Prevention of cervical cancer in rural China: evaluation of HPV vaccination and primary HPV screening strategies

Comprehensive evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in China has not previously been performed. The objective of this study was to evaluate vaccination as an alternative or addition to primary HPV screening with careHPV (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, USA), and to assess the threshold total cost per vaccinated girl (CVG) at which strategies involving vaccination would become viable compared to screening-only strategies in rural China. We used data from field studies in Shanxi Province to support modelling of HPV vaccination and screening, including local information on sexual behaviour, HPV prevalence, test accuracy, treatment protocols and costs. We evaluated several strategies involving screening once or twice per lifetime or at regular 5-yearly intervals, with or without vaccination of young females at age 15 years, assuming 70% coverage for both screening and vaccination. We also predicted cross-sectional cancer incidence each year to the year 2050 for a range of strategies. We found that strategies involving vaccination would be cost-effective at CVGs of US$50-54 or less, but at CVGs >$54, screening-only strategies would be more cost-effective. If vaccination of young cohorts is combined with two rounds of careHPV screening for women aged 30-59 years in 2012 and 2027, a predicted indicative 33% reduction in cervical cancer incidence by 2030 would be sustained until 2050, with incidence rates decreasing thereafter. In conclusion, taking into account estimated vaccine delivery costs (for 3 doses), a per-dose HPV vaccine cost of approximately <$9-14 would be required for strategies involving vaccination to be cost-effective. Overall, combined screening and vaccination approaches are required to maximise outcomes in rural China.     

Impact of vaccine protection against multiple HPV types on the cost-effectiveness of cervical screening

Cross-protection against non-HPV16/18 types and the emergence of broad spectrum vaccines protecting against multiple HPV types will influence the cost-effectiveness of future screening. To assess this influence we used an individual-based simulation model describing the relation between 14 HPV types and cervical disease, allowing the occurrence of multiple type infections. Screening scenarios for vaccinated women were evaluated, firstly for HPV16/18 vaccination with partial cross-protection against HPV 31, 33, 45 and 58 and secondly, for broad spectrum vaccination against 5-13 HPV types. The vaccine-induced incidence reduction of type-specific infection was varied from 0 to 95% in the cross-protection setting and set at 100% in the setting of broad spectrum vaccines. Scenarios of either cytology or HPV DNA screening were considered under varying lifetime number of screening rounds. At a cost-effectiveness threshold of €20,000/QALY, four times HPV DNA screening between 30 and 60 years was the selected scenario in addition to HPV16/18 vaccination, whether or not cross-protection was conferred (€6707 and €9994/QALY, respectively). In the absence of cross-protection, a fifth screening round might be considered (ICER €22,967/QALY). In addition to broad spectrum vaccination, one screen during lifetime was cost-effective up to an 11-valent vaccine. If the vaccine-induced type-specific incidence reduction was lowered to 99%, one screen during lifetime was cost-effective even in addition to 13-valent vaccination. In conclusion, in a cohort of HPV16/18 vaccinated women, four rounds of HPV DNA screening is cost-effective. One screen during lifetime remains cost-effective in addition to broad spectrum vaccination offering protection against many high-risk HPV types.     

深圳地区女性流动人群HPV预防性疫苗接种意愿调查及影响因素分析

目的 了解深圳地区女性流动人群对HPV及其疫苗的认知情况及疫苗接种意愿和相关影响因素。方法 于2015年1-6月在深圳市10个行政区各社康中心对21～60岁女性流动人群进行问卷调查,采用非条件logistic回归模型分析HPV疫苗接种意愿的影响因素。结果 本次调查的969名女性流动人群平均年龄为（35.34±8.21）岁,仅有283人（29.2%）听说过人乳头瘤病毒,但548人（56.6%）愿意接种HPV预防性疫苗。不愿意接种的主要原因有:“担心疫苗的安全性”（34.7%）、“疫苗还没有大面积推广”（17.8%）、“疫苗的价格问题”（11.4%）、“对疫苗的效果不信任”（9.7%）、“认为没有患子宫颈癌的危险”（9.7%）及“已经有性生活,接种与否没有什么不同”（8.3%）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,中部地区（OR = 1.537,95%CI:1.034～2.286）和东部地区（OR = 2.252,95%CI:1.641～3.091）、汉族（OR = 1.698,95%CI:1.018～2.832）、高中及以上学历（OR = 2.150,95%CI:1.345～3.437)、近6个月性伴数为2个及以上（OR = 2.019,95%CI:1.105～3.689)的妇女对HPV疫苗接种意愿更高。结论 深圳地区女性流动人群HPV及其疫苗知晓率较低,接种意愿相对较高。地区、民族、受教育程度、性伴数量是影响女性流动人群HPV疫苗接种意愿的相关因素。     

