧相应,有对称感,6例乳房下极偏低.供区愈合延迟、线头反复排出3例、供区切口旁脂肪液化2例、供区瘢痕增生5例等术后并发症.结论 部分筋膜法TRAM瓣再造乳房术式有较好的可操作性,能降低术后腹壁并发症发生事,值得推广应用.     

乳腺癌根治术后部分筋膜法TRAM瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造术临床应用

目的 探讨乳腺癌根治术后部分筋膜法横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（TEAM）乳房再造的手术方法的临床应用。方法对32例乳腺癌根治术患者行部分筋膜法TEAM瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造术。结果32例中,左侧腹直肌蒂者16例,右侧蒂14例,双侧蒂1例。术后所有病例的TEAM瓣均存活,仅1例发生皮瓣边缘坏死。再造乳房与对侧基本对称26例,不对称6例中,4例为对侧乳房中度以上下垂,2例为再造乳房偏小。24例乳房下皱褶与健侧相应,有对称感;6例乳房下极偏低。供区愈合延迟、线头反复排出5例、供区切口旁脂肪液化2例、供区瘢痕增生5例等术后并发症。结论部分筋膜法TEAM瓣再造乳房术式有较好的可操作性,能降低术后腹壁并发症发生率,值得推广应用。     

游离下腹部横行腹直肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨腹直肌皮瓣游离移植临床应用范围.方法采用TRAM瓣游离移植对食道瘘、腋窝放射性溃疡、胫骨外露、足跟骨外露、乳腺缺损等进行修复重建.结果成功8例,失败1例.结论TRAM瓣游离移植不仅可用于再造乳房,而且可用于颈部、食道、四肢等全身多个部位的皮肤软组织的修复与重建.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨股前外侧穿支皮瓣应用于修复四肢皮肤损伤的临床效果.方法:选用吻合血管的股前外侧穿支皮瓣移值修复小腿骨外露4例,足背皮肤缺损9例,手背及虎口的皮肤缺损2例;切取皮瓣的面积为8cm×10cm-10cm×22cm.结果:15例皮瓣均成活,术后随访半年至2年,移植皮瓣的外形及功能恢复都满意.结论:股前外侧皮瓣有切取的...     

乳腺癌切除即期乳房再造

目的　探讨乳腺癌患者乳房再造效果。方法　选择乳癌临床I期 4例和II期 7例患者在肿瘤切除的同时即期进行乳房再造。 11例中单纯乳腺切除加腋淋巴清扫 5例 ,改良根治切除 6例 ;再造方法为腹直肌皮瓣转移 5例 ,腹直肌皮瓣游离移植 5例 ,背阔肌皮瓣转移 1例。结果　再造乳房形态满意 ,有 1例并发皮瓣尖端脂肪液化 ,换药治愈。随访 1～ 8年未见异常。结论　对于早期乳腺癌患者在乳房切除同时进行即期乳房再造是安全可行的。     

Breast reconstruction following mastectomy: an update.

Breast reconstruction today is a realistic and vital part of total breast cancer treatment. All physicians should be well informed on current methods of reconstruction so that they can present the facts to their patients in an encouraging, yet realistic manner. Recent developments in breast reconstruction after mastectomy have included the increase utilization of immediate breast reconstruction at the time of mastectomy, the improvement and refinement of the TRAM flap, the increased use of the "free" flap transfer of the TRAM flap which increases blood supply to the flap, texturing of implants which appears to increase their stability on the chest wall and reduce the incidence of capsular contracture or firmness, and the introduction of the newer autogenous tissue methods including the LTTF, gluteal, and latissimus dorsi flaps. Plastic surgeons are charged with the task of becoming proficient in breast reconstruction procedures in order to offer the mastectomy patient a safe, realistic facsimile breast that will be trouble free. Fortunately, there are several good options for restoring the breast after mastectomy. The method of reconstruction should be chosen by matching the desires of informed patients with the indications and contraindications in each case. In general, silicone reconstruction is expedient and satisfactory in most patients. However, it cannot compete with autogenous tissue transfer for severe chest wall defects, covering irradiated areas, creating a large, ptotic breast, or providing a natural appearing, soft breast mount.     

Subcutaneous pedicle Limberg flap for repairing skin defects in the face

Skindefectsinthefaceduetotheexcisiono skintumorsorscarsareverycommoninplastic surgery,andthereconstructionissometimesa clinicalchallengeinrespectofaesthetic considerations[1-3].TheLimbergflaphasbeenin usefordecadesandproventobeasafealternative methodformedium-sizedskindefectswhendirec suturingisnotsuitable[4,5].However,theresidua dog-eararisingfromtheflaptransposition sometimesinfluencespostoperativecosmetic outcomes,especiallyintheface,andasecond operationisoftenneeded[6].Wehavedevelopedan in…