活体亲属供肝部分肝移植术后肝动脉的彩色多普勒超声监测

目的探讨应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对亲属活体供肝部分肝移植术后早期监测肝动脉的价值。方法对33例活体供肝部分肝移植术后2周内每日行彩色多普勒超声检查,根据彩色血流及频谱情况判断有无肝动脉血栓形成;6例行动脉造影;所有存活者均进行随访观察。结果经彩色多普勒超声监测发现2例肝动脉血栓(HAT)形成。1例行急诊取栓和肝动脉重建术无效,再次行肝移植后存活(供肝为脑死亡者);另1例发生HAT后,经急诊取栓肝动脉重建术后恢复。结论肝移植术后行彩色多普勒超声监测对早期诊断HAT形成具有重要的价值。     

肝移植术后肝动脉血栓的防治(附2例报告)

目的探讨肝移植术后肝动脉血栓的防治方法，以降低其发生率。方法对52例（53例次）肝移植手术后发生肝动脉血栓的2例患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果该2例患者均为乙肝肝硬变合并巨块型肝癌，术中发现受体肝动脉内膜及外膜管壁硬化，血管弹性差，内外膜间隙较大，供、受体肝动脉直径稍有差距，致血管内膜对合不好，造成吻合口扭曲、皱折等，从而导致术后肝动脉血栓形成，2例患者术后均经彩超检查确诊。结论对肝移植术后肝动脉血栓的形成应以预防为主，肝移植术后应常规用彩超监测肝动脉血流，一旦发现肝动脉血栓，应立即行肝动脉溶栓、取栓和重新吻合术。     

成人肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨成人肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)的诊断与治疗,及其对患者预后的影响.方法 2007年6月至2010年10月我中心共实施成人尸体肝脏移植387例.术后采用床边彩色多普勒超声监测移植肝血流.疑有肝动脉血栓形成时,采用超声造影或肝动脉造影明确诊断,根据病情采用介入溶栓治疗、手术再血管化治疗及再次肝移植等治疗.结果 387例中术后共有10例患者发生HAT,发生率2.6％.发生HAT的中位时间为肝移植术后7(范围2～18)d.2例采用介入溶栓治疗,其中1例伴肝动脉狭窄放置支架,均痊愈;3例再次手术行肝动脉重建联合肝动脉局部溶栓治疗,其中1例术后再次出现HAT,死亡;2例行再次肝移植,痊愈;3例出现肝内脓肿,严重感染,肝功能恶化死亡.死亡率为40％(4/10).结论 肝移植术后常规彩色多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流是早期发现HAT的关键,超声造影及肝动脉造影可明确诊断;及时采用介入溶栓、手术再血管化及再次肝移植等治疗虽然可减少患者死亡,但预防HAT发生更为重要.     

成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植六例

目的总结成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的体会。方法6例曾经接受活体肝移植者因胆道并发症（2例）、血管并发症（2例）、慢性排斥反应（1例）和肝炎复发（1例）而接受再次肝移植，再次肝移植均采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。除1例将供肝动脉改为与受者腹主动脉吻合外，其余均为同名血管的端端吻合。结果1例术后因原发性移植肝无功能死亡；1例肝动脉吻合口狭窄，经介入治疗放置支架后缓解。随访至今，5例已分别存活12、9、6、4和3个月，目前肝功能良好。结论腹腔内粘连是成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的手术难点。     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊治经验。方法 总结３４例原位肝移植术后的临床资料,结合文献,分析肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊断和不同治疗方法的结果。结果 本组肝动脉血栓形成发生率为８．８％（３／３４）,３例均经彩超检查诊断,例１术后第５７天死于上消化道出血,经尸检证实,例２和例３经肝动脉造影证实后给予动脉内溶栓,球囊扩成形及放置血管内支架等介入治疗,病人分别在术后第１８,６５天死于感染和     

彩超用于诊断及介入治疗肝移植术后并发症的评价

目的 评估彩超用于肝移植术后并发症诊断及介入治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析88例肝移植病人术后并发症彩超诊断和介入治疗的资料。结果 彩超正确诊断右侧胸腔积液78例、腹腔积液30例、腹腔出血6例、腹腔脓肿2例、肝动脉血栓2例、肝静脉血栓1例、胆道并发症及肝癌复发各2例。误诊肝动脉血栓形成1例。成功进行超声引导介入治疗51例及肝活检40例。结论 彩超在肝移植术后并发症诊断及介入治疗中具有不可替代的重要作用。     