Strategies to vaccinate against cancer of the cervix: feasibility of a school-based HPV vaccination program in Peru

Operational research using a mixed method, cross-sectional, case-study approach assessed the feasibility and health system impact of large-scale implementation of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination into routine vaccine delivery by the Ministry of Health in Peru. The strategy was school-based vaccination of fifth grade girls in 527 primary schools in Piura region. Our evaluation showed that school-based HPV vaccination is feasible without major changes in existing health systems. This was reflected in the opinions of health personnel, the lack of impact on other vaccine coverage, and the high HPV vaccine coverage documented in routine records and by an independent community-based survey.     

Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic vaccination against human papillomavirus 16/18 for the prevention of cervical cancer: Adaptation of an existing cohort model to the situation in the Netherlands

Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women worldwide. Implementation of an HPV-vaccination strategy targeting the major oncogenic types 16 and 18 that cause cervical cancer is generally expected to significantly reduce the burden of cervical cancer disease. Here we estimate the costs, savings and health gains with the addition of HPV-16/18 vaccination to the already existing Dutch screening programme. In the base-case analysis, it was estimated that implementation of an HPV-16/18 vaccine would result in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €22,700 per life-year gained (LYG). In sensitivity analysis, the robustness of our finding of favourable cost-effectiveness was established. The ICER appeared sensitive to the vaccine price, discount rate and duration of vaccine-induced protection. From our results, it validly follows that immunization of 12-year-old Dutch girls against HPV-16/18 infection is a cost-effective strategy for protecting against cervical cancer.     

An extended cost-effectiveness analysis of publicly financed HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer in China

IntroductionCervical cancer screening and existing health insurance schemes in China fall short of reaching women with prevention and treatment services, especially in rural areas where the disease burden is greatest. We conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA) to evaluate public financing of HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer, adding new dimensions to conventional cost-effectiveness analysis through an explicit inclusion of equity and impact on financial risk protection.MethodsWe synthesized available epidemiological, clinical, and economic data from China using an individual-based Monte Carlo simulation model of cervical cancer to estimate the distribution of deaths averted by income quintile, comparing vaccination plus screening against current practice. We also estimated reductions in cervical cancer incidence, net costs to the government (HPV vaccination costs minus cervical cancer treatment costs averted), and patient cost savings, as well as the incremental government health care costs per death averted.ResultsHPV vaccination is cost-effective across all income groups when the cost is less than US $50 per vaccinated girl. Compared to screening alone, adding preadolescent HPV vaccination followed by cervical cancer screening in adulthood could reduce cancer by 44 percent across all income groups, while providing relatively higher financial protection to the poorest women. The absolute numbers of cervical cancer deaths averted and the financial risk protection from HPV vaccination are highest among women in the lowest quintile; women in the bottom income quintiles received higher benefits than those in the upper wealth quintiles. Patient cost savings represent a large proportion of poor women's average per capita income, reaching 60 percent among women in the bottom income quintile and declining to 15 percent among women in the wealthiest quintile.     

