多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断下肢静脉阻塞性病变的应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像（MSCTA）在下肢静脉阻塞性病变中的临床应用价值。方法分析40例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）证实为下肢静脉阻塞性病变患者的MSCTA影像资料,以DSA检查为诊断标准,评价MSCTA在下肢静脉阻塞性病变中的应用价值。结果 40例患者中MSCTA发现下肢静脉阻塞性病变39例,其中下肢静脉血栓形成32例;髂静脉受压综合征12例,其中5例合并下肢深静脉血栓形成。下肢静脉阻塞性病变的MSCTA诊断结果与DSA比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 MSCTA对下肢静脉阻塞性病变的诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

影像学检查在下肢静脉常见疾病中的应用

影像学检查是诊断下肢静脉疾病常用的技术之一。现对100例下肢静脉疾病病人的彩超及静脉造影结果进行分析。     

静脉吸毒的艾滋病病人下肢血管病变彩色多普勒超声检查的表现

目的探讨静脉吸毒的艾滋病(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)病人下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查的表现及图像特征,重点分析形成下肢深静脉血栓的原因。方法对65例静脉吸毒AIDS病人下肢血管的二维及彩色多普勒(Color doppler flow imaging,CDFI)图像特征进行分析与总结。所有病例均行磁共振(Magneto-impurity resonance,MIR)及X线静脉造影检查证实。结果发现股动脉硬化斑块28例,下肢静脉血栓形成51例;患肢左侧多于右侧。结论对静脉吸毒的AIDS病人下肢血管彩超检查,可发现下肢动脉及相伴静脉的病变部位及病变类型,对AIDS病人下肢血管病变的诊断具有可靠的参考价值。     

冠脉造影术后下肢静脉血栓形成的预防

目的:探讨单纯选择性冠脉造影术后下肢静脉血栓形成的预防和处理。方法:160例行股动脉逆行插管选择性冠状动脉造影的患者,随机分为Ⅰ组(术中一次性给普通肝素3 000U),90例;Ⅱ组(术中不给肝素),70例。观察两组术后下肢静脉血栓发生率。结果:Ⅰ组发生下肢静脉血栓(术侧)2例,发生率2.22％,Ⅱ组发生下肢静脉血栓(术侧)5例,发生率7.14％,两组下肢静脉血栓发生率比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:单纯选择性冠脉造影术中一次性给普通肝素可以降低下肢静脉血栓发生率。     

老年患者下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值

目的探讨灰阶及彩色多普勒超声在老年患者下肢深静脉血栓诊断中的应用价值。方法对65例经临床确诊的老年下肢深静脉血栓形成患者进行灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声检查,按照发病时间将血栓分型,观察血栓形成的部位、大小、回声、栓塞程度、彩色血流充盈情况等。结果 65例患者72条患肢中,左下肢血栓41条共计105个部位,右下肢血栓31条共计79个部位。急性期血栓共40例(45条),亚急性期血栓26例(27条),其中1例患者右侧胭静脉急性血栓,合并左侧股总静脉亚急性血栓。急性期血栓呈低回声,病变静脉管径明显增宽,探头加压血管不能压瘪,彩色多普勒显示阻塞处血流充盈缺损;亚急性血栓可呈强回声、等回声、偏低回声或不均质回声,管径粗细不均,管壁增厚粗糙、回声增强,彩色多普勒显示血栓处彩色血流充盈缺损。结论灰阶及彩色多普勒超声对老年患者下肢深静脉血栓的阻塞部位、程度及局部血流情况可做出及时诊断,为临床选择治疗方案提供依据。     

