内镜冲洗联合脑室外引流治疗脑室内感染的体会

目的 探讨内镜下冲洗脑室系统治疗脑出血和脑积水术后出现脑室内感染的体会和策略.方法 28例脑室系统感染患者采用内镜下冲洗脑室系统,术后留置脑室外引流管并每天抗生素冲洗脑室.结果 本组患者控制感染时间最短为8d,最长为45 d;死亡3例,1例死于再出血,2例死于肺部感染引起的呼吸衰竭,其余患者颅内感染均得到有效控制.结论 神经内镜下冲洗脑室并术后脑室内给药为治疗脑室内感染的一种有效方法.     

神经导航下内镜手术与脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血的比较

目的 比较神经导航下内镜手术与脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血（IVH）的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月手术治疗的69例IVH的临床资料，其中31例行神经导航下内镜手术（内镜组），38例行脑室外引流术（引流组）。结果 根据自发性IVH分级方法:内镜组Ⅰ级1例，Ⅱ级15例，Ⅲ级13例，Ⅳ级2例；引流组Ⅰ级2例，Ⅱ级19例，Ⅲ级15例，Ⅳ级2例。低级别组（IVH分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级）中，内镜组和引流组血肿清除率、引流管放置时间、并发症发生率和术后3个月GOS评分均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。高级别组（IVH分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ级）中，内镜组血肿清除率、引流管放置时间、并发症发生率和术后3个月GOS评分均明显优于引流组（P<0.05）。结论 两种手术方式均可有效治疗IVH。对高级别IVH，内镜手术效果更好。     

神经内镜治疗合并脑室内感染的脑积水

目的总结应用神经内镜治疗合并脑室内感染的脑积水的经验。方法采用神经内镜对54例合并脑室内感染的脑积水病人进行治疗，在结合抗生素冲洗的同时，分别行透明隔造瘘术、第三脑室底脚间池造瘘术、脉络丛凝固术及内镜引导下脑室外引流术．结果脑积水及炎症控制49例，死亡5例，随访22例无复发。结论运用神经内镜治疗合并脑室内感染的脑积水病人．能明显缩短病程，提高治愈率。     

脑室内感染的治疗体会

目的 探讨脑室内感染的治疗方法 . 方法 21例脑室内感染的患者行双侧脑室置管后,给予脑室持续灌洗引流配合全身抗感染及对症支持治疗.结果 治愈18例,死亡3例,治愈率85.7%.结论 脑室持续灌洗引流疗法配合全身抗感染及对症支持治疗可明显提高脑室内感染的治愈率.     

神经内镜治疗自发性脑室出血的疗效分析

目的探讨神经内镜对自发性脑室出血手术治疗的疗效分析。方法收集2009年6月至2013年12月我院经CTA筛查的119例自发性脑室出血患者,分为2组:神经内镜手术组(NEG)48例、脑室外引流组(EVDG)71例,手术治疗均在48小时内进行;比较二组不同术式术后6小时颅脑cT,血肿清除率、术后并发症及术后6个月对患者进行ADIL预后分级等治疗效果评估。结果①血肿清除率:NEG明显优于EVDG(p0.01)。②术后片发症:发生率分别为1 2.5%、40.6%。NEG明显低于EVDG(p=0.048)。③术后6月ADI分级:NEG和EVDG术后6个月ADL预后评分恢复良好(ADL.Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)比例分别为:79.17%(38/48)、46.48%(33/71)。NEG术后6月ADL评分明显优于EVDG(p=0.001)。结论神经内镜组手术血肿清除率高、并发症少、预后好,优于脑室外引流手术组。     

神经内镜在脑室出血治疗中的临床应用

目的比较不同手术方法以探讨微创治疗脑室出血的新方法。方法应用神经内镜微创治疗脑室出血22例，以传统的单纯脑室体外引流术治疗同类疾病20例为对照组，并相互比较。结果在内镜组，术后24h复查头颅CT，脑内或（和）脑室内血肿绝大部分清除者（90％以上）者15例；未发现继发出血；术后无颅内感染；术后2个月对患者进行GOS（Glasgow outcome scale）评分，5分5例，4分9例，3分4例，2分2例，1分2例。在脑室引流组，术后24h复查颅脑CT，仅有3例脑室内血肿大部分清除（60％以下）；未发现继发出血；术后颅内感染2例；术后2个月对患者进行GOS评分，5分l例，4分5例，3分7例，2分5例，1分2例。与内镜组比较，术后好转优良率低（P〈0．05），差异有统计学意义；死亡率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论应用神经内镜清除脑室内血肿，具有直视下操作、术后疗效好等优点，是脑室出血较佳的外科治疗方法。     