HPV16及其基因诱导小鼠宫颈癌的毒理学研究

目的　通过动物模型探讨人乳头瘤病毒１６ 型（ＨＰＶ１６） 及其基因从阴道感染小鼠是否可以诱导宫颈癌。方法　用ＨＰＶ１６ 及其Ｅ２Ｅ５ 、Ｅ６Ｅ７ 、Ｅ２Ｅ６Ｅ７ 基因片段从阴道分别感染雌性Ｃ３Ｈ／ＨｅＪ 小鼠,每周３ 次,终生染毒。实验期间,每月阴道涂片１ 次,当阴道脱落细胞出现恶变时,即行处死动物,并对宫颈进行组织病理学检查。结果　四个染毒组动物阴道脱落细胞总损伤率都明显高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,并随染毒时间延长而增加,ＨＰＶ１６ 及其三个基因组动物的宫颈癌发生率明显高于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５ ） ;ＨＰＶ１６ 及其基因组之间仅ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ２Ｅ５ 组的宫颈癌发生率明显低于ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ２Ｅ６Ｅ７ 组,其余染毒组间无显著性差别（ Ｐ ＞ ０ ．０５ ） 。结论　ＨＰＶ１６ 及其Ｅ２Ｅ５ 、Ｅ６Ｅ７ 、Ｅ２Ｅ６Ｅ７ 基因片段在Ｃ３ Ｈ／ ＨｅＪ 小鼠体内可诱导宫颈癌,阴道脱落细胞的病理学检查可作为早期发现宫颈癌的预防性监督手段。     

Development of a quality framework for models of cervical screening and its application to evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in developed countries

BackgroundHPV vaccination has now been introduced in most developed countries, but this has occurred in the context of established cervical cancer screening mechanisms which provide population-level protection against the most common HPV-related cancer. Therefore, estimating the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination to further reduce HPV-related disease depends in large part on the estimation of the effectiveness of the cervical screening ‘background’. The aim of this study was to systematically review and assess methods for simulating cervical screening in decision analytic models used for evaluation of HPV vaccination.MethodsExisting quality frameworks for economic models were extended to develop a specific quality framework for models of cervical screening. This involved domains for model structure, parameterisation (data sources) and validation (consistency). A systematic review of economic evaluations of HPV vaccination was then conducted, and assessment of cervical screening model components was then performed via application of the new quality framework.ResultsGenerally, models took into account population-level cervical screening participation, but were inconsistent in their approach to modelling abnormal smear management, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of precancerous disease. There was also considerable variability in the accuracy of modelling clinical pathways and the scope of validation performed for screening-related outcomes, with focus directed towards cervical cancer targets. Only a few models comprehensively validated against observed pre-cancerous abnormalities.ConclusionModels of HPV vaccination in developed countries can be improved by further attention to the ‘background’ modelling of secondary protection via cervical screening. The quality framework developed for this review can be used to inform future HPV vaccination evaluations, including evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of male vaccination and next generation HPV vaccines, and to assess models used to evaluate new cervical screening technologies and recommendations.     

Reported adverse events in girls aged 13-16 years after vaccination with the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine in the Netherlands

In 2009, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was offered to girls born in 1993-1996 in a catch-up campaign, followed in 2010 by the implementation of the vaccination in the National Immunization Programme (NIP) for girls born in 1997. To monitor the tolerability of the 2009 catch-up campaign, we investigated the occurrence of adverse events within 7 days after vaccination with the bivalent HPV vaccine. A total of 6000 girls were asked to participate, including 1500 from each birth cohort from 1993 to 1996. One week after each of the required three successive doses, the participants received by e-mail a Web-based questionnaire focused on local reactions and systemic events. One or more questionnaires were returned by 4248 girls. Any local reaction was reported by 92.1% of the girls after the first dose, 79.4% after the second dose, and 83.3% after the third dose, and 91.7%, 78.7%, and 78.4% reported any systemic event after the three doses, respectively. Pain in the arm was the most frequently reported local reaction, of which 24.0%, 11.7%, and 14.7% was classified as pronounced. Myalgia was the most often reported systemic event. The proportion of local reactions and most systemic events was significantly lower after the second and third dose compared with the first dose (Odds ratio [OR], 0.33-0.76). Older girls reported a higher proportion of adverse events than younger girls. After vaccination with the bivalent HPV vaccine, girls 13-16 years of age reported a high proportion of short-term adverse events. These are maximum estimates and not necessarily caused by the vaccination itself. Although, girls experienced HPV vaccination as painful, no serious or unexpected adverse events were reported. The results of this survey are being communicated to health care workers and the public.     

Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on HPV 16/18-related prevalence in precancerous cervical lesions

Background

Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 is recommended for girls aged 11 or 12 years with catch-up vaccination through age 26 in the U.S. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or 3 and adenocarcinoma in situ (CIN2+) are used to monitor HPV vaccine impact on cervical disease. This report describes vaccination status in women diagnosed with CIN2+ and examines HPV vaccine impact on HPV 16/18-related CIN2+.

Methods

As part of a vaccine impact monitoring project (HPV-IMPACT), females 18–31 years with CIN2+ were reported from pathology laboratories in CA, CT, NY, OR, TN from 2008 to 2011. One diagnostic block was selected for HPV DNA typing with Roche Linear Array. Demographic, abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) test dates and vaccine status information were collected. The abnormal Pap test immediately preceding the CIN2+ diagnosis was defined as the ‘trigger Pap’.

Results

Among 5083 CIN2+ cases reported to date, 3855 had vaccination history investigated; 1900 had vaccine history documented (vaccinated, with trigger Pap dates, or unvaccinated). Among women who initiated vaccination >24 months before their trigger Pap, there was a significantly lower proportion of CIN2+ lesions due to 16/18 compared to women who were not vaccinated (aPR = .67, 95% CI: .48–.94). Among the 1900 with known vaccination status, 20% initiated vaccination on/after their trigger screening. Women aged 21–23 years were more likely to initiate vaccination on/after the trigger Pap compared to 24–26 year olds (29.0% vs. 19.6%, p = .001), as were non-Hispanic blacks compared to non-Hispanic whites (27.3% vs. 19.0%, p = .001) and publicly compared to privately insured women (38.1% vs. 17.4%, p < .0001).

Conclusion

We found a significant reduction in HPV 16/18-related lesions in women with CIN2+ who initiated vaccination at least 24 months prior to their trigger Pap. These preliminary results suggest early impact of the HPV vaccine on vaccine-type disease, but further evaluation is warranted.     

端粒酶活性、HPV 16/18感染及致癌基因与宫颈癌的关系

目的:探讨端粒酶活性、HPV 16/18感染及致癌基因与宫颈癌的相关性。方法:对40例浸润型宫颈癌,110例宫颈上皮内瘤变(C INⅢ32例、C INⅡ40例、C INⅠ38例)及30例正常者的宫颈新鲜组织,用TRAP—PCR检测端粒酶活性、用FQ—PCR检测HPV l6/18DNA、用PCR方法对HPV 16/18 DNA阳性组织作HPV 16型致癌基因E 6、E 7检测。结果:宫颈癌组中端粒酶阳性38例(95.00%)(HPV 16/18+39例,17例有E 6、E 7表达),端粒酶阴性2例(HPV 16/18+1例,无E 6、E 7表达):C INⅢ级中端粒酶阳性28例(87.5%)(HPV 16/18+30例,22例有E 6、E 7表达),端粒酶阴性4例(2例HPV16/18+);C INⅡ级中端粒酶阳性12例(30%)(HPV 16/18+16例,4例有E 6、E 7表达),端粒酶阴性28例(4例HPV 16/18+);C INⅠ级中端粒酶阳性3例(7.89%)(HPV 16/18+5例,无E 6、E 7表达):而30例正常宫颈组织仅有2例(6.67%)端粒酶活性表达,1例HPV也为阳性而无E 6、E 7表达。宫颈癌和癌前病变(C INⅢ)组织端粒酶活性表达频率(P<0.01)和HPV 16/18感染率(P<0.01)及其致癌基因表达(P<0.01)显著高于良性病变(C INⅠ和C INⅡ)和正常对照。结论:端粒酶活性在宫颈癌发生中可能起到重要作用,在子宫颈损伤中端粒酶激活与HPV感染及其致癌基因的表达密切相关;对于探讨宫颈病变的进展和宫颈癌的发生发展具有重要意义。     