肝移植术后肝动脉病变的介入治疗的临床应用价值

目的：评价介入治疗在肝移植术后肝动脉并发症治疗中的价值及疗效。
　　方法：回顾性分析2006年1月—2012年1月期间49例怀疑肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的患者的诊断与治疗以及随访资料。
　　结果：肝动脉造影共检出肝动脉并发症26例。肝动脉狭窄21例,其中6例轻中度狭窄未处理;15例为重度狭窄给予肝动脉支架置入术,3例随访期间发现支架再狭窄。假性动脉瘤形成2例,其中1例行覆膜支架置入术,封堵良好;1例行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术,复查造影显示肝动脉闭塞,随访期至1.5个月时出现广泛胆道坏死,行经皮肝穿胆汁引流术。肝动脉血栓形成3例,其中1例溶栓后随访23个月未出现血栓形成;1例动脉溶栓效果不佳者,介入治疗3d后接受了二次肝移植术;1例肝动脉闭塞但侧支循环已建立未给予治疗。
　　结论：介入治疗能有效地解除肝移植术后多种肝动脉并发症,在保证肝移植手术成功、延长患者生存方面具有一定的应用价值。     

33例小儿活体肝移植术肝动脉并发症分析

目的研究小儿活体肝移植手术后肝动脉并发症,分析肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)相关原因及其诊治经验。方法回顾分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院器官移植科自2006年10月至2009年9月所行33例小儿活体肝移植手术相关资料。结果 33例移植患儿均接受亲属左外叶供肝,随访1年。共出现肝动脉栓塞3例(9.1%),2例经DSA溶栓后痊愈。结论小儿活体肝移植术术后发生肝动脉血栓几率较高,使用显微外科技术吻合肝动脉可以降低肝动脉血栓发生率,对可疑患者行肝动脉造影可有效诊断和治疗肝动脉血栓。     

彩超用于诊断及介入治疗肝移植术后并发症的评价

目的　评估彩超用于肝移植术后并发症诊断及介入治疗中的价值。方法　回顾性分析88例肝移植病人术后并发症彩超诊断和介入治疗的资料。结果　彩超正确诊断右侧胸腔积液 78例、腹腔积液 30例、腹腔出血 6例、腹腔脓肿 2例、肝动脉血栓 2例、肝静脉血栓 1例、胆道并发症及肝癌复发各 2例。误诊肝动脉血栓形成 1例。成功进行超声引导介入治疗 5 1例及肝活检 4 0例。结论　彩超在肝移植术后并发症诊断及介入治疗中具有不可替代的重要作用     

肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓3例报告

目的总结肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓形成的原因及防治体会。方法回顾性分析肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓形成的3例病例资料,总结其血栓形成的原因、预后及诊治方案的经验和教训。结果 1例由于发现较晚未能及时有效地处理,虽然经手术取栓和全身抗凝治疗,仍未能避免移植肝的丢失,经再次肝移植治愈;1例虽经再次肝移植治疗,但由于患者一般情况差、并发症多,于再移植术后第35天死于严重的肺部真菌感染和多器官功能衰竭;1例在临床症状未出现前被彩色多普勒超声及时发现,经手术取栓及术后抗凝治疗后痊愈。结论肝移植术后早期门静脉血栓形成是一个可以导致移植肝丢失并且危及受体生命的严重并发症。保障有效的门静脉血流量、减少门腔分流、术后早期抗凝治疗是预防肝移植术后门静脉血栓发生的关键。通过术后密切的彩色多普勒超声监测对病变早期诊断并及时有效的外科处理是提高预后的有效措施。     

Intraarterial thrombolytic treatment for hepatic artery thrombosis immediately after living donor liver transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) remains one of the major causes of graft failure and mortality in liver transplant recipients. This complication requires early diagnosis and revascularization to avoid graft loss. We have reported herein two cases of successful urokinase intraarterial thrombolytic treatment for HAT in the immediate postoperative period after LDLT. Significant elevation of liver transaminases was noted 6 and 4 hours after LDLT and HAT confirmed by three-dimensional computed tomogram and angiogram. Both patients were treated successfully with intraarterial thrombolysis using an urokinase infusion (a total dose of 200,000 to 250,000 IU over 20 to 25 minutes) immediately after HAT was confirmed. One patient underwent laparotomy and bleeder ligation owing to hepatic arterial anastomotic site bleeding after thrombolysis. These two patients remain in good condition without any ischemic graft sequelae at 7 and 8 months follow-up. In conclusion, intraarterial thrombolysis using an urokinase infusion could be considered as one of the treatment modalities of acute HAT following LDLT even in the immediate postoperative period.     

