纳米银敷料对烧伤创面保护作用的观察

目的研究在烧伤局部创面使用纳米银敷料对创面的保护作用。方法选择48例烧伤深度相对均匀的非关节部位浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤患者,将每例患者两处烧伤深度相对一致创面随机分为2个对照区域,治疗组采用纳米银敷料外敷,对照组采用1%磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)冷霜抹在凡士林纱上外敷。于伤后3 d5、d、9 d1、4 d对两组创面分别进行创面分泌物细菌培养及鉴定;全程观察记录创面愈合情况及速度;观察药物不良反应。结果创面细菌检出率比较:治疗组中阳性率浅Ⅱ度3.84%,深Ⅱ度9.09%;对照组阳性率浅Ⅱ度11.53%,深Ⅱ度18.18%,P<0.01。两组创面愈合时间比较:治疗组浅Ⅱ度比对照组平均缩短2~3 d,治疗组深Ⅱ度比对照组平均缩短4~5 d,P<0.05。两组创面在伤后7 d开始治疗组创面愈合速度较对照组明显加快,P<0.01。两组均无过敏反应。结论纳米银敷料有显著抗菌及促进创面愈合的疗效,是毒副作用小、使用方便的临床烧伤外用敷料。     

纳米银敷料治疗烧伤创面的临床观察

目的观察纳米银外用敷料对烧伤创面的治疗作用。方法选择浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤患者116例,分别随机分为对照组54例(用皮维碘纱布换药)和治疗组62例(用皮维碘纳米银敷料换药),观察创面渗出、炎症反应、浅Ⅱ度创面7d愈合率和深Ⅱ度创面14d愈合率、创面愈合时间,随访观察瘢痕增生情况。结果与对照组比较,纳米银组创面干燥结痂快,炎症反应轻,创周炎症消退快。结论纳米银是一种有效控制炎症反应,促进创面愈合的良好外用敷料,其能否减轻瘢痕增生尚需进一步观察。     

重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子在烧伤治疗中的临床研究

目的：分析总结在烧伤治疗中应用重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（rh-a FGF）的价值。方法：将100例Ⅱ度烧伤患者作为观察对象,采用自身对照方法,分别于每位患者中选取深度相同的两处创面,并分别给予常规治疗及rh-a FGF治疗,以接受常规治疗者为对照组,接受rh-a FGF治疗者为观察组,对比两组临床治疗效果。结果：观察组浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤7 d创面愈合率及14 d创面愈合率均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而观察组浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤创面愈合时间明显短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;同时观察组浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤7 d治疗总有效率分别为94.00%及78.00%,而对照组7 d治疗总有效率为80.00%及52.00%,观察组均明显优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：rh-a FGF可显著的提高Ⅱ度烧伤的临床治疗效果,并可缩短临床治疗时间。     

纳米银抗菌凝胶治疗Ⅱ度烧伤创面的临床观察

目的 探讨纳米银抗菌凝胶用于治疗Ⅱ度烧伤创面临床疗效.方法 选择深度为浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度烧伤患者42例,共52个创面,分别用纳米银抗菌凝胶与1%磺胺嘧啶银霜治疗进行自身对照,比较创面愈合时间,7 d的及14 d面愈合百分率及细菌培养阳性结果.结果 两组药物在平均创面愈合时间,创面愈合百分率比较,纳米银抗菌凝胶明显优于SD-Ag霜（P＜0.05）,纳米银组未出现一例细菌培养阳性病例.结论 纳米银抗菌凝胶广谱抑菌能力强,促进烧伤创面愈合.     

纳米银烧伤敷料与磺胺嘧啶银乳膏治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤患者创面感染的研究

目的探讨纳米银烧伤敷料、磺胺嘧啶银乳膏常规换药治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面感染临床效果,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法选择2012年1月-2014年12月90例热烧伤住院患者,烧伤总面积在5.00%~29.00%体表面积,并存在不同深Ⅱ度烧伤面积的肢体烧伤,随机分为对照组与观察组,各45例,对照组、观察组分别使用磺胺嘧啶银乳膏、纳米银烧伤敷料常规换药,清创冲洗、包扎换药处理创面每两天1次,对比两组患者临床指标。结果观察组患者治疗两周后CRP、创面愈合时间、色素沉着消退时间分别为(16.28±2.95)mg/L、(18.94±3.75)d、(43.45±8.26)d,均明显优于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗1、2周细菌培养阳性率分别为8.89%、0,均明显低于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组患者治疗后瘢痕优良率为93.34%,明显高于对照组77.78%,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论纳米银烧伤敷料治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面临床效果显著,利于缩短愈合时间,加快恢复,改善患者预后。     