人乳头状瘤病毒感染与p16蛋白表达在宫颈鳞癌中的意义

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与p16蛋白表达在宫颈鳞癌中发生、发展中的意义。方法收集2008年12月-2010年12月,72例宫颈鳞癌标本、32例上皮肉瘤变标本和28例正常宫颈组织标本,分别采用原位杂交法和免疫组织化学法,检测标本中HPV 16/18和p16蛋白的表达情况。结果 HPV16/18在宫颈鳞癌中的阳性率为59.7%,明显高于正常宫颈上皮的阳性率(7.1%)和宫颈上皮肉瘤变的阳性率(12.5%),经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),p16蛋白在宫颈鳞癌中的阳性率为79.2%,明显高于正常宫颈上皮的阳性率(7.1%)和宫颈上皮肉瘤变的阳性率(34.4%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),72例宫颈鳞癌组织中HPV16/18的表达与FIGO分期密切相关(P=0.038),而与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、细胞分化程度及淋巴结转移无关;p16蛋白的表达与FIGO分期、肿瘤大小及细胞分化程度密切相关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄及淋巴结转移无关。结论 HPV16/18和p16蛋白在宫颈鳞癌中表达明显升高,并且与宫颈鳞癌的临床病理资料密切相关,说明其在宫颈鳞癌的发生、发展中发挥着重要作用。     

Knowledge and attitude of students studying at health department towards HPV and HPV vaccination

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the world. The most frequent disease linked to HPV is cervical cancer as well as other cancers including those of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx.Our research sought to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes concerning human papillomaviruses and their vaccine among students enrolled in Alt?nba? University's faculties of health sciences.MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out using a survey containing 41 questions about demographic variables, knowledge, and attitudes toward HPV and HPV vaccines. The questions were distributed to students via Google form using social media applications such as WhatsApp.ResultsThe study involved 144 students, 71.5 % of whom were female. 37.5 % of the participants learned about HPV from social media. Knowledge of HPV is present in 82 % of females and 25 % of males. Most of the questions had more accurate replies from female than from male students p < 0.05. As a result, 88 %, 46 % of female respondents and 27 %, 14 % of male respondents, respectively, correctly answered the questions about who should receive HPV vaccinations p < 0.001 and how many doses are necessary.ConclusionParticipants' awareness of HPV, HPV vaccination, and cervical cancer was rather high when compared to other research. However, there are knowledge gaps that need to be corrected and provided through educational programs.     

Primary care provider practices and beliefs related to cervical cancer screening with the HPV test in Federally Qualified Health Centers

Objective

Cervical cancer screening using the human papillomavirus (HPV) test and Pap test together (co-testing) is an option for average-risk women ≥ 30 years of age. With normal co-test results, screening intervals can be extended. The study objective is to assess primary care provider practices, beliefs, facilitators and barriers to using the co-test and extending screening intervals among low-income women.

Method

Data were collected from 98 providers in 15 Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) clinics in Illinois between August 2009 and March 2010 using a cross-sectional survey.

Results

39% of providers reported using the co-test, and 25% would recommend a three-year screening interval for women with normal co-test results. Providers perceived greater encouragement for co-testing than for extending screening intervals with a normal co-test result. Barriers to extending screening intervals included concerns about patients not returning annually for other screening tests (77%), patient concerns about missing cancer (62%), and liability (52%).

Conclusion

Among FQHC providers in Illinois, few administered the co-test for screening and recommended appropriate intervals, possibly due to concerns over loss to follow-up and liability. Education regarding harms of too-frequent screening and false positives may be necessary to balance barriers to extending screening intervals.     