经皮穿刺置管溶栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成

目的探讨经大隐静脉穿刺入路置管溶栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院收治经下肢顺行静脉造影证实下肢深静脉血栓形成病例297例,其中经患肢大隐静脉入路置管溶栓95例;经足背浅静脉输液顺行溶栓102例;经患肢腘静脉入路置管溶栓(100例)。对三组患者总体治疗效果及并发症发生率进行观察比较。结果大隐静脉置管组显效41例(42.86%),有效50例(52.38%),无效4例(4.76%),总有效率95.24%。足背静脉组显效13例(12.74%),有效49例(48.03%),无效40例(39.21%),总有效率66.67%。腘静脉置管组显效44例(44%),有效52例(52%),无效4例(4%),总有效率96%。结论经大隐静脉穿刺置管溶栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成是有效的方法,主要优点是方法简便、安全、并发症少。     

应用放射性核素显像对下肢深静脉病变和肺血栓栓塞症的临床观察

目的　探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺动脉血栓栓塞症之间的关系。方法　病例选择为1997年 9月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月临床诊断高度怀疑肺动脉血栓栓塞症患者 140例 (男 79例 ,女 6 1例 ) ,平均年龄为 39± 18岁。所有患者均行肺灌注、肺通气显像及下肢深静脉显像。其中 2 6例患者同时进行肺动脉造影 ,11例行X线下肢静脉造影检查 ,36例行下肢血管超声检查 ,18例行下肢容积血流阻抗图检查。结果　 140例肺血栓栓塞患者中有下肢静脉病变者为 12 0例 ,占 85 7%。近端病变 113例(80 0 % )。下肢深静脉显像与X线下肢静脉造影、下肢容积阻抗图及下肢血管超声检查符合率分别为 90 9% ,72 2 % ,80 0 %。结论　研究证实下肢静脉病变和血栓形成是肺动脉血栓栓塞症的主要致病因素 ,栓子主要来源于近端静脉血栓。放射性核素肺灌注 /肺通气、下肢静脉显像是诊断肺血栓栓塞症和下肢深静脉病变的有效方法。     

髂静脉支架在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用

目的评价髂静脉支架在急性期下肢深静脉血栓形成伴有髂静脉狭窄或者闭塞的治疗中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年1月山东省潍坊市人民医院收治并行腔内治疗的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成伴髂静脉狭窄或闭塞患者80例。根据手术是否行髂静脉支架植入治疗,分为观察组45例和对照组35例。观察组通过置入下腔静脉滤器+导管接触性溶栓(CDT)+髂静脉支架治疗;对照组采用置入下腔静脉滤器+CDT治疗。对比2组患者术后效果、患肢消肿率、静脉通畅率分别为及流行病学和经济研究-生活质量/症状(VEINES-QOL/SYM)问卷调查评分。采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果术前,2组大腿、小腿周径差比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);术后,2组大腿、小腿周径差及消肿率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。随访1、3、6、12个月后,观察组静脉通畅率分别为45例(100.0%)、43例(95.5%)、41例(91.1%)及41例(91.1%),对照组分别为29例(82.8%)、27例(77.1%)、26例(74.2%)及25例(71.4%),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组与对照组的下肢深静脉血栓后遗症发生率分别为0(0.00%)与4例(11.43%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组的DVT复发率分别为4例(8.89%)与5例(14.28%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前,2组患者VEINES-QOL/SYM评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗后,2组患者VEINES-QOL/SYM评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论髂静脉支架在急性期下肢深静脉血栓形成伴有髂静脉狭窄或者闭塞的治疗中的应用效果优于单纯置管溶栓。     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢静脉曲张交通静脉检测中的应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(color Doppler ultrasound,CDU)在下肢静脉曲张中交通静脉功能不全的检查技巧和诊断方法 .方法 应用Logiq 700彩色多普勒超声仪对33例下肢静脉曲张患者进行术前下肢静脉CDU常规检查,探测交通静脉的发生部位、范围、内径及瓣膜功能情况,标记其在体表的部位,并与手术结果 比较.结果 33例下肢静脉曲张患者中共发现151条交通静脉功能不全,主要发生部位位于小腿浅静脉区域(82%)和大腿部位(18%).CDU所见的交通静脉均得到手术证实,与手术结果 相比,CDU显示率为83%.结论 CDU能显示大部分下肢静脉曲张中的交通静脉,是一种能准确诊断下肢交通静脉功能不全简单易行的无创性检查技术.     

