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1.
Müller-Nordhorn J Willich SN 《Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz》2005,48(8):922-926
Zusammenfassung Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen sind für fast
50% der Gesamt mortalität in Deutschland
verantwortlich. Eine regelmäßige körperliche
Aktivität ist länger fristig mit einer deutlichen
Reduktion kardiovaskulärer Morbidität
und Mortalität sowohl in der Primär-
als auch in der Sekundärprävention bei bereits
bestehender Erkrankung assoziiert.
Prospektive epidemiologische Studien haben
gezeigt, dass sich sowohl moderate
als auch intensive körperliche Aktivität länger
fristig positiv auf das Herz-Kreislauf-Risiko
auswirken. Auch die Aufnahme einer
moderaten körperlichen Aktivität erst in einem
mittleren oder höheren Lebensalter
ist mit einer Risikoreduktion für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen verbunden. Allerdings
ist akute Anstrengung mit einem erhöhten
Risiko assoziiert, ein koronares Ereignis auszulösen,
vor allem bei untrainierten Patienten
mit bestehender koronarer Herzkrankheit.
Auch bei körperlich sehr aktiven Menschen
ist das Risiko während und nach einer
akuten Anstrengung signifikant erhöht.
Menschen, die regelmäßig körperlich aktiv
sind, haben allerdings während der akuten
Anstrengung ein deutlich geringeres Risiko für einen plötzlichen Herztod oder einen
akuten Myokardinfarkt als Menschen,
die sich selten körperlich betätigen. Trotz
des erhöhten Risikos während der akuten
Anstrengung ist die regelmäßige körperliche
Aktivität länger fristig ein wesentlicher
Bestandteil der Prävention kardiovaskulärer
und weiterer Erkrankungen. Daher empfehlen
aktuelle Leitlinien einheitlich die regelmäßige
körperliche Aktivität zur Prävention
von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. 相似文献
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Survival analysis: up from Kaplan–Meier–Greenwood 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Miettinen OS 《European journal of epidemiology》2008,23(9):585-592
In the type of survival analysis that now is routine, only the points of follow-up at which deaths from the cause at issue occurred make contributions to the Greenwood standard error (SE) of the survival rate's Kaplan-Meier (KM) point estimate. An equivalent of this 'KMG' analysis draws from defined subintervals of the survival period being addressed. The data on each subinterval consist of the number of deaths from the cause at issue and the amount of population-time of follow-up, d ( j ) and T ( j ), together with the duration of the interval, t ( j ). The KM point estimate is replicated by [Formula: see text] and the KMG interval estimate is replicated by treating the {d ( j )} as a set of point estimates of Poisson parameters {lambda( j )}, thus taking the SE of [Formula: see text] to be [Formula: see text] In both the KMG analysis and this equivalent of it, the SE used to derive the survival rate's lower confidence limit needs to be augmented by a factor that accounts for the loss of information due to censorings subsequent to the last 'failure' in the survival period at issue. But, SE-based interval estimation of survival rate actually needs to be replaced by a first-principles counterpart of it. A suitable point of departure in this is first-principles asymptotic interval estimation of the Poisson parameter [Formula: see text] if not the exact counterpart of this. A confidence limit for the survival rate can then be based on suitable augmentation or contraction of the {d ( j )} set to [Formula: see text] consistent with a given limit for lambda, the corresponding survival-rate limit being [Formula: see text] Suitable augmentation is constituted by an identical addition to each [Formula: see text] suitable contraction by an identical subtraction from each [Formula: see text]. 相似文献
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Xie Yan-Li Jiang Wayne Li Fen Zhang Yu Liang Xiao-Yu Wang Meng Zhou Xueqing Wu Shao-Ying Zhang Cheng-Hui 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2020,104(1):149-155
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - This study was intended to develop an environment-friendly controlled release system for spirotetramat in an alginate matrix. Four... 相似文献
7.
Femia AP Caderni G Vignali F Salvadori M Giannini A Biggeri A Gee J Przybylska K Cheynier V Dolara P 《European journal of nutrition》2005,44(2):79-84
Summary
Background
Total
polyphenolic extracts from red
wine protect against azoxymethane
(AOM)–induced colon carcinogenesis
in rats. Since red wine contains
more than 200 different polyphenolic
compounds, it is still unclear
which substances are responsible
for this effect.
Aim of the study
We
investigated the effect of high molecular
weight polyphenols
(HMWP), low molecular weight
polyphenols (LMWP) and total
polyphenolic extracts from red
wine (WE) on colon carcinogenesis.
We also tested the effect of 4–OH–coumaric acid, a potent phenolic
antioxidant present in wine and
fruit.