Potential for HPV vaccination and primary HPV screening to reduce cervical cancer disparities: Example from New Zealand

BackgroundCervical cancer rates are over twice as high, and screening coverage is lower, in Māori women compared to other women in New Zealand, whereas uptake of HPV vaccine is higher in Maori females. We aimed to assess the impact of HPV vaccination and the proposed transition to 5-yearly primary HPV screening in Māori and other women in New Zealand, at current participation levels; and additionally to investigate which improvements to participation in Māori females (in vaccination, screening, or surveillance for screening-defined higher-risk women) would have the greatest impact on cervical cancer incidence/mortality.MethodsAn established model of HPV vaccination and cervical screening in New Zealand was adapted to fit observed ethnicity-specific data. Ethnicity-specific models were used to estimate the long-term impact of vaccination and screening (vaccination coverage 63% vs 47%; five-year screening coverage 68% vs 81% in Maori vs European/Other women, respectively).ResultsShifting from cytology to HPV-based screening is predicted to reduce cervical cancer incidence by 17% (14%) in Maori (European/Other) women, respectively. The corresponding reductions due to vaccination and HPV-based screening combined were 58% (44%), but at current participation levels long-term incidence would remain almost twice as high in Māori women (6.1/100,000 compared to 3.1/100,00 in European/Other women). Among strategies we examined, the greatest impact came from high vaccine coverage and achieving higher attendance by Māori women under surveillance for screen-detected abnormalities.ConclusionRelative reductions in cervical cancer due to vaccination and HPV-based screening are predicted to be greater in Maori than in European/Other women. While these interventions have the potential to substantially reduce between-group differences, cervical cancer incidence would remain higher in Maori women. These findings highlight the importance of multiple approaches and the potential influence of factors beyond HPV prevention.     

p16/mcm2双染在宫颈上皮内瘤变的诊断价值及其与高危型HPV感染的关系

目的 研究p16/mcm2免疫细胞化学双染在宫颈病变中的表达及其与HPV感染的关联,并探讨其在宫颈癌筛查中的应用价值。方法 将2015年5-12月参加宫颈癌筛查并行高危型HPV（HR-HPV）检测和液基细胞学检查的1 127名女性纳入研究,对留存细胞学标本进行p16/mcm2免疫细胞化学双染检测,并与宫颈组织病理学结果进行比较。结果 p16/mcm2在HPV16/18阳性组和其他HR-HPV阳性组的表达风险均高于HPV阴性组,OR值分别为15.95（95%CI：9.59~26.51）、10.53（95%CI：7.41~14.98）;p16/mcm2阳性率随宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）级别的升高而升高,且在CIN2组、CIN3组中均高于良性病变组（P<0.05）;p16/mcm2阳性者中检出CIN2及以上（CIN2+）和CIN3及以上（CIN3+）病变的灵敏度分别为86.1%、92.0%,特异度分别为46.1%、44.4%;在细胞学诊断为非典型鳞状细胞和低度鳞状上皮内病变人群中检出CIN2+和CIN3+病变的灵敏度分别为85.7%、87.5%,特异度分别为45.5%、44.1%。结论 p16/mcm2双染灵敏度高于细胞学检查,特异度优于HPV检测,可识别宫颈高度病变和指导CIN的分级,有望成为新的宫颈癌筛查标志物。     

评估HPV16/18阳性直接转诊阴道镜在宫颈癌筛查中的价值

目的评估西安地区人乳头瘤病毒HPV16/18阳性者直接转诊阴道镜在宫颈癌筛查中的价值。方法对2011年1月至2015年6月期间在西安交通大学第一附属医院妇科就诊的西安地区女性生殖道2 089例HPV—DNA分型检测结果为HPV16/18阳性者行阴道镜检测。结果 2089例HPV16/18阳性直接转诊阴道镜者中,HPV16占84.49%,HPV18占15.51%。HPV16(HPV18)在轻度上皮内瘤变(CINⅠ)、中度上皮内瘤变(CINⅡ)、重度上皮内瘤变(CINⅢ)和宫颈癌(CC)中的感染率分别为8.78%(10.19%)、9.07%(5.86%)、9.46%(2.47%)和8.50%(4.63%)。宫颈组织病变程度越重,HPV16/18感染比例越高,绝对危险度越大。HPV16感染率在不同年龄组随着宫颈病变级别的加重呈上升趋势。HPV16对CINⅡ+(CINⅢ+)灵敏度为91.91%(93.24%),特异度为17.96%(17.21%),阳性预测值为27.03%(17.96%),阴性预测值为87.04%(92.90%);HPV18对CINⅡ+(CINⅢ+)灵敏度为8.09%(6.76%),特异度为82.04%(82.79%),阳性预测值为12.96%(7.10%),阴性预测值为72.97%(82.04%)。结论 HPV16/18感染与宫颈癌及癌前病变发生风险相关。在高级别宫颈病变诊断价值方面,HPV16/18具有高灵敏度和特异度。HPV16/18阳性者直接转诊阴道镜是可行和科学的。     