The impact of meticulous management for hepatic artery thrombosis on long‐term outcome after pediatric living donor liver transplantation*

Abstract: To analyze the risk factors in the development of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and assess the impact of our perioperative management for HAT on the long‐term outcome after pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), we reviewed 382 patients under 12 yr of age who underwent 403 LDLT from January 1996 to December 2005. One‐ and 10‐yr patient survival rates were 78% and 78% in the patients with HAT (27 patients; 6.7%), and 84% and 76% in the patients without HAT, respectively (p = n.s.). Univariate analysis showed gender (female), body weight (lower), and graft‐to‐recipient weight ratio (higher) were significant risk factors in the patients with HAT (p < 0.05). Patients with Doppler ultrasound signal loss of the hepatic artery (HA) accompanied by an increase of liver enzymes underwent thrombectomy and reanastomosis (S‐group, n = 13), and patients with a weak HA signal underwent anticoagulant therapy (M‐group, n = 13). One patient underwent re‐LDLT. One‐ and five‐yr patient survival rates were 83% and 83% in the S‐group, and 77% and 77% in the M‐group (p = n.s.). The incidence of biliary complications in the S‐group (58%) was significantly higher than that of the M‐group (15%). For a successful long‐term outcome, the early detection of HAT and prompt medical and surgical intervention are crucial to minimize the insult of HAT.     

婴幼儿活体肝移植后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症

目的 探讨婴幼儿活体肝移植术后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症的发生情况.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观测34例婴幼儿活体肝移植术后2个月内门静脉、肝动脉、肝左静脉最大流速及肝动脉阻力指数变化情况,并观察术后血管并发症的发生情况及其预后.结果 34例受者中,术后超声显示血管通畅者29例(85.3%,29/34),发生血管并发症5例(14.7%,5/34).29例血管通畅的患儿,术后第1天时门静脉最大流速(vmax)为(53.97±21.44)cm/s,肝动脉收缩期最大流速(PSV)为(52.88±17.87)cm/s,阻力指数(RI)为0.73±0.09,肝左静脉最大流速为(40.53±25.07)cm/s.与术后第1天比较,术后1周时门静脉vmax、肝动脉PSV、肝左静脉vmax及肝动脉RI的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后2周时门静脉vmax为(44.26±17.43)cm/s,明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.05);术后2个月时门静脉vmax为(40.31±26.29)cm/s,肝动脉PSV为(41.50±8.67)cm/s,均明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).5例血管并发症均发生在术后7 d内,其中肝动脉血栓形成3例(2例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),门静脉血栓形成2例(1例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),5例中3例死亡.结论 婴幼儿活体肝移植术后门静脉vmax和肝动脉PSV呈下降趋势;血管并发症发生时间早,发生率较高,活体肝移植术后7 d内至少应每天进行1次超声检查.     

Vascular complications after living donor liver transplantation: a Brazilian, single-center experience

Background

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), vascular complications are more frequently seen than in deceased donor transplantation. Early arterial, portal vein, or hepatic vein thromboses are complications that can lead to graft loss and patient death. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, treatment, and outcome of vascular complications after LDLT in a single Brazilian center.

Methods

Between December 2001 and December 2010, we performed 130 LDLT. Sixty-four recipients were children (27 weighing <10 kg).

Results

Nine recipients had vascular complications. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) occurred in 4 (3.1%), portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in 3 (2.3%), and hepatic vein thrombosis (HVT) and hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS) in 1 (0.8%) patient each. Complications were identified by Doppler and confirmed by angiography or angiotomography. Patients with HAT were listed for retransplantation. One died before retransplant. Two children were submitted to retransplantation; one is still alive, with neurologic sequelae. One adult with HAT was retransplanted with a deceased donor graft and is doing well 58 months after surgery. Two patients with PVT died as a consequence of graft malfunction. In the other case, portal vein arterialization was performed, but patient died 11 months posttransplant. HVT was detected after cardiac reanimation and was treated with an endovascular stent. This patient died 3 months after LDLT. HAS was diagnosed after liver abscess development and was successfully treated by endovascular angioplasty. No recurrence was observed after 22 months. Follow-up ranged from 9 to 117 months.