Methods
F344 rats were
treated weekly with 1,2–dimethylhydrazine
(DMH) (30 mg/kg b.w.
subcutaneously x 10 times). One
week after the final DMH injection
rats were divided into five groups
and fed: a) a high fat (HF) diet containing
23% corn oil (w/w), as control
or the same basal diet supplemented
with b) 0.11 % (w/w) WE;
c) 0.027% (w/w) HMWP d) 0.083%
(w/w) LMWP or e) 0.1 % (w/w) 4–OH–coumaric acid. The dietary
treatments continued until sacrifice,
16 weeks after the last DMH
injection.
Results
WE treated rats
had significantly fewer (p < 0.05)
colorectal adenomas than controls,
while rats in other treatment
groups did not differ significantly
from controls (colorectal adenomas/rat were: 2.2 ± 0.3; 1.4 ± 0.2;
2.9 ± 0.5; 2.6 ± 0.4; 2.3 ± 0.3; in controls,
WE, HMWP, LMWP and 4–OH–coumaric acid groups, respectively;
means ± SE). The mean
number of colorectal carcinomas
per rat was similar among all experimental
groups. Proliferative activity
in the normal colon mucosa
did not vary among experimental
groups.
Conclusions
Total polyphenolic
extracts (WE) from red wine,
but neither the HMWP nor the
LMWP, have some inhibitory effect
on the process of colon carcinogenesis
by DMH reducing the number
of adenomas. 相似文献
8.
Summary
Background
Recent
studies have suggested that n–9
fatty acids in olive oil prevent colon
carcinogenesis while n–6 PUFA
seems to activate this process.
Aims
To evaluate the effects of nutritional–pharmacological combinations
made up of olive or soy oilbased
diets and the drug sulindac,
on colon cancer incidence in a
chemically induced (1,2–dimethylhydrazine,
DMH) rat cancer model.
Methods
Male rats were assigned to
two different dietary regimes based
on a standard murine defined diet
(AIN–76A) containing either a low
(4%) or high (15 %) concentration
of olive or soy oil. Some groups
also received sulindac in their food
(80 mg/kg food) starting from the
ninth week following the first DMH
or vehicle administration.
Results
Oleic and linoleic acid reached
higher levels in plasma and liver
lipids when rats were fed high concentrations
of olive or soy oil, respectively.
Rats fed a low or high
soy oil–based diet showed no significant
difference in the number
of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in
proximal or distal colon specimens.
In contrast, rats fed a higher olive
oil–based diet developed a significantly
lower number of ACF than
rats fed a low concentration of olive
oil. Addition of sulindac reduced
the number of ACF in rats fed the
4%, but not the 15%, soy oil diet.
In contrast, the effect of sulindac
was significant when combined
with both the low and high concentrations
of olive oil. High soy oilbased
diet or DMH treatment upregulated
colon expression of
Bcl–2, but not that of cyclooxygenase–2 (COX–2). In contrast, olive
oil dose–dependently downregulated
the expression of both Bcl–2
and COX–2 in colonic mucosa and
also abrogated the upregulation of
Bcl–2 by DMH. Olive oil/sulindac
combinations were effective in
downregulating colonic mucosa
Bcl–2 expression (with the 4% oil
diet) and COX–2 expression (with
the 15% oil diet). These effects
were not observed in rats fed the
soy oil/sulindac combinations. Caspase–3 activity in colonic mucosa
was unaffected by soy oil or soy
oil/sulindac combinations. The addition
of olive oil, on the other
hand, significantly enhanced
colonic caspase–3 activity.
Conclusions
Diets containing high levels
of olive oil exert a significant protective
effect from tumor development
that is additive with the inhibitory
effect of sulindac. These
inhibitory effects are mediated by
regulating the expression and activity
of key proteins involved in
prostaglandin–biosynthesis and
apoptosis–induction pathways. It
may be concluded that appropriate
dietary–pharmacological combination
can improve anti–tumor efficacy
over either dietary or pharmacological
intervention alone. 相似文献
9.
Objective: To explore trends in mother–child healthcare (MCHC) research over the past 30 years. Methods: Classifications of Medline articles were made at 5-year intervals using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) as classifiers. Papers were classified in mutually and non-mutually exclusive categories by subject (mother and four age groups of children) and type of research (clinical, basic, epidemiologic, and unclassified) and its various combinations. Results: The number of MCHC papers increased from 34,110 in 1966 to 65,028 in 1995, but the proportion of all Medline articles (18–21%) was relatively stable. There were remarkable long-term temporal stabilities in the proportions of MCHC papers of mothers and the four age groups of children. Most papers dealt with child (46%) and adolescents (45%), and only 11% studied mother and children together. Regression analysis indicated that a linear increase in number of MCHC papers in Medline (1053/year) was represented largely by single-age and combinations of age children, especially adolescence. However, the slope for mother-plus-children papers (113/year) was substantially higher than for mothers alone (64/year). Clinical papers (52%) were the dominant type of MCHC research, but the proportions of basic and epidemiologic papers and their combinations with clinical papers have increased substantially in the past decade. Conclusions: There has been a dominance of clinical and child-related papers in MCHC research, which may be a reflection of restricted outlooks of specialists in the area. This may change soon if the tendency toward increasing numbers of basic and epidemiologic papers holds. 相似文献
10.