神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤

目的探讨神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤的临床疗效及经验.方法回顾性分析16例经神经内镜手术治疗的脑室内肿瘤的临床资料,其中肿瘤单纯位于侧脑室8例,第三脑室6例,同时位于侧脑室和第三脑室2例.结果肿瘤全切除4例,部分切除8例,囊性颅咽管瘤经囊腔内置Ommaya管术后囊腔明显缩小4例.术后根据病理检查对部分病例进行放射治疗.均无明显手术并发症.随访2～36个月,平均15.7个月,无死亡病例,第三脑室内生殖细胞瘤复发1例,第三脑室内囊性颅咽管瘤囊腔扩大1例.结论神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤具有微创、手术视野好、并发症少等优点,是一种有效的诊疗手段.     

神经内镜手术联合脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血的疗效

目的 探讨神经内镜手术联合脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血的效果。方法 回顾性分析2013年11月至2016年6月收治的93例脑室出血的临床资料,根据治疗方法分为内镜组（47例,神经内镜手术联合脑室外引流术）和单纯引流术组（46例,单纯脑室外引流术）。结果 内镜组引流时间、术后再出血率、住院时间均明显低于单纯引流组（P<0.05）,但两组甘露醇使用量、肺部感染发生率、颅内感染发生率、28 d内病死率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。内镜组术后14、30 d纳维亚卒中量表评分均明显高于单纯引流术组（P<0.05）。两组术后3个月GOS评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 与单纯脑室外引流术相比,神经内镜手术联合脑室外引流术治疗脑室出血有利于缩短引流时间,促进神经功能恢复,降低再出血率。     

侧脑室、三脑室神经内镜应用解剖

目的：了解神经内镜下脑室的解剖特点和重要解剖标志及比较不同脑室入路的特点。方法：10例成年国人尺头、10例脑积水患者。用内镜分别从侧脑室的额角、枕角、三角区和颞角进入,观察镜下所见和脑室内各组织的毗邻关系。结果：（1）进入脑室的穿刺点有四个：额角、枕角、三角区、颞角穿刺点;（2）经额角入路暴露范围最大,前至额角,后至枕角,下至三脑室及导水管;（3）从枕角入咱可借助脉络丛定位;（4）经三角区入路既可向前进入额角,双可向后下方进入颞角,脉络从和室间孔是重要的标志。结论：（1）侧脑室形态固定,解剖标志明确,应用神经内窥镜可使脑室内的部分病变在直视下切除,并且创伤较小;（2）大多数病变采用额角、枕角入路,三角区和颞角入路可用为补充。     

神经内镜对比脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的荟萃分析

目的系统性评价神经内镜(NE)对比脑室外引流(EVD)治疗脑室出血的有效性及安全性,为临床工作提供依据。方法利用相关关键词在中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普网(VIP)、Cochrane临床试验数据库、Pub Med、EMbase等中英文数据库中进行检索,纳入有关神经内镜对比脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的随机及非随机对照研究。使用Rev Man 5.3软件对数据进行合并分析;并对设计类型、随访时间及术前时间进行亚组分析。结果最终纳入19篇文献(共1 269例患者),包括9篇随机对照研究和10篇非随机对照研究。Meta分析结果显示,神经内镜组的有效血肿清除率明显高于脑室外引流组(OR=22.30,95%CI:14.35～34.64,P 0.000 01);良好功能恢复率优于脑室外引流组(OR=3.07,95%CI:2.26～4.17,P 0.000 01),患者的死亡率明显降低(OR=0.48,95%CI:0.32～0.71,P=0.000 3)。两组并发症发生率比较,神经内镜组的颅内感染率(OR=0.19,95%CI:0.09～0.43,P 0.000 1)、术后再出血率(OR=0.22,95%CI:0.08～0.65,P=0.006)和脑积水发生率(OR=0.16,95%CI:0.11～0.25,P 0.000 01)均显著低于脑室外引流组。亚组分析显示,随访时间、术前时间及尿激酶的使用均可能为影响患者死亡率的重要因素。结论神经内镜治疗脑室出血可能比传统的脑室外引流术更加安全有效。     

Endoscopic treatment of brain abscesses

Background Stereotactic aspiration with external drainage has become widely accepted as the standard treatment for intracerebral abscesses. Although neuroendoscopic technique has only been occasionally adopted for this pathology, it introduces some advantages because it presents visual awareness that the pus has been removed.Methods Four patients with cerebral abscess and one with a subdural empyema were operated using a neuroendoscopic technique in our Department between 1996 and 2003. A 4-mm flexible endoscope was introduced into the purulent collection through a burr hole, the pus was meticulously aspirated, and the cavity washed with isovolumetric antibiotic lavages using the working channel for both irrigation and suction.Conclusion Neuroendoscopic treatment of brain abscesses presents some additional advantages as a possible alternative to stereotactic aspiration, which still constitutes the gold standard for this pathology. The adoption of stereotactic or frameless guidance systems can probably be recommended particularly for deep, complex lesions.     

Endoscopic treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cysts

Objective  Arachnoid cysts constitute 1% of all intracranial mass lesions not resulting from trauma. Suprasellar arachnoid cysts (SACs) are uncommon. Obstructive hydrocephalus is the most common cause of initial symptoms and occurs in almost 90% of the patients with suprasellar arachnoid cyst. We report on 17 patients with suprasellar arachnoid cyst who were treated with neuroendoscopic intervention. Materials and methods  Seventeen patients with SAC had been operated on between 1999 and 2007 in our institution. Five patients had previously undergone shunting procedures or craniotomy. Nine boys and eight girls ranged in age from 4 months to 17 years (mean 53.2 months). All patients had hydrocephalus. A wide ventriculocystostomy (VC) or a ventriculo-cysto-cisternostomy (VCC) was done by using rigid neuroendoscopes. Psychometric evaluation was administered postoperatively, when possible. Follow-up of the patients ranged from 6 months to 7 years (mean 41.6 months). Results  Of the 17 patients, 12 underwent endoscopic procedure as the primary surgery. VC only was performed in the first patient. In the remaining 16 patients, VCC was done. A slit-valve mechanism was observed in 14 patients. Three patients needed a VP shunt, despite a successful VCC. Three of five patients, younger than 1 year of age became shunt dependent and none of the patients older than 1 year of age needed shunting. In four patients presented with shunt malfunction, the shunts were removed after endoscopic surgery. Only one subject’s total score was under the normal IQ limits but her subtests scores were heterogeneous. However, there was marked discrepancy among her subtests scores. Conclusion  Endoscopic surgery should be the first choice in the management of SACs. Neuroendoscopic VCC is successful in the majority of the cases. Presented in part at the Third World Conference of the International Study Group on Neuroendoscopy (ISGNE), 15–18 June 2005, Marburg, Germany.     

持续脑室外引流并发脑室感染因素分析

脑室感染是持续脑室引流术后神经外科常见并发症。有人统计,脑室外引流术后并发脑室感染者是未行脑室引流的9.4倍[1]。我院从1995年3月￣2005年3月期间行持续脑室外引流387例,感染23例,现回顾分析如下。一、资料与方法1.一般资料:持续脑室外引流387例,其中男213例,女174例;年龄     

大脑半球凸面蛛网膜囊肿的内镜手术治疗

目的 探讨神经内镜手术治疗大脑半球凸面蛛网膜囊肿的经验并评价治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科自2007年9月至2011年7月行神经内镜囊肿-脑室或囊肿-脑池造瘘治疗的13例大脑半球凸面蛛网膜囊肿(均选择邻近脑室或脑池的大脑半球凸面蛛网膜囊肿)患者的临床资料,包括临床症状、影像表现、手术适应证、手术方法、手术并发症以及临床、影像随访结果. 结果 13例患者术后囊肿都有不同程度缩小;术前症状消失9例、改善4例,症状消失或改善率100％;术后发生无症状硬脑膜下积液1例. 结论 神经内镜手术损伤小、效果好,可以作为邻近脑室或脑池的大脑半球凸面蛛网膜囊肿的首选治疗方法.     

