Tourette综合征患儿体感诱发电位变化的意义

目的探讨Tourette综合征(TS)患儿体感诱发电位(SEP)变化特征及其对脑功能损害程度及定位诊断的价值。方法对76例TS患儿(TS组)、20例精神发育迟滞(MR)患儿(MR组)和22例健康儿童(正常对照组)进行SEP检测,观察各组各波的潜伏期和形态改变。结果与正常对照组儿童相比,TS组N2、P3、N3波潜伏期延长,MR组P2、N2、P3波潜伏期延长,但均无显著性差异(P均>0.05);TS组和MR组与正常对照组儿童比较,N2、P3、N3波有缺失现象,差异有显著性意义(P均<0.01)。TS与MR组患儿的波形缺失均以右侧为甚,但两侧比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论TS患儿存在皮层及皮下脑功能损害,体感诱发电位可作为TS的辅助诊断指标。     

晚婴型脑白质营养不良诱发电位改变及诊断价值探讨

目的探讨晚婴型异染性脑白质营养不良(MLD)患儿脑诱发电位改变特点及应用价值.方法对6例MLD患儿进行了脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)和正中神经体感诱发电位(MNSEP)测试,并与头颅CT结果比较.结果6例MLD患儿BAEP和MNSEP结果均异常,BAEP异常主要包括Ⅰ波潜伏期延长、Ⅰ～Ⅲ和Ⅰ～Ⅴ峰间期延长;MNSEP异常主要有N9波低平、波潜伏期延长或波形消失,N9～N13和N13～N20峰间期延长,而N20波幅改变不明显.结果还表明,诱发电位的异常早于头颅CT结果.结论诱发电位较早地反映患儿神经传导功能障碍,可以作为无创性早期诊断手段.     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿空间忽视与听觉P300的关系

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童空间忽视与听觉P300的关系。方法对32例ADHD和32例健康儿童进行划星试验、线等分试验及普通非忽视测试,并以听觉靶和非靶刺激为诱发事件检测前额区(Fz)、中央区(Cz)、顶区(Pz)、左中央区(C3)、右中央区(C4)、左前额(F3)、右前额(F4)7个点的听觉P300潜伏期、波幅、脑电地形图,并进行比较研究。结果1.ADHD患儿线等分测试结果(-9.37±6.57)与对照组(-5.46±4.69)比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);左侧划星试验成绩(11.44±5.55)差于对照组(16.34±4.82)(P<0.01),且左侧较右侧(17.13±6.36)差(P<0.01);2.二组线等分测试成绩均偏向零值的右侧(P<0.01),两侧划星测试成绩也较期望值27/27差(P<0.01);3.ADHD患儿Pz、C4、F4P300波幅、潜伏期较健康儿童组长,有显著差异(Pa<0.05);4.二组P300脑电地形图叠加后,健康儿童组P300呈同心圆状均匀扩散,左右对称,而ADHD患儿电位存在左侧脑区偏移;5.ADHD患儿划线测试结果或左侧划星测试成绩与P300电位在Fz、Pz、C4和F4的潜伏期与波幅具有线性关系(P<0.05)。结论ADHD患儿可能存在偏侧空间忽视和注意认知功能损害,且左侧空间忽视发生及程度与大脑右半球相应脑区电生理的不对称损害一致。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的静息态脑功能磁共振研究

目的 比较注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童与正常儿童的静息态脑功能磁共振成像结果的差异,探讨ADHD儿童脑功能失调可能的机制。方法 对符合DSM-IV诊断标准的18名ADHD儿童(ADHD组)及18名正常儿童(对照组)进行静息态功能磁共振扫描,采用局部一致性(ReHo)及低频振幅(ALFF)作为评价指标,比较两组ALFF值及ReHo值的大小。结果 ADHD组的ALFF值在双侧小脑后叶及左侧脑桥较对照组降低,而在右侧中央前回较对照组增高。ADHD组ReHo值在左额内侧回、右额上回及左楔前叶较对照组降低,而在左侧小脑前叶、左侧尾状核、右侧海马旁回、左侧中央前回及右侧额中回较对照组增高。结论 静息状态下,ADHD儿童脑局部(额叶、小脑等)功能活动较正常儿童减弱,支持额叶-小脑环路功能失调假说。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿空间忽视的研究