Jayaram Srinivasan James W. Holsinger Jr. 《Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften》2012,20(1):95-98
Aim
To examine an innovative leadership model for public health professionals and for public health systems. 相似文献11.
Scott A. Halperin Bruce Tapiero Francisco Diaz-Mitoma Barbara J. Law Agnes Hoffenbach Pamela S. Zappacosta David Radley Barbara J. McCarson Jason C. Martin Laura E. Brackett John W. Boslego Teresa M. Hesley Prakash K. Bhuyan Jeffrey L. Silber 《Vaccine》2009
Combination vaccines improve parental and provider satisfaction and schedule compliance by decreasing the number of injections. In a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study, we compared four formulations of a liquid, hexavalent diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis–inactivated poliovirus–Haemophilus influenzae b conjugate–hepatitis B virus (DTaP–IPV–Hib–HBV) vaccine in 708 infants immunized at 2, 3, 4, and 12–14 months of age. The formulations contained identical DTaP and IPV components, differing in the contents of Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) conjugate component (tetanus-toxoid [PRP-T, 12 μg] or Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane-protein-complex [PRP-OMPC, 3 μg or 6 μg]), and in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, 10 μg or 15 μg). A minimum acceptable postdose 3 antibody response rate was defined by the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval exceeding a prespecified target. Rates of adverse events (AEs) were similar among groups, with a trend for increased solicited injection-site reactions (pain, redness, swelling) with increasing PRP-OMPC and HBsAg concentration. Serious AEs reported by eight subjects were not considered to be vaccine related. All PRP-OMPC formulations met prespecified acceptability criteria for postdose 3 immunogenicity for all antigens: PRP, HBsAg, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Apart from the Hib response, the postdose 3 responses obtained with the PRP-T formulation met the acceptability criterion for each antigen. Postdose 4 responses were acceptable for all antigens in all formulations. All vaccine formulations were well tolerated. The three PRP-OMPC formulations met prespecified immunogenicity criteria, and the one with the lowest PRP-OMPC concentration was selected for further optimization of immunogenicity. 相似文献
12.
《Vaccine》2015,33(31):3636-3649
BackgroundConsidering the febrile seizure rate, there is no longer a clear preference for use of measles–mumps–rubella–varicella (MMRV) vaccine over separate measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) and varicella (V) vaccine. This work was undertaken to assess the risk of febrile seizure after MMRV vaccine in children.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, BIOSIS Previews, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and other databases through 12 December 2014. Meta-analysis was conducted using R version 3.1.2 and Stata version 12.0.ResultsA total of thirty-nine studies were included. Thirty-one published or unpublished clinical trials involving about 40,000 subjects did not show significant differences in incidence of febrile seizure or vaccine related febrile seizure between MMRV and MMR with or without varicella vaccine after any doses, in the risk windows of 0–28, 0–42 or 0–56 days and 7–10 days. In addition, these studies showed that the receipt of concomitant use of MMRV and other pediatric vaccines was not a significant predictor of febrile seizure. Eight post-marketing observations involving more than 3,200,000 subjects were included. No evidence suggested elevated risk of febrile seizure associated with MMRV vaccine among children aged 4–6 years old during 7–10 days or 0–42 days after vaccination. However, an approximately 2-fold increase in risk of seizure or febrile seizure during 7–10 days or 5–12 days after MMRV vaccination was found among children aged 10–24 months, although the highest incidence of seizure was still lower than 2.95‰.ConclusionsFirst MMRV vaccine dose in children aged 10–24 months was associated with an elevated risk of seizure or febrile seizure. Further post-marketing restudies based on more rigorous study design are needed to confirm the findings. 相似文献
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Li Wei Ang Cindy Lim Vernon Jian Ming Lee Stefan Ma Wei Wei Tiong Peng Lim Ooi Raymond Tzer Pin Lin Lyn James Jeffery Cutter 《Emerging infectious diseases》2014,20(10):1652-1660
Studies of influenza-associated hospitalizations in tropical settings are lacking. To increase understanding of the effect of influenza in Singapore, we estimated the age-specific influenza-associated hospitalizations for pneumonia and influenza during 2004–2008 and 2010–2012. The rate of hospitalization was 28.3/100,000 person-years during 2004–2008 and 29.6/100,000 person-years during 2010–2012. The age-specific influenza-associated hospitalization rates followed a J-shaped pattern: rates in persons >75 years of age and in children <6 months of age were >47 times and >26 times higher, respectively, than those for persons 25–44 years of age. Across all ages during these 2 study periods, ≈12% of the hospitalizations for pneumonia and influenza were attributable to influenza. The rates and proportions of hospitalizations for influenza, particularly among the very young and the elderly, are considerable in Singapore and highlight the importance of vaccination in protecting populations at risk. 相似文献
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Summary
Background
Milk
products are a potential matrix for
fortification with synthetic folic
acid or natural 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
(5–CH3–H4folate) to enhance
the daily folate intake. In
milk, folate occurs bound to folatebinding
proteins (FBP). Our previous
studies with an in vitro gastrointestinal
model showed that
70% of the initial FBP content of
the milk product was retained in
the duodenal lumen. While folic
acid remained bound to FBP after
gastric passage, 5–CH3–H4folate was
mainly present as free folate in the
duodenal lumen.