神经内镜下手术治疗透明隔囊肿

目的 探讨应用神经内镜手术治疗症状性透明隔囊肿的方法及价值。方法 症状性透明隔囊肿19例，应用神经内镜技术行囊肿脑室造瘘术，对伴有脑积水的病人行室间孔再通术。结果 16例头痛、晕厥等症状消失，3例有癫痫发作者术后未再发作；复查CT或MRI显示囊肿均缩小，脑积水的病人侧脑室有不同程度回缩。结论 应用神经内镜手术治疗透明隔囊肿具有操作简单、疗效可靠、并发症少等优点。     

导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水的内镜治疗

目的 探讨导水管梗阻所致巨大脑室脑积水手术治疗的指征及并发症预防.方法 神经内镜下共治疗32例巨大脑室脑积水患者,其中25例行经额入路第三脑室底造瘘术,1例行经额小脑上池囊肿造瘘术,5例行枕下入路内镜下后颅窝囊肿切除、囊腔枕大池造瘘,1例行经枕下入路导水管成形术.结果 术后随访1-4年,32例具有行走不稳、尿失禁、智商下降、精神运动发育迟缓的患者中,26例症状明显改善,6例症状未继续进展.6例术前存在高颅压症状患者术后症状改善,除1例出现硬膜下积液外,无其他严重并发症发生.结论 巨大脑室脑积水并非内镜手术治疗禁忌,凡影像检查确定为导水管梗阻所致的巨大脑室脑积水,均应积极手术治疗,改进手术方法 可以避免严重并发症的发生.     

Endoscopic observation of pathophysiology of ventricular diverticulum

Background Although there have been reports dealing with ventricular diverticulum (VD) analyzed by cisternography and computed tomography (CT), those focusing on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or neuroendoscopic findings are rare. Case report We present a case of noncommunicating hydrocephalus caused by aqueductal stenosis with cystic lesion located in supracerebellar region. Third ventriculostomy was performed on this case. The conventional CT and MRI were compatible with usual VD, but neuroendoscopic examination suggested otherwise. The endoscopic view inside of the cystic lesion demonstrated passing veins and no membrane. We diagnosed this cystic lesion as a unique subtype of advanced VD mimicking spontaneous ventriculostomy. Endoscopic observation of the cyst was very useful for accurate diagnosis and safe treatment.     

Endoscopic assisted craniotomy for resection of fourth ventricular lesions and confirmation of aqueductal patency via a suboccipital median aperture approach

Adequate exposure to fourth ventricular (4V) lesions located adjacent to the cerebral aqueduct and superior medullary velum often mandates extensive telovelar dissection. We assessed the utility of endoscopic assistance via a median aperture approach during suboccipital resection of 4V lesions. We retrospectively reviewed a series of nine patients who underwent suboccipital resection of a 4V lesion via an endoscopic-assisted median aperture approach from 2011 to 2018. Our series included the following pathology: ependymoma (2), rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (2), pilocytic astrocytoma (1), metastatic melanoma (1), epidermoid cyst (1), organized hematoma (1), and neurocysticercosis (1). Preoperative symptoms included headache (n = 8, 88.9%), nausea (n = 5, 55.6%), vomiting, dizziness, and gait disturbance (n = 4 each, 44.5%). In four cases, the endoscope was used for the majority of the resection or to resect additional tumor located rostrally in the 4V following maximal microscopic resection. In five patients, it was used to confirm extent of resection and patency of the cerebral aqueduct. Gross total resection was achieved in five patients (55.6%). No postoperative complications were attributed to use of the endoscope for additional resection. No patients required immediate CSF diversion, and one patient underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion over one year after initial biopsy/fenestration due to tumor progression. Our series is the first to demonstrate the utility of angled endoscopic assistance via a median aperture approach during microsurgical approaches for a variety of 4V lesions. Confirmation of patency of the cerebral aqueduct may help avoid requirements for CSF diversion.     

皮瓣下置管封闭式持续冲洗引流治疗开颅术后术区严重局部感染（附5例报道）

目的 探讨皮瓣下置管封闭式持续冲洗引流治疗开颅术后术区严重局部感染的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月收治的5例开颅术后术区严重局部感染的临床资料。均行经皮瓣下置管封闭式持续冲洗引流治疗。结果 5例局部感染均治愈,头皮切口愈合良好;术后随访1.5~2年,感染未复发。结论 皮瓣下置管封闭式持续冲洗引流治疗开颅术后术区严重局部感染,疗效好,切口愈合快,治疗周期短,感染复发率低。     

应用神经内镜手术治疗脑囊虫

目的：探讨应用神经内镜治疗脑囊虫的方法和意义。方法：应用神经内镜探查、冲洗、摘除脑囊虫。结果：10例脑室内囊虫,2例脑实质囊虫（形成囊性占位效应）摘除,2例行脑室－腹腔分流。14例均疗效满意。无明显并发症。结论：用神经内镜治疗服囊虫具有安全、高效、并发症少的优势。