目的 研究注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿空间忽视的现象.方法 对32例男性ADHD患儿和32例正常儿童进行划星试验、线等分试验,以及智能测验等非忽视测验.结果 (1)ADHD患儿线等分测试结果为(-9.37±6.57),与对照组(-5.46±4.69)相比,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.735,P<0.01);ADHD患儿左侧划星试验成绩(11.44±5.55)差于对照组(16.34±4.82)(t=-3.78,P<0.01),且左侧较右侧(17.13±6.36)差,差异均有统计学意义(t=-3.09,P<0.01).(2)两组儿童线等分测验成绩均偏向"0"值的右侧(ADHD组t=-8.064,P<0.01;对照组t=-6.585,P<0.01),两侧划星测验成绩也较"正常值""27/27"差(ADHD组:左侧t=15.85,P<0.01;右侧t=-8.78,P<0.01.对照组:左侧t=-12.52,P<0.01;右侧t=-7.39,P<0.01).结论 ADHD患儿较正常儿童存在明显左侧空间忽视现象.     

早产儿视觉诱发电位检查及其临床意义

目的　探讨视诱发电位在早产儿的应用及临床意义。方法　早产儿共 76例 ,其中实验组 2 1例 ,对照组 5 5例。两组患儿均在生后 7～ 14d行视觉诱发电位 (VEP)检查 ,实验组还同时进行了脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)检查。同时检测了 2 6例足月儿 ,与对照组早产儿进行比较。对异常者在生后 3个月、6个月进行了随访。结果　早产儿与足月新生儿一样 ,VEP波形及各波潜伏期已基本稳定 ,重复性好 ,尤以P1波检出率为10 0 %。孕周与P1波潜伏期两者密切相关。实验组患儿同时进行VEP和BAEP检查 ,两种检查方法无显著差异。实验组患儿P1潜伏期均明显长于相应孕周对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;其中实验组 15例早产儿异常 ,VEP主要改变既有单、双侧主波缺失、又有主波潜伏期延长。对VEP异常者随访发现 ,实验组 15例VEP异常患儿中 9例 (9/12 ,3例失访 )及对照组 4例异常者均在生后 3个月恢复正常。结论　VEP在早产儿的检查客观、准确。其波形可作为早产儿脑发育成熟的指标。主波缺失 (包括单、双侧 )被认为是严重异常 ,提示预后较差。     

学龄早期注意缺陷多动障碍儿童事件相关电位和行为问题的相关性

目的采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)研究学龄早期注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的认知特征,探讨ERP与儿童行为问题的相关性。方法 22例6~7岁ADHD患儿和年龄匹配的19例正常儿童纳入研究。ERP试验采用持续性操作测试(CPT-AX)任务,对Go和Nogo的N2、P3成分进行波幅和潜伏期的比较分析。CBCL量表由患儿家长填写,分析行为因子与ERP成分的相关性。结果 ADHD组ERP遗漏数明显高于正常对照组(10±8 vs 5±4,P0.05),而两组反应时间和虚报数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ADHD组ERP的Go-N2波幅明显低于正常对照组(-8±5μV vs-10±4μV,P0.05)。ADHD组多动、攻击问题检出率均为27%,违纪问题检出率为9%。攻击及违纪因子得分与ERP的Go-N2波幅呈负相关(分别r=-0.43、r=-0.48,均P0.05),多动因子得分与Go-P3潜伏期呈正相关(r=0.50,P0.05)。结论学龄早期ADHD儿童已出现注意执行功能受损趋势,但抑制功能缺陷尚不明显。学龄早期ADHD儿童多动、攻击及违纪问题与ERP相关。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童事件相关电位和智力特点

目的 提高儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)诊断、治疗及预后判断的客观性、准确性,观察ADHD患儿认知和智力障碍程度.方法 对60例ADHD患儿(ADHD组)和60例健康对照儿童(健康对照组),分别以听觉靶和非靶刺激为诱发事件进行事件相关电位(ERP)P3波检测,采用<中国韦氏儿童智力量表>(C-WISC)检测患儿认知和智力能力,并比较二组儿童不同智力平衡性的ERP P3波测试结果.结果 ADHD组患儿较健康对照组儿童P3波潜伏期明显延长(P<0.01),波幅差异不明显.C-WISC检测中总智商(NQ)、言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ)均低于健康对照组儿童(Pa<0.01);66.7%ADHD患儿VIQ低于PIQ 15分以上,智力不平衡性明显高于健康对照组(P<0.01).ADHD组及健康对照组智力不平衡(PIQ-VIQ差值≥15)儿童ERP P3波潜伏期较智力平衡(PIQ-VIQ差值<15)儿童延迟(P<0.05).结论 ERP儿童P3波的潜伏期是评价认知能力的方法,结合C-WISC测试能判断ADHD患儿认知和智力障碍程度,可作为ADHD诊断和预后判定的辅助依据之一.     

神经生长因子对新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤闪光视觉诱发电位的影响

目的 探讨闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)反映新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)的敏感性;研究神经生长因子(NGF)对新生鼠HIBD保护作用。方法 7日龄SD大鼠,制成HIBD动物模型后随机分两组:HIBD模型未治疗组,HIBD模型NGF治疗组;另设正常对照组。观察正常对照组及HIBD后F-VEP改变;NGF对HIBD模型新生大鼠体重增长、死亡率、左右脑重量及F-VEP波形影响。结果 HIBD模型NGF治疗组体重增长、死亡率、患侧脑重量与未治疗组相比均有显著差异(P均<0.01);治疗组左右脑重量无显著差异,而未治疗组左右脑重量差异显著(P<0.01);HIBD模型NGF治疗组与未治疗组即刻F-VEP潜伏期均较对照组明显延长(P<0.01),波幅显著降低(P<0.01).NGF未治疗组7 d后与对照组相比F-VEP潜伏期明显延长,波幅显著降低(P均<0.01).NGF治疗组与未治疗组相比F-VEP潜伏期明显缩短,波幅显著升高(P均<0.01)。结论 F-VEP主波潜伏期。波幅可较迅速反映HIBD后脑功能状态;NGF治疗可减轻HIBD后脑萎缩,改善脑功能。     

甲基丙二酸血症患儿正中神经体感诱发电位变化的意义

目的观察28例甲基丙二酸血症（MMA）患儿正中神经体感诱发电位（MN-SEP）特点,探讨MN-SEP在MMA患儿中的临床应用价值。方法对1999年1月-2007年5月临床确诊的28例MMA患儿进行MN-SEP检查。其中男21例,女7例;年龄5个月-12岁5个月。其尿液有机酸测定采用气相色谱/质谱联用分析（GC-MS）,MN-SEP检查应用尼高力肌电型诱发电位测试仪对MMA患儿进行检测。结果28例患儿尿液中甲基丙二酸水平明显升高。23例于婴儿期起病和2例于幼儿期发病的患儿临床表现以神经系统损害为主;1例学龄前期起病和2例学龄晚期起病的患儿智力、运动倒退突出。患儿均伴头颅影像学改变,头颅CT或MR I主要表现为脑沟增宽、脑室扩大脑室旁低密度灶。28例MMA患儿中24例MN-SEP异常（85.7%）,主要为2例（7.1%）N9潜伏期延长,14例（50%）N9-N13峰间期延长,19例（67.9%）N13-N20峰间期延长,1例（3.6%）N20波形消失。结论MMA患儿的MN-SEP异常发生率高,MN-SEP检测有助于发现MMA患儿的神经系统感觉传导功能异常。     