双能CT低KeV单能成像间接法下肢静脉造影诊断下肢静脉血栓的临床价值

目的评价第三代双源双能CT间接法下肢静脉造影(CTV)单能成像(MEI)的图像质量及对下肢静脉血栓的诊断价值。方法收集我院行双能间接法下肢CTV病人77例,其中53例在1周内行下肢静脉超声(US)检查。以US结果为标准,计算CTV诊断血栓的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、敏感性及特异性;使用Kappa检验比较两种检查方法对血栓诊断的一致性。评价40 KeV、50 KeV、60 KeV及线性融合4组图像质量,客观评价包括CT值、噪声比(CNR)和信噪比(SNR);主观评价由两名有10年以上工作经验的放射科医师进行双盲评分。结果 53例病人中,双能双源CTV发现下肢静脉血栓病人29例,US发现23例,CTV及US均为是阳性21例,CTV及US均为阴性22例。双能双源CTV对下肢静脉血栓诊断阳性预测值72.4%,阴性预测值91.6%,敏感性91.3%及特异性73.3%;双能间接法下肢CTV及US诊断血栓的一致性较好(Kappa值=0.627,P0.05)。4组图像CT值及CNR比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),单能图像CT值及CNR均高于线性融合图像CT值及CNR,且40 KeV的CT值及CNR最高。结论双源双能间接法下肢CTV单能成像可提高间接法下肢CTV的图像质量,且对下肢静脉血栓具有较高的诊断价值。     

大隐静脉剥脱术后复发125例原因分析

本文报道下肢静脉曲张患者行大隐静脉剥脱术后复发125例,共130条肢体。分析其原因是由于:(1)下肢深静脉病变,占63.9%。(2)深—浅静脉之间穿通支瓣膜功能不全,占22.3%。(3)诊断和手术的错误,占13.8%。作者强调术前静脉造影起提高手术疗效的作用。     

心脏永久起搏器置入术后上肢深静脉血栓的发生率及治疗经验

目的总结心脏永久性起搏器置入后上肢深静脉血栓的发生情况及治疗经验。方法302例心脏永久起搏器置入术后或行起搏器更换手术的患者,采用彩色血流和频谱多普勒超声方法,部分患者行患侧上肢静脉造影检查,探查患者上肢深静脉血栓形成情况,门诊随访至术后6～12个月。结果上肢深静脉血栓组和无血栓组在年龄、性别、病史,植入电极导线数量,抗血小板/抗凝治疗情况等临床资料无差异。随访中发生上肢深静脉血栓形成,静脉狭窄、闭塞45例,发生率14.9%,无患者发生血栓脱落栓塞事件,其中有症状的患者14例,占31.1%,均有不同程度患侧上肢肿胀、疼痛、肤色变深,有的患者活动明显受限,出现时间于术后3天～1年,检查提示为新鲜血栓,经尿激酶溶栓、低分子肝素、华法林抗凝治疗以及抗血小板治疗后,患者症状均明显改善,治疗3个月后超声显示血栓消失。无症状者31例,占68.9%,28例(90.3%)为陈旧性血栓,侧枝循环丰富;余3例为新鲜血栓。结论心脏永久起搏器术后上肢深静脉血栓形成是常见并发症之一,术后应密切观察,定期随访。对上肢深静脉血栓形成患者,给予华法林维持治疗3个月是必须和有效的。     

The significance of venography in the management of patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism

The accurate diagnosis of pulmonary embolism causes many problems. Clinical signs are non-specific, and ventilation-perfusion lung scanning has high sensitivity but variable specificity. In more than 90% of cases a pulmonary embolus is derived from deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities. We have performed a prospective study to evaluate venography in the management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. A total of 169 patients were included in the study, and a ventilation-perfusion scan was performed in all cases. Forty-four (26%) patients had a normal scan and treatment was not given (group A). The other 125 (74%) patients, who had an abnormal scan, underwent bilateral venography. Venous thrombosis was demonstrated in 63 patients, and they were treated with oral anticoagulants for 3 months (group B). The remaining 62 patients, who showed no venous thrombosis, did not receive anticoagulant therapy (group C). During follow-up, 1 patient in group A, 3 patients in group B and 1 patient in group C developed a new deep venous thrombosis. One patient in group B suffered a pulmonary embolus. It is concluded that venography of the lower extremities can be of additional value in the management of patients with pulmonary embolism when the lung scan does not provide sufficient information.     

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis.

Upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis has recently been recognized as being a more common and less benign disease than previously reported. It arises generally in the presence of recognizable risk factors, such as central venous catheters and cancer. However, as many as 20% of patients present with apparently spontaneous episodes. The prevalence of inherited coagulation defects in patients with this disease ranges from 10% to 26%. The clinical picture of upper extremity DVT is characterized by pain, edema, and functional impairment, although it may be completely asymptomatic. Because the prevalence of this thrombotic disease is less than 50% among symptomatic subjects, objective diagnosis is mandatory prior to instituting an anticoagulant treatment. When available, compression ultrasonography (alone or associated with Doppler or color Doppler facilities) should be the preferred initial diagnostic test. However, contrast venography may be necessary before anticoagulants are withheld because of negative findings on compression ultrasonography. Pulmonary embolism complicates upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in up to 36% of patients and may even be the presenting manifestation of this disorder. Its long-term clinical course is complicated by recurrent thromboembolism and post-thrombotic sequelae. Among the therapeutic options advocated for the therapy of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis, unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin followed by at least 3 months of oral anticoagulants should be regarded as the treatment of choice. Thrombolysis and surgical procedures may be indicated in selected cases. The prevention of this disease requires the institution of appropriate pharmacologic measures (i.e., low-dose unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin or low-dose warfarin) whenever an indwelling central venous catheter is indicated. This review suggests that upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis is at least as serious a disease entity as deep-vein thrombosis of the lower extremities.     

Upper extremity radionuclide venography in the diagnosis and management of venous disease associated with intravenous catheters

The utility of upper extremity radionuclide venography (RNV) in the assessment of suspected catheter-related central venous thrombosis (CRVT) was evaluated in 40 patients with subclavian venous catheters. Twenty normal patients (Group A) served as controls and their venographic patterns were analyzed by using four criteria: (1) delayed tracer transit time, (2) nonuniformity of flow and venous pooling, (3) jugular venous reflux, and (4) collateral venous filling. Control studies displayed no collaterals as a distinguishing characteristic but demonstrated the other three features to a variable degree. Of 106 extremities suspected of CRVT, 67 (Group B) were initially considered to have normal RNV findings (no collaterals). Contrast venography confirmed a normal pattern in 3 but identified CRVT with collaterals in 3 others. Retrospective review of the RNV studies confirmed faint collaterals in these latter 3. The 39 remaining extremities (Group C) showed abnormal RNV findings; contrast venography and postmortem studies confirmed the presence of venous disease in 5 patients. The authors believe that RNV is a reliable, noninvasive procedure for early diagnosis of venous occlusion associated with subclavian venous catheters.     

Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity

One hundred twenty-six patients with clinically suspected acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity (DVT) were examined comparatively with ultrasound and venography. In total, 174 lower extremity venograms were obtained. Ultrasonic examinations were performed on patients in the supine position. The venous segments were evaluated almost exclusively with transversal scanning. In the thigh, the only criterion for DVT was the reduced or absent compressibility of the venous lumen when gently compressed with the transducer. In the calf, normal unobstructed veins can usually not be viewed in the supine patient, whereas thrombotic veins appear as sonolucent, incompressible channels. Eight-three of the 174 lower extremity venograms were positive for DVT. In the majority of cases (53 of 83) the thrombotic process had involved two or more segments in combination. The sites of involvement of the different venous segments were distributed as follows: 24 occlusions of the common femoral vein, 52 of the superficial femoral vein, 56 of the popliteal vein, and 71 of the calf veins. Ultrasound had a sensitivity of 100% for thrombosis of the common femoral vein, 96% for the superficial femoral veins, 98% for the popliteal vein, and 93% for the calf veins. For the entire lower extremity, in regard to the diagnosis of thrombosis, the overall sensitivity was 95%. In 90% the extension of the occlusion was foreseen correctly. In no cases were false-positive results reported. Thus the overall specificity was 100%. The authors conclude that real-time ultrasound is a highly accurate method for the diagnosis of DVT of the lower extremity. It is the only indirect method capable of evaluating the venous system of the thigh, as well as that of the calf, with high accuracy. It should be the first choice of diagnostic imaging method in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity.     

Recurrent pulmonary embolism from left subclavian thrombosis: a case report

A 38-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of pulmonary thromboembolism. Thrombolysis therapy resulted in initial improvement in symptoms and laboratory data. However, 4 months later, pulmonary thromboembolism recurred despite antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. Contrast venography and venous ultrasonography of both upper and lower extremities revealed subtotal occlusion and venous thrombosis of the left subclavian vein with collateral vessels, but no evidence of lower extremity venous thrombosis. She had no history of subclavian venous catheterization, neoplasm, hypercoagulability or other predisposing cause of thrombus formation. Operative ligation of the left subclavian vein was performed at the junction with the internal jugular vein. White thrombus was identified within the venous lumen. She was well without recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism or venous insufficiency for 10 months after the operation. Surgical interruption of the subclavian vein may be effective to prevent recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism due to venous thrombosis of the upper extremity despite therapeutic anticoagulation.     

疑诊肺栓塞患者337例中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率

目的 评价疑诊肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率.方法 顺序收集2004年1月至2006年6月在北京首都医科大学附属朝阳医院和宁夏医学院附属医院内疑诊肺栓塞的患者,进行CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)联合下肢CT静脉造影检查(CTV)或CTPA联合下肢静脉超声检查.分析肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率以及下肢深静脉血栓的发生部位有无不同.采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行数据分析,描述性结果采用频数分析法,组间比较采用卡方检验.结果 共337例患者纳入研究,男189例,女148例,中位年龄62岁,范围19～84岁.CTPA诊断肺栓塞者144例,CTV和下肢超声检查诊断下肢深静脉血栓患者100例.肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率为44%(63/144),其中76%(48/63)发生于近端深静脉内;而下肢深静脉血栓形成患者中合并肺栓塞的发生率为63%(63/100).结论 无论肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓,还是下肢深静脉血栓患者合并肺栓塞的发生率均很高,有必要同时进行肺动脉和下肢深静脉检查.     

The clinical feature and angiographic diagnosis in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome

Eight cases (9 limbs including 8 lower extremities and 1 upper extremity) of the Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) are reported Among 8 cases, 7 cases were proved by surgery KTS is basically a sort of congenital venous dysplasia including venous atresia, aplasia, valvular anomalies, and external compression by a fibrovascular band or surrounded by a fibrous sheath. The basic clinical triad (vascular nevus, varicosities and limb hypertrophy) suggests the characteristic clinical diagnosis. KTS may be divided into four types. Orthodromic, deep venography is the most important examination in diagnosing KTS. Selective arteriography and direct puncture venography may be also used if necessary. The clinical features, angiographic characteristics, surgical problems, and the nomenclature, type and differential diagnosis of KTS were discussed.