Aim of the study
To investigate the effect of FBP on
the absorption of folic acid and
5–CH3–H4folate from the intestinal
lumen.
Methods
The transport of
[3H]–folic acid and [14C]–5–CH3–H4folate across enterocytes was
studied in the presence or absence
of bovine FBP using monolayers of
Caco–2 cells grown on semi–permeable
inserts in a two–compartment
model. The apparent permeability
coefficients (Papp) of folic acid and
5–CH3–H4folate were determined
and compared with the permeability
of reference compounds for low
(mannitol) and high (caffeine)
permeability.
Results
The transport
from the apical to the basolateral
side of the Caco–2 cells was
higher (P < 0.05) for folic acid
(Papp = 1.7*10–6 cm/s) than for 5–
CH3–H4folate (Papp = 1.4*10–6 cm/s)
after 2 h incubation to 1 µM folic
acid or 5–CH3–H4folate test solutions
(pH 7). The permeability
of folic acid and 5–CH3–H4folate
across Caco–2 monolayers appeared
to be higher (P < 0.05)
than that of mannitol
(Papp = 0.5*10–6 cm/s) but lower
(P < 0.05) than that of caffeine
(Papp = 34*10–6 cm/s). The addition
of FBP to the medium led to a
lower (P < 0.05) intestinal transport
and cellular accumulation of folic
acid and 5–CH3–H4folate.
Conclusions
Compared to the reference
compounds, folic acid and 5–CH3–H4folate showed a moderate permeability
across Caco–2 cells,
which indicates that folate absorption
from the intestinal lumen is
not likely to be complete. The intestinal
transport of folic acid and
5–CH3–H4folate was found to be dependent
on the extent of binding to
FBP at the luminal side of the cells. 相似文献
17.
Chunhui Lu 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,83(2):168-173
In this paper, environmentally key properties including aqueous solubilities (S
W), vapor pressures (V
P), sorption coefficients (K
OC), octanol–water (K
OW), octanol–air (K
OA) and air–water (K
AW) partition coefficients of 53 phthalates are studied by the quantitative structure-property relationship models by means
of previously proposed Lu index. Reliable models are obtained to estimate Log S
W, solubility in air (Log S
A), Log K
OC and Log K
OW for phthalates with the correlation coefficients of estimations (R) being 0.9869, 0.9461, 0.8880 and 0.9836, and the standard errors being 0.44, 0.27, 0.52 and 0.40, respectively. The predictive
ability of the constructed models is demonstrated by the correlation coefficients (R
CV) in the leave-one-out cross validation procedures being 0.9709, 0.9218, 0.8089 and 0.9784, and the corresponding standard
errors (s
CV) being 0.47, 0.34, 0.67 and 0.47, respectively. The properties of K
AO and K
AW for the phthalates are calculated by the predicted S
W, S
A, and K
OW values. 相似文献
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Summary
Objectives: Established in 2001–2005 then extended to 2010, the French National Nutrition and Health Program (PNNS) is a nutrition policy
whose objective is to improve the health status of the population by acting on one of its major determinants, nutrition.
Methods: Nine priority objectives focusing on diet, physical activity and nutritional status were determined. Program strategies are
based on fundamental principles including food culture, pleasure, and gastronomy. This multidisciplinary program involves
stakeholders from ministries, research and educational institutions, food industry, healthcare, and consumers.
Results: More than 75 % of the public health actions planned were accomplished or in progress by the end of 2005, particularly those
concerning nutrition communication, education, research and nutritional surveillance. Dietary guidelines were established
and are now considered the official reference in France. Actions focusing on the healthcare system, economic actors and players
and specific population groups need further development.
Conclusions: The success of a public health program like the PNNS requires a combination of synergistic and complementary actions, measures,
regulations and laws. A national study at the end of the PNNS will determine if objectives were achieved.
Submitted: 28 February 2007; Revised: 05 July 2007, 10 December 2007; Accepted: 21 December 2007 相似文献
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