Conclusion

Pediatric patients are more prone to develop vascular complications after LDLT. Long-term survival was statistically lower for recipients with vascular complications (33.3% vs 77.7%; P = .008).     

超声造影在肝移植术后肝动脉血栓诊断中的应用

目的评估超声造影在肝移植术后肝动脉血栓(HAT)诊断中的价值。方法 2004年1月至2012年8月在四川大学华西医院肝移植中心行肝移植手术的患者810例。患者术后均接受了彩色多普勒超声(彩超)检查,其中有58例怀疑HAT,从而继续接受超声造影检查。以肝动脉血管造影、手术结果和临床随访作为金标准,计算超声造影诊断HAT的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果超声造影诊断16例HAT,正确诊断15例,误诊1例,无漏诊病例。超声造影诊断HAT的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为1.0、0.977、0.983、0.938和1.0。本组患者HAT发生率和病死率分别为1.9%和53%。结论肝移植术后彩超检查怀疑HAT时应立即行超声造影检查,超声造影诊断肝动脉通畅的患者可避免肝动脉血管造影检查。     

原位肝移植肝动脉重建临床分析

目的 总结分析原位肝移植肝动脉重建经验,提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率.方法 总结1995年5月至2006年12月实施的183例肝移植临床资料,常规动脉重建163例,供者腹腔动脉干Carrell's袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉汇合部吻合25例,胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合134例,腹腔动脉干吻合4例.采用髂动脉.腹主动脉搭桥20例.术后根据凝血酶原时间(PT),应用普通肝素或低分子肝素抗凝.术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供.结果 183例肝移植患者中有6例发生肝动脉并发症,发生率为3.28%(6/183),其中肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,肝动脉狭窄(hepatic artery stenosis,HAS)1例.常规通路动脉重建组动脉并发症发生率1.84%(3/163),髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥组为15.0%(3/20),两者比较差异有统计学意义(X2=9.73,P＜0.01).6例并发症患者中有1例HAT于术后19 d死于多器官功能衰竭,另5例通过介入治疗治愈,死亡率16.7%.结论 正确地选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗减少HAT和HAS的发生,多普勒超声的早期发现和放射介入的及时治疗可以挽救移植物,避免再移植.     

An Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Patient Survived Without Hepatic Artery Flow Due to Thrombosis: A Case Report

BackgroundHepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), a serious complication after orthotopic liver transplantation, almost always leads to morbidity and mortality without urgent revascularization or retransplantation, especially if HAT occurs within a few days after transplantation.Case PresentationHerein we describe a case report of an orthotopic liver transplantation patient surviving without hepatic artery flow due to HAT on postoperative day 1. Reanastomosis, thrombectomy, and intra-arterial thrombolysis were performed, but only retrograde arterial flow by Doppler ultrasound, not by angiography, could be demonstrated in the hepatic artery. This case report is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Declaration of Istanbul.ConclusionBased on the evidence from this patient, we believe that patients with failed revascularization can experience a long-term survival with conservative treatment. Retransplantation should be evaluated based on laboratory findings because graft function in individual patients can recover.     

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目的：分析10例活体肝移植术中的血管变异，总结其外科处理经验，进一步提高手术成功率，减少并发症。方法：2001年1月至12月，行活体肝移植10例，其中左半肝8例，左外叶1例，右半肝1例，供肝者均为其母，经术中B超及胆管造影以确定肝切线。供体单支肝动脉分支与受体肝动脉吻合，两支肝动脉分别与受体肝左、右动脉吻合。门静脉分支与受体门静脉主干吻合。供体肝静脉与受体下腔静脉行端侧吻合。胆管重建均采用肝管分支与受体胆总管端端吻合，置T管引流。结果：10例活体肝移植，1例因肝动脉血栓形成，术后5天需次肝移植；1例发生排斥；其余8例均康复出院，5例已上学。结论：活体肝移植术中血管重建技术是其重要环节，术前和术中了解供受体解剖变异并正确处理，可减少术后血管和胆道的并发症。