Therapeutic potentials of bovine colostrums

Colostrum is the first milk produced by mammals for their young ones. This transfers the passive immunity gained by the mother to the baby. The bovine colostrum (BC) can be obtained in large quantity and has properties similar to human colostrum. It has been used for various disorders of the body. It has properties to stimulate immune system, contains growth factors and many bioactive substances needed for the body to combat with wear and tear. The BC has been used for various gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract infection, rheumatoid arthritis, healing injured tissues of body etc. There are not much double blind placebo-controlled trials to prove its efficacy, though a lot of experience about its good effects in various disorders is available in the literature. The dosage and duration of therapy need to be worked up. The BC has potential to treat as well to prevent certain diseases in the body. In future this will prove to be a very useful product to treat and control diseases in a natural way.     

Evoked potentials in comatose children

Auditory and somatosensory EPS obtained after median nerve stimulation are an interesting approach for the central nervous system investigation. However, there are some problems of interpretation during the first year of life, related to the maturation of the nervous system. We studied 20 severely comatose children aged 8 months to 15 years, admitted in an intensive care unit. Most of them were intubated, mechanically ventilated and received high doses of barbiturates. Coma was related to severe head injury, meningitis, encephalitis, Reye syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, cerebral lymphoma. Normal EP are correlated with a good recovery. Patients with abnormal EP may die or exhibit neurological sequelae. The absence of somatosensory EP is correlated with a bad outcome and is generally related to cerebral oedema. Appreciation of the prognosis in comatose children may be improved by repeated determination of auditory and somatosensory EP.     

Somatosensory evoked potentials in neonatal jaundice

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were studied in jaundiced and normal neonates on the day the highest bilirubin values were reached, 2-3 days later, and at five weeks. During the first week three groups were formed according to peak bilirubin values: A: greater than or equal to 250 mumol/l (n = 20), B: 125-250 mumol/l (n = 6), C: less than 125 mumol/l or no jaundice (n = 19). At five weeks 10 infants of group A were reinvestigated, together with 17 controls. Cervical (N13) and scalp SEPs (N19) were recorded with a variable number of stimuli. The SEPs of group B and C did not differ from each other. In group A the N13 peak latencies were within the range of group C at the first investigation, but prolonged at the second and third. The cortical components were prolonged at the first investigation, improved but still prolonged at the second, while the N19 peak latency was still prolonged at the third investigation. The central conduction time (CCT) correlated positively with the bilirubin level. Since a rapid decrease in the N19 amplitude was found for all groups from 25 to 100 stimuli, recordings should be done with a low number of stimuli (less than 100). Our findings indicate that both the periferal and the central components of the SEPs in the neonatal period are delayed by jaundice and that full recovery is not obtained at five weeks. The non-invasive SEP technique can be used as a daily monitor of the effect of bilirubin on the CNS.     

Motor evoked potentials and compound muscle action potentials as prognostic tools for neonates with spina bifida

MEPs and CMAPs as prognostic tools for spina bifida.AimThe aim of this prospective study was to determine the prognostic value of neurophysiological investigations compared to clinical neurological examination in infants with spina bifida.MethodsThirty-six neonates born with spina bifida between 2002 and 2007 were evaluated and followed for 2 years. Lumbar motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were obtained at the median age of 2 days old before surgical closure of the spinal anomaly. MEPs were recorded from the quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles and CMAPs from the latter two muscles. Areas under the curve and latencies of the MEPs and CMAPs were measured. Clinical neurological outcome at the age of 2 years was described using Muscle Function Classes (MFCs) and ambulation status.ResultsThe areas under the curve of MEPs and CMAPs in the legs were associated with lower neonatal levels of motor and sensory impairment. Better muscle function class of the lower limbs at 2 years of age was associated with larger MEP and CMAP areas of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles at neonatal age.DiscussionMEPs and CMAPs of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles are of prognostic value for clinical neurological outcome in neonates born with spina bifida.     

