微生态制剂治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎

目的观察微生态制剂对复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎治疗效果的影响。方法将复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎120例随机分为对照组（单独抗真菌治疗）与观察组（抗真菌治疗联合微生态制剂）。治疗前、后1周、1月、3月进行临床、真菌学疗效分析。结果治疗后3个月，观察组有效率（93．67％）明显高于对照组（80％），差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论联合微生态制剂治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎效果良好。     

微生态制剂治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎的临床效果观察

目的对应用微生态制剂对患有复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎的患者实施治疗的临床效果进行研究。方法抽取82例患有复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎的患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,平均每组41例。采用单纯抗真菌治疗方式对对照组患者实施治疗;采用抗真菌与微生态制剂联合方式对治疗组患者实施治疗。结果治疗组患者复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎病情治疗效果明显优于对照组;阴道炎症状表现消失时间和接受治疗总时间明显短于对照组;药物不良反应人数明显少于对照组;治疗后一段时间阴道炎病情复发率明显低于对照组。结论应用微生态制剂对患有复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎的患者实施治疗的临床效果非常明显。     

微生态制剂联合抗真菌治疗外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效观察

目的观察微生态制剂（定君生）联合抗真菌（制霉菌素栓）治疗外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的治疗疗效。方法对106例确诊为外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的患者随机分为2组,每组各53例。观察组应用微生态制剂联合抗真菌治疗（制霉菌素栓,阴道用药,每晚1次,连用6 d;停药2 d后应用定君生10 d）,对照组单纯使用抗真菌治疗（制霉菌素栓,阴道用药,每晚1次,连用6 d）。停药7 d、30 d、60 d后观察2组的疗效。将2组患者的临床表现、实验室真菌学检查结果进行对比分析。结果治疗后停药7 d,2组治愈率差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;停药30 d、60 d后观察组复发率均低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论微生态制剂联合抗真菌治疗阴道假丝酵母茵病效果好,复发率低。     

微生态制剂联合抗真菌药物治疗复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病54例报告

目的 观察微生态制剂联合抗真菌药物治疗复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病(RVVC)的治疗效果.方法 将RVVC的患者108例随机分为两组,对照组单独抗真菌药物治疗,治疗组应用微生态制剂联合抗真菌药物治疗,比较其疗效.结果 治疗组治疗总有效率显著高于其对照组(p＜0.001=结论 微生态制剂联合抗真菌药物治疗RVVC效果良好.     

复方苦参洗剂在合并西药治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎的增效作用

目的：观察复方苦参洗剂联合西药抗真菌外用制剂治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎（RVVC）的临床增效作用。方法：将84例RVVC患者随机分为两组：治疗组42例采用复方苦参洗剂联合三维制霉菌素栓外用治疗;对照组42例仅用三维制霉菌素栓外用治疗。两组均维持治疗10周,停药后随访40周。结果：治疗组的有效率显著高于对照组,治疗组的复发率明显低于对照组,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：复方苦参洗剂联合抗真菌西药外用治疗RVVC,可增强疗效,降低复发率。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗念珠菌性阴道炎的疗效

目的探讨乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎的疗效。方法选择68例复发性念珠菌性阴道炎患者,随机分为观察组和对照组。两组患者均予以硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊放入阴道,每晚1粒,7d为1个疗程。观察组在此基础上予以乳酸菌阴道胶囊放入阴道,每晚2粒,7d为1个疗程。治疗结束后1周、1月、2月、3月分别进行妇科检查及阴道分泌物检查。结果观察组治疗后的疗效明显优于对照组（χ2=7.70,P〈0.01）。观察组治疗后3个月内总复发率明显低于对照组（χ2=10.35,P〈0.01）。结论乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合硝呋太尔制霉菌素阴道软胶囊治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎的疗效较单纯应用硝呋太尔制霉菌素佳,复发率低。     

联合用药治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎临床疗效观察

目的探讨制霉菌素片和米可定泡腾阴道片联合治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎的疗效。方法选择该院2010年1月至2012年10月门诊治疗的复发性念珠菌性阴道炎患者84例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各42例,对照组给予米可定泡腾阴道片治疗,治疗组给予制霉菌素片和米可定泡腾阴道片联合治疗,观察比较两组患者治疗后症状、体征、真菌学及有效率等,评估二者疗效及安全性。结果治疗组患者中痊愈23例（54.76%）,总有效率为92.86%（39/42）;对照组患者中痊愈15例（35.71%）,总有效率为71.43%（30/42）,两组总有效率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.412,P〈0.05）。治疗组患者中真菌消除39例（92.86%,39/42）,对照组为28例（66.67%,28/42）,两组真菌清除率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.135,P〈0.05）,两组患者均未发生明显的药物不良反应。结论复发性念珠菌性阴道炎病情缠绵,易反复发作,联合使用抗菌药物（制霉菌素片、米可定泡腾阴道片）临床疗效显著,安全、可靠,值得临床推广应用。     

中西医联合治疗复发性念珠性外阴阴道炎45例临床观察

目的:本文主要讨论中西医联合治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎的临床观察。方法:收治复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎患者90例,其中,观察组采用中西医联合治疗,对照组采用常规的西医治疗。结果:观察组患者治疗总有效率100%,对照组患者治疗总有效率93.3%,两组数据对比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。另外,观察组的复发率也明显低于对照组患者,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:采用中西医联合治疗复发性念珠菌性外阴阴道炎,内外兼治,疗效确切,治愈率高,复发率低。     

复发性念珠菌性阴道炎的病因及诊治

念珠菌性阴道炎(Vulvo vaginal candidiasis,VVC)是一种常见的妇产科外阴阴道炎症性疾病。分为两大类,一类为单纯性,另一类为复发性。复发性念珠菌性阴道炎是指患VVC的患者经过治疗,临床症状和体征消失,真菌学检查连续3个周期均为阴性后症状重视,真菌学检查又呈阳性。一年中4次复发则称为复发性外阴阴道炎(Recurrent vagi-     

凯妮汀治疗孕期复发性念珠菌性阴道炎30例临床疗效观察

目的 :探讨凯妮汀大剂量克霉唑阴道片治疗孕期复发性念珠菌性阴道炎的临床疗效。方法 :2 0 0 1年 7～ 12月间对 30例孕期复发性念珠菌性阴道炎患者阴道内给药凯妮汀一粒 ,第 3天观察随访 ,未愈者继续给药一次 ,并设对照组。结果 :凯妮汀组一次用药后的临床治愈率为 73.33% ,好转率为 2 3.33% ,真菌学治愈率 96 .6 7%。第二次用药治疗后临床治愈率为10 0 % ,真菌学治愈率为 10 0 %。凯泥汀组与对照组的临床治愈率和真菌学治愈率差别有显著性和特别显著性。结论 :凯妮汀治疗孕期复发性阴道炎具有疗程短、疗程高、使用方便、毒副作用小、对胎儿无不良影响等特点。体现了该药较高疗效和安全性 ,值得在临床上推广应用     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.