Singaporean men's knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) and their attitudes towards HPV vaccination

Little is known of men's knowledge of cervical cancer and its links with human papillomavirus (HPV), or of their attitudes and beliefs about HPV vaccination. This is despite men's sexual behaviour contributing to HPV transmission and their potential role in deciding whether their children are vaccinated against HPV. To address this, a comprehensive survey was conducted in Singapore where plans are underway for an HPV vaccination program. A representative sample of 930 Singaporean men was found to have moderate knowledge of cervical cancer but poor knowledge and awareness of HPV. Although these men showed strong support for HPV vaccination, overall findings highlight the importance of including men in education campaigns that aim to decrease the incidence of cervical and other HPV-related cancers and to increase the uptake of HPV vaccination.     

High-risk HPV prevalence among women undergoing cervical cancer screening: Findings a decade after HPV vaccine implementation in British Columbia,Canada

BackgroundBritish Columbia (BC) introduced a publicly funded, school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization program in 2008 with the quadrivalent vaccine. In 2010/2011, a baseline evaluation of HPV prevalence was conducted among women undergoing cervical cancer screening. After 10 years of publicly funded HPV vaccination, HPV-type prevalence was re-evaluated.MethodsFrom August 2017 to March 2018, 1107 physicians were invited to return cytobrushes used during routine Pap screening to the Cervical Cancer Screening Laboratory for HPV testing. Only age or year of birth was collected. Specimens were screened for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and positive samples were genotyped. HPV type prevalence was compared for females 15–22 yrs (those eligible for the school-based vaccination) and 23+ yrs (ineligible for school-based vaccination) for the 2010/2011 and the 2017/2018 data.ResultsThere were 3309 valid samples received for testing; of these, 3107 were included in the analysis. The overall hrHPV prevalence was 12.2% (95% CI 11.3–13.3) in 2010/11, and 12.0% (95% CI 10.9–13.2) in 2017/18. For the 15–22 age group, the prevalence for any hrHPV was 26.8% (95% CI 23.1–30.8) in 2010/11 and 25.4% (95% CI 15.3–37.9) in 2017/18. For those aged 15–22, HPV16 prevalence in 2010/11 was 8.8% (95% CI 6.5–11.5) and in 2017/18 was 6.3% (95% CI 1.8–15.5), with corresponding figures for HPV18 3.7% (95% CI 2.3–5.7) and 0% (95% CI 0.0–5.7), respectively. For all hrHPV types, there were no statistically significant differences between the 2010/11 and 2017/18 periods.ConclusionsThis study illustrates the prevalence of hrHPV in BC over time in women undergoing cervical cancer screening, where an indication of a decline in HPV16/18 is seen in vaccine eligible women.     

TCT联合HPV检测在宫颈癌筛查中的分析

目的评价TCT联合HPV在子宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法对发现宫颈异常的患者进行TCT(ThinPrepCytologyTest)及高危HPV检测,对异常者行病理组织学检查,并以病理结果为标准。对125例病理结果阳性(CINⅠ-Ⅲ、宫颈浸润癌)的患者,比较两种方法的检出敏感度。结果 TCT检测阳性者96例,敏感度为76.8%,HPV-DNA检测阳性76例,敏感度60.6%,与TCT检测的敏感度相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论液基薄层细胞学检查为一种准确、简便的宫颈病变的细胞学检查方法,结合HPV-DNA检测更为一种先进的宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌的筛查方法。