Event rate and event-related potentials in ADHD

BACKGROUND: It has been repeatedly found that performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more impaired when a long inter-stimulus interval (ISI) is used than when a short ISI is used. According to the cognitive-energetic model, this may reflect difficulty in remaining in an optimal motor activation state because of insufficient effort allocation. METHOD: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were evaluated during a Go/No-Go task that incorporates a condition with a fast and a slow presentation rate. RESULTS: ADHD, whether or not comorbid with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), was associated with a steeper increase in reaction time (RT) from the fast to the slow condition accompanied by a missing increment of the parietal P3. Speed of responding was found to be correlated with P3 amplitude. In the fast condition, children with ADHD made more errors of commission, accompanied by a smaller No-Go N2, a component thought to be related to inhibition; however, after controlling for ODD/CD these differences disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: The association between the steeper increase in RT and reduced parietal P3s may indicate that the children with ADHD did not allocate enough extra effort to adjust to a potentially under-activated state. However, the event rate effects could not account for all of the differences between groups and also early automatic information processing stages seem disturbed in this disorder as indexed by larger P2 amplitudes. Alternative explanations are discussed.     

诱发电位在儿科临床的应用

诱发电位作为一项较新的神经电生理检测技术,自上世纪八十年代起广泛应用于临床工作中.诱发电位是指对神经系统某一特定部位给予相宜的刺激,在该系统和脑的相应部位产生的生物电反应[1].其各波的神经发生源相对明确,重复性强,评定可靠,并且大部分检测项目很少受睡眠和药物等因素的影响,更适宜儿童检查.     

体感诱发电位和脑干听觉诱发电位预测恢复期严重意识障碍患儿意识恢复的价值

目的探讨恢复期严重意识障碍患儿体感诱发电位(SEP)、脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)动态变化特点,及其对患儿意识恢复的预测价值。方法 2013年7月-2014年6月住院治疗的脑损伤恢复期严重意识障碍患儿52例,入住康复科48h内完成临床评估和SEP、BAEP评估,病程满12个月、脱离最低意识状态、死亡为评估止点。结果 52例患儿在病程1年内有27例恢复意识,意识恢复率为51.2%,各种病因所致的严重意识障碍患儿的意识恢复率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。首次SEP检查分级越高,意识恢复率越低(P0.001);首次SEP检查分级为Ⅰ级的患儿24例,其中20例意识恢复,有4例(3例多次复查SEP均为1级,1例转为3级)在病程1年时其意识仍未恢复。首次SEP检查为Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级的患儿28例,有3例患儿由Ⅱ级转为Ⅰ级,其中2例意识完全恢复,有2例患儿由Ⅲ级转为Ⅰ级,其中有1例意识完全恢复。其余23例持续为Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,在病程1年时最终只有3例意识完全恢复。52例患儿中有50例BAEP检查正常,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级各1例。结论 SEP可以作为恢复期严重意识障碍患儿意识是否恢复的有效预测指标。BAEP对于处于恢复期的严重意识障碍患儿的意识是否恢复缺乏预测性。     

Cortical auditory event-related potentials in newborn infants

The possibility of recording changes in electroencephalography potentials following perception of sound was reported several decades ago. The recent expanding research on auditory cortical event-related potentials (AERPs) for assessing sound discrimination abilities in children and infants has indicated that several methodological issues need to be addressed before it can be implemented in clinical practice. Latencies, polarities, and amplitudes of the responses change with gestational age and during infancy. Thus, the maturation of the infant must be considered when designing stimulus paradigms and interpreting the responses. Of healthy newborn infants, only about 80% will show mismatch negativity, the automatic change detection of the auditory stimuli. Currently, the AERP method cannot be applied in clinical practice in the neonatal period, although the findings in healthy newborns at risk for dyslexia are promising. Further research will elucidate the possibility of developing AERPs as a possible early screening method during infancy for later dyslexia or cognitive dysfunction.