羧氨基葡聚多糖那生物胶体液促进烧伤创面愈合的临床观察

目的 研究羧氨基葡聚多糖那生物胶体液(术尔泰)对烧伤创面愈合的影响.方法 选择60例烧伤住院患者作为观察对象,采用术尔泰溶液作为烧伤创面外用药(术尔泰治疗组),其中30例以浅Ⅱ度烧伤创面为主、30例以深Ⅱ度烧伤创面为主.采用同体对照方法,选择与观察组相匹配的30例浅Ⅱ度、30例深Ⅱ度创面作对照(油纱对照组).观察两组的愈合时间和创面感染率.结果 术尔泰治疗组创面局部感染率[5.0％(3/60)]明显低于油纱对照组[ 18.3％(11/60)],差异有统计学意义(x2=5.175,P＜ 0.05).术尔泰治疗组浅Ⅱ度创面愈合时间为(9.87±1.77)d、深Ⅱ度的创面愈合时间( 19.90±1.04)d,明显短于油纱对照组的(11.83±2.31)d、(21.73±1.70)d,差异有统计学意义(t=6.985、8.137,P＜ 0.01).结论 术尔泰用于烧伤创面愈合的治疗较传统创面处理方法创面愈合时间明显缩短,并明显减少创面感染率,值得临床推广.     

重组人表皮生长因子在瓦斯爆炸Ⅱ°烧伤创面修复中的应用

目的观察重组人表皮生长因子（rhEGF）治疗瓦斯爆炸烧伤创面的疗效和安全性。方法采用开放性临床观察，选择同体、同深度、相近或对称部位烧伤创面，在正规治疗的基础上，局部喷rhEGF或安慰剂（对照组），以创面愈合为指标，判断创面愈合时间，并观察创面动态愈合率及不良反应。结果重组人表皮生长因子治疗浅Ⅱ°创面、深Ⅱ°创面，治疗组较对照组创面愈合时间分别提前3．21和4．36d，组间比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），未见不良反应。结论rhEGF能够有效地促进深、浅Ⅱ°创面的愈合，未发现药物不良反应。     

中药烧伤胶囊治疗烧伤235例临床观察

目的 观察自拟"烧伤胶囊"方对浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度烧伤的治疗效果.方法 选择235例浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度烧伤患者,随机分为两组,对照组磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)组(B组)和治疗组烧伤胶囊组(A组),观察各组创面完全愈合病例和创面完全愈合时间.结果 浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度同等深度烧伤创面完全愈合病例及创面完全愈合时间,治疗组显著优于对照组,两组比较,数据有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 烧伤胶囊是一种可用于浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度烧伤的有效专科用药,值得临床推广.     

两种藻酸盐敷料治疗面部深Ⅱ°烧伤创面的临床效果分析

目的观察使用两种藻酸盐敷料治疗面部深Ⅱ°烧伤创面的疗效,分析其合理性及应用价值。方法选择30例存在面部深Ⅱ°创面的、重度以上烧伤患者的病历资料。将其分为实验组与对照组,实验组15例采用伤后清创,立即去除面部表皮,将藻酸盐银离子敷料(拜尔坦)作为一级敷料覆盖,每日更换,第3天起,采用银离子抗菌凝胶(斯丽凯)外敷,将藻酸盐伤口敷料(生肤藻)作为二级敷料覆盖,隔日换药,直至创面愈合。对照组15例伤后清创,保留面部创面表皮,采用暴露疗法,外用医用生物胶体分散剂(汇涵术泰)外喷qid一周,第8天开始,外敷银离子抗菌凝胶(斯丽凯)及纱布,隔日换药一次,直至创面愈合。结果实验组患者创面愈合时间短于对照组(P0.05),创缘炎症反应出现率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论合理使用藻酸盐敷料治疗面部深Ⅱ°烧伤创面,能缩短创面愈合时间、减少感染几率、减轻换药疼痛、提高愈合质量。     

复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂治疗烧伤的临床观察

目的观察复方磺胺嘧啶锌治疗浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度烧伤创面,烧伤后期残余创面以及供皮区创面抗感染和促进创面愈合的作用。方法治疗组清创后应用复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂涂于创面的表面,对照组应用1%磺胺嘧啶银霜覆盖创面,共治疗132例烧伤患者(214个创面),包括浅Ⅱ度烧伤、深Ⅱ度烧伤创面,残余小创面及供皮区创面,并观察创面完全愈合时间、创面表面细菌培养用药前与用药中的情况以及复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂对全身情况的影响。结果浅Ⅱ度烧伤创面治疗组(10.25±1.69)d完全愈合,对照组(13.15±2.03)d愈合;深Ⅱ度烧伤创面治疗组(18.10±2.72)d愈合,对照组(21.2±3.64)d愈合,治疗组明显优于对照组;治疗组用药前细菌培养阳性率38.8%,治疗中降至9.0%;对照组用药前细菌培养阳性率为32.7%,治疗中降至25.4%,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者未出现疼痛、过敏反应和其它不良反应。结论复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂治疗烧伤创面可促进上皮化、加速创面愈合、有效地防治创面感染,适用于浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度烧伤创面,烧伤后期残余创面以及供皮区等创面,且该药应用简便,值得临床推广。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.