自制膀胱控制器对截瘫犬膀胱功能的重建作用

目的：研究神经原位膀胱功能重建的电刺激治疗方法。方法：4只犬经T10平面造成截瘫后,在双侧S2神经根上植入刺激电极并通过导线与皮下的接收器连接,同时作硬膜内S1－S3后根切除。术后每天进行电刺激,观察截瘫犬的排尿情况,并进行膀胱造影检查。结果：4只犬均获得电刺激人工控制下排尿,排尿量80－140ml/次,排尿模式为刺激后排尿。膀胱造影发现膀胱充盈好,电刺激排尿过程中膀胱口张开,尿液排出,残余尿量约15－20ml。结论：自制膀胱控制器结合骶部去传入能很好地重建截瘫犬膀胱的贮尿和排尿功能。     

膀胱控制器恢复截瘫犬膀胱功能的尿流动力学观察

目的:观察膀胱控制器重建截瘫犬排尿功能时的尿流动力学变化,评价膀胱控制器对截瘫犬排尿功能恢复的效果。方法:4只健康杂种犬经T10平面造成截瘫后,在双侧S2神经根上植入刺激电极并通过导线与皮下的接收器连接,通过体外发射器进行电刺激,同时作硬膜内S1～S3后根切断。术后每天进行电刺激,观察截瘫犬的排尿情况,并进行尿流动力学检查。结果:4只犬均获得电刺激人工控制下排尿,排尿量80～140ml/次,尿流动力学检测证实为刺激后排尿模式。结论:国产膀胱控制器结合骶部神经去传入能很好地重建截瘫犬膀胱的贮尿和排尿功能。     

不同动力神经根在膀胱功能重建时作用的比较

目的比较L5与S2前根作为动力神经根,对恢复膀胱的神经支配功能和重建排尿功能的作用。方法家犬5只,实验侧行L5-S2前根硬膜外交叉吻接,对照侧行S2-S2前根硬膜外自身吻接,术后1年分别电刺激实验侧和对照侧吻接口的中枢端,记录膀胱压和尿道压的变化。结果L5与S2前根都与膀胱逼尿肌和括约肌建立了神经联系。电刺激测压示:膀胱压实验侧(5.0±2.1)kPa与对照侧(4.6±1.8)kPa相比,差异无显著性意义(P=0.17);尿道压实验侧(4.2±1.7)kPa与对照侧(4.4±1.6)kPa相比,差异也无显著性意义(P=0.31)。结论脊髓损伤后膀胱因失神经支配而发生排尿功能障碍时,应用躯体运动性的L5前根与内脏副交感性的S2前根作为动力神经根来恢复膀胱神经的再支配和膀胱功能重建时,两者作用无明显区别。     

神经移植术治疗截瘫神经性膀胱的尿动力学观察

目的　评价神经转位移植术治疗陈旧性截瘫神经性膀胱病人的手术效果。　方法　回顾性分析40例胸腰段骨折致截瘫神经性膀胱病人肋间血管神经转位桥接骶神经根35例、尺神经转位吻合阴部神经5例手术前后尿动力学检测结果。　结果　骶根组35例术前最大尿流率(Qmax)均低于正常,术后20例恢复正常（57%）,10例明显改善(28.6%),术前后逼尿肌最大收缩力分别为（60±15cmH     

Influence of S3 electrical stimulation on gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury in rabbits

Objective：To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation to sacral spinal nerve 3 （S3 stimulation） on gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury （SCI）.Methods：Six rabbits were taken as normal controls to record their gastrointestinal multipoint biological discharge,colon pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex.Electrodes were implanted into S3 in another 18 rabbits.Then the model of SCI was conducted following Fehling＇s method：the rabbit S3 was clamped to induce transverse injury,which was claimed by both somatosensory evoked potential and motion evoked potential.Two hours after SCI,S3 stimulation was conducted.The 18 rabbits were subdivided into 3 groups to respectively record their gastrointestinal electric activities （n=6）,colon pressure （n=6）,and rectum pressure （n=6）.Firstly the wave frequency was fixed at 15 Hz and pulse width at 400 μs and three stimulus intensities （6 V,8 V,10 V） were tested.Then the voltage was fixed at 6 V and the pulse width changed from 200 μs,400 μs to 600 μs.The response was recorded and analyzed.The condition of defecation was also investigated.Results：After SCI,the mainly demonstrated change was dyskinesia of the single haustrum and distal colon.The rectoanal inhibitory reflex almost disappeared.S3 stimulation partly recovered the intestinal movement after denervation,promoting defecation.The proper stimulus parameters were 15 Hz,400 μs,6 V,10 s with 20 s intervals and 10 min with 10 min intervals,total 2 h.Conclusion：S3 stimulation is able to restore the intestinal movement after denervation （especially single haustrum and distal colon）,which promotes defecation.     

Aggressive bladder carcinoma in an HIV-positive man with tetraplegia and neurogenic bladder

Background/objective

Patients with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury who are managed long term with an indwelling catheter are known to be at increased risk for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Immunosuppression is a known risk factor for malignancies that often are more aggressive than those seen in normal populations.

Method

Case report and discussion of management recommendations.

Results

We summarize the case of a 44-year-old HIV-positive C5–C6 incomplete tetraplegic male (date of injury 1980), who was diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and succumbed to disease within 6 months of diagnosis. The patient was a non-smoker who was never managed with an indwelling catheter. There has been no such case reported in the literature.

Conclusions

HIV infection in the presence of a neurogenic bladder may carry an increased risk of aggressive bladder malignancy. More studies are warranted to determine whether routine annual screening with cystoscopy in all patients with HIV and neurogenic bladder is indicated.     

诱发电位对急性颈髓损伤后神经功能状态的诊断价值

目的：研究磁刺激运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）和体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）对颈髓损伤的诊断及预后判断价值。方法：Ｅａｇ２型磁刺激仪对２７例颈髓患者进行经颅磁刺激ＭＥＰ检查,在双侧外展拇短肌（ＡＰＢ）和径前肌（ＡＴ）进行记录,采用Ｋｅｙｐｏｉｎｔ肌电图诱发电位仪进行体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）检查,收集患者的临床资料按照ＡＳＩＡ９２运动评分和损伤标准分级。随访１５例,并以２０例健康志愿者做对照。结果：颈髓２组ＡＰＢ肌     

Failure of spinal paired associative stimulation to induce neuroplasticity in the human corticospinal tract

Context/Objective

Paired associative stimulation (PAS) involves paired-stimulation pulses at both the head (via transcranial magnetic stimulation) and the periphery (via peripheral nerve stimulation). The purpose of PAS, when applied to the spinal cord, is to induce neuroplasticity and upregulate the corticospinal tract leading to effector muscles. While limited research has suggested that it is possible to produce neuroplasticity through spinal PAS, all such studies have provided stimulation at a fixed frequency of 0.1 or 0.2 Hz.

Design/Interventions

The present study therefore sought to compare the effectiveness of a typical 0.1 Hz paradigm with a 1 Hz paradigm, and a paradigm which provided stimulation in 5 Hz “bursts”. Two inter-stimulus intervals were tested: one which was expected to produce synchronous pre- and post-synaptic activation at the spinal synapse, and one which was not. The peripheral stimulation was applied at the wrist, to induce thumb adduction.

Results

None of the paradigms were able to successfully induce neuroplasticity in a consistent manner.

Conclusion

The high between-subject variability in this study suggests that responses to the spinal PAS treatment may have been highly individual. This serves to highlight a potential limitation of the spinal PAS treatment, which is that its effectiveness may not be universal, but rather dependent on each specific recipient. This may be a challenge faced by spinal PAS should it continue to be tested as a potential novel therapy.     

Electrical stimulation of sacral nerves and roots for control of the neurogenic bladder and bowel

After damage to the spinal cord, some of the most frequent and severe complications are due to the neurogenic bladder and bowel, in spite of a variety of methods of management.Bladder and bowel emptying is usually impaired, but electrical stimulation of nerves surviving after spinal cord injury can produce controlled contraction of muscle, including the smooth muscle of the bladder and lower bowel, and this can be used to produce safe and effective bladder emptying on demand without catheters. It can also aid emptying of the bowel and reduce constipation. Hyper-reflexia of the bladder and lower bowel after spinal cord injury can produce reflex incontinence of urine and stool, and while this can sometimes be reduced by neuromodulation, it can be more predictably reduced by rhizotomy of the sacral sensory roots, while preserving the motor roots for stimulation. This combination of electrical stimulation and rhizotomy has restored bladder and bowel emptying and continence to several thousand patients, with reduced complications and improved quality of life over many years.     

Comparison of wire and disc leads to activate the expiratory muscles in dogs

Objective

Respiratory complications account for a major cause of morbidity and mortality in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) due to paralysis of the expiratory muscles and the consequent inability to generate effective cough. We demonstrated previously that effective cough can be restored in SCI via spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with disc leads positioned on the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord via laminotomy incisions. In this study, the effectiveness of wire leads, which can be placed using minimally invasive techniques, to activate the expiratory muscles was evaluated.

Design

Animal study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Animals

Dogs (n = 8).

Interventions

In separate trials, disc and wire leads were inserted onto the dorsal epidural space at the T9, T11, and L1 spinal cord levels. Effects of electrical stimulation with disc, single wire, and two wire leads placed in parallel were compared.

Outcome measures

Airway pressure generation following stimulation with disc and various configurations of wire leads were compared.

Results

Several different configurations of wire leads resulted in airway pressures that were similar to those generated with monopolar stimulation with disc leads (MSDLs). For example, combined monopolar stimulation with parallel wire leads at the T9 + T11 and T9 + L1 levels resulted in airway pressures that were 103.5 ± 6.4 and 101.9 ± 7.0%, respectively, of those achieved with MSDL. Bipolar stimulation with parallel wire leads at T9–T11 and T9–L1 resulted in airway pressures that were 94.2 ± 3.4 and 96.8 ± 5.0%, respectively, of the pressures achieved with MSDL. Other wire configurations were also evaluated, but were generally less effective.

Conclusion

These results suggest that specific configurations of wire leads, which can be placed via minimally invasive techniques, result in comparable activation of the expiratory muscles compared to disc leads and may be a useful technique to restore cough in persons with SCI.     

A hybrid system for upper limb movement restoration in quadriplegics

Generally, quadriplegic individuals have difficulties performing object manipulation. Toward satisfactory manipulation, reach and grasp movements must be performed with voluntary control, and for that, grasp force feedback is essential. A hybrid system aiming at partial upper limb sensory-motor restoration for quadriplegics was built. Such device is composed of an elbow dynamic orthosis that provides elbow flexion/extension (range was approximately from 20 degrees to 120 degrees , and average angular speed was approximately 15 degrees /s) with forearm support, a wrist static orthosis and neuromuscular electrical stimulation for grasping generation, and a glove with force sensors that allows grasping force feedback. The glove presents two user interface modes: visual by light emitting diodes or audio emitted by buzzer. Voice control of the entire system (elbow dynamic orthosis and electrical stimulator) is performed by the patient. The movements provided by the hybrid system, combined with the scapular and shoulder movements performed by the patient, can aid quadriplegic individuals in tasks that involve reach and grasp movements.     

Comparison of wire and disc leads to activate the expiratory muscles in dogs

Abstract

Objective

Respiratory complications account for a major cause of morbidity and mortality in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) due to paralysis of the expiratory muscles and the consequent inability to generate effective cough. We demonstrated previously that effective cough can be restored in SCI via spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with disc leads positioned on the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord via laminotomy incisions. In this study, the effectiveness of wire leads, which can be placed using minimally invasive techniques, to activate the expiratory muscles was evaluated.

Design

Animal study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Animals

Dogs (n = 8).

Interventions

In separate trials, disc and wire leads were inserted onto the dorsal epidural space at the T9, T11, and L1 spinal cord levels. Effects of electrical stimulation with disc, single wire, and two wire leads placed in parallel were compared.

Outcome measures

Airway pressure generation following stimulation with disc and various configurations of wire leads were compared.

Results

Several different configurations of wire leads resulted in airway pressures that were similar to those generated with monopolar stimulation with disc leads (MSDLs). For example, combined monopolar stimulation with parallel wire leads at the T9 + T11 and T9 + L1 levels resulted in airway pressures that were 103.5 ± 6.4 and 101.9 ± 7.0%, respectively, of those achieved with MSDL. Bipolar stimulation with parallel wire leads at T9–T11 and T9–L1 resulted in airway pressures that were 94.2 ± 3.4 and 96.8 ± 5.0%, respectively, of the pressures achieved with MSDL. Other wire configurations were also evaluated, but were generally less effective.

Conclusion

These results suggest that specific configurations of wire leads, which can be placed via minimally invasive techniques, result in comparable activation of the expiratory muscles compared to disc leads and may be a useful technique to restore cough in persons with SCI.     

Staggered rhizotomy of anterior and posterior sacral roots for bladder reservoir function in spinal cord injury: a canine experimental study and preliminary clinical report

Objective: To report an experimental study and preliminary clinical results of staggered anterior and posterior sacral rhizotomy for restoring function of the bladder and preventing reflex incontinence in supra‐conal spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Ten T10 spinal cord transected mongrel dogs were divided into three groups. In group 1 (n= 2), laminectomy only was performed (control). In group 2 (n= 4), all L7‐S3 posterior roots were microsurgically cut (complete deafferentation). And in group 3 (n= 4), the L7, S1, S3 posterior roots and S2 anterior root were cut (staggered deafferentation and deefferentation). Intraoperative electrical stimulation and postoperative cystometrography (CMG) were carried out. In the clinic, three patients with spastic bladder caused by a supra conal complete SCI underwent staggered rhizotomy and were followed up for 6 years. Results: In the canine experimental study, resection of the S2 anterior root combined with L7, S1 and S3 posterior rhizotomy, stimulating the S2 posterior root (four dogs) resulted in a minimal rise in pressure in the bladder and urethra, which was only about 10% of that obtained by stimulating the S2 proximal posterior root while its anterior counterpart was intact (eight dogs, Student's t‐test, P < 0.01). The CMG study showed that groups 2 and 3 had similar volume/pressure curves; in both groups the tendency was to develop flaccid bladders. In the clinic, three cases underwent staggered rhizotomy of the anterior and posterior roots in S3 and S4. Good bladder reservoir and compliance was achieved over six years of follow‐up. Conclusion: Staggered rhizotomy of the anterior and posterior sacral roots at different spinal cord levels has the same denervation effect as a complete posterior rhizotomy, and good bladder reservoir function can be achieved by this procedure.     

电刺激治疗神经源性膀胱感觉功能障碍的疗效观察

目的:观察电刺激治疗神经源性膀胱感觉功能障碍的疗效。方法:在2009年3月~2010年10月收治的神经源性膀胱患者中,选取以膀胱感觉功能障碍为主诉、经查体和尿动力学检查证实存在膀胱感觉功能障碍的患者38例,其中18例接受电刺激治疗(治疗组),男11例,女7例,年龄23~50岁,平均31.4岁,完全性脊髓损伤患者10例,不完全性脊髓损伤患者8例,病程1~32个月,平均7.2个月;其余20例不接受电刺激治疗,为对照组,男15例,女5例,年龄21~48岁,平均28.6岁,完全性脊髓损伤患者13例,不完全性脊髓损伤患者7例,病程1~27个月,平均6.9个月。尿动力学检查:治疗组中10例膀胱感觉消失,8例膀胱感觉减弱;对照组中11例膀胱感觉消失,9例膀胱感觉减弱。两组年龄、性别、膀胱感觉障碍类型相匹配。治疗组除常规训练外,每天先后进行膀胱腔内电刺激和经皮膀胱电刺激各1次;对照组只进行常规膀胱训练,不行电刺激治疗,1个月后比较两组患者膀胱感觉变化情况。结果:治疗组11例膀胱感觉获得不同程度改善,7例膀胱感觉无变化;8例膀胱感觉减弱患者平均初始尿意膀胱容量和强烈尿意膀胱容量治疗前分别为414±46ml、540±42ml,治疗后分别为255±41ml、420±82ml,治疗前后比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。对照组治疗前后膀胱感觉无明显变化,平均初始尿意膀胱容量和强烈尿意膀胱容量治疗前分别为466±37ml、562±45ml,治疗后分别为421±21ml、598±47ml,治疗前后比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗前平均初始尿意膀胱容量和强烈尿意膀胱容量两组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),治疗后平均初始尿意膀胱容量和强烈尿意膀胱容量两组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:综合电刺激治疗能改善部分神经源性膀胱患者的膀胱感觉功能。     

选择性括约肌切断术治疗脊髓损伤性膀胱尿道功能障碍

行经尿道选择性括约肌切断术２０例，采用膀胱尿道造影尿流动力学同步检查，定位诊断和选择切断。术前间歇导尿控制尿路感染，术后辅以正确手法排尿。２０例术后随访１２～２５个月。剩余尿量降至３０ｍｌ以下，尿路感染控制，中段尿培养阳性率降至１７．６％；ＢＵＮ正常；１１例肾盂输尿管扩张，积水改善；７例有膀胱输尿管返流者中，４例基本恢复，３例明显减轻；最大尿道闭合压平均下降６．３１ｋＰａ；功能性尿道长度平均缩短１．８９ｃｍ；１１例尿失禁得到控制，６例无明显变化，３例加重。     

生物反馈训练法对不同节段脊髓损伤病人排尿及膀胱功能恢复的影响

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨生物反馈训练法对不同节段脊髓损伤病人排尿及膀胱功能恢复的影响。方法〓自2011年10月~2013年7月收治共收治外伤行脊髓损伤病人86例,其中男53例,女33例,年龄21~64岁,平均40.2±4.6岁。将患者随机分为两组:观察组45例,采用生物反馈训练法对不同节段脊髓损伤病人排尿训练;对照组41例,采用传统方法留置尿管及进行常规护理。结果〓实验组经过3~10次生物反馈训练(平均5.9次),其拔除尿管时间、拔除尿管例数自主排尿、一周后残余尿量均较对照组明显好转。两组疗效判定有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论〓生物反馈训练法能有效提高不同节段脊髓损伤病人排尿及膀胱功能恢复,以颈髓、腰髓、胸髓恢复较好,马尾及骶尾髓损伤效果差。     

Restoration of cough via spinal cord stimulation improves pulmonary function in tetraplegics

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in significant loss in pulmonary function secondary to respiratory muscle paralysis. Retention of secretions and atelectasis and, recurrent respiratory tract infections may also impact pulmonary function.

Objective: To determine whether usage of lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to restore cough may improve spontaneous pulmonary function in individuals with chronic SCI.

Design/Methods: 10 tetraplegics utilized SCS system on a regular daily basis. Spontaneous inspiratory capacity (IC), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured at baseline prior to usage of the device and repeated every 4–5 weeks over a 20-week period. Maximum airway pressure generation (P) during SCS (40?V, 50?Hz, 0.2?ms) at total lung capacity (TLC) with subject maximal expiratory effort, at the same timepoints were determined, as well.

Results: Following daily use of SCS, mean IC improved from 1636?±?229 to 1932?±?239?ml (127?±?8% of baseline values) after 20 weeks (P?<?0.05). Mean MIP increased from 40?±?7, to 50?±?8?cmH₂O (127?±?6% of baseline values) after 20 weeks, respectively (P?<?0.05). MEP also improved from 27?±?3.7 to 33?±?5 (127?±?14% of baseline values) (NS). During SCS, P increased from baseline in all participants from mean 87?±?8?cmH₂O to 117?±?14 cmH₂O at weeks 20, during TLC with subject maximal expiratory effort, respectively (P?<?0.05). Each subject stated that they experienced much greater ease in raising secretions with use of SCS.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that use of SCS not only improves expiratory muscle function to restore cough but also results in improvement inspiratory function, as well.     

直流电场促进脊髓再生的实验研究

目的 通过开展直流电场促进脊髓再生的实验研究,以证实其疗效并为临床提供依据。方法 ３２只中国家犬随机分成４组,用ＡｌｌｅｎＷＤ法致脊髓完全损伤,立即置入电刺激器。电刺激器由小型高容量电池（１２Ｖ、６Ｖ）、电阻、纯银丝、医用人体硅胶管等构成。Ａ组为对照组,Ｂ组１２Ｖ电刺激组,Ｃ组６Ｖ电刺激组,Ｄ组为脊髓损伤后６小时置入１２Ｖ电刺激组。观察各组伤后１、２、３个月神经功能、皮层体感诱发电位、神经元数量、     

Electrical stimulation therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effects of electrical stimulation therapy (EST) on healing pressure ulcers in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Nursing & Allied Health and Dissertation & Theses databases were searched for relevant English language articles from the date of inception to 31 January 2014. Separate searches were conducted in Google Scholar and academic journals specialised in wound care. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility. Studies were included if EST was used to treat pressure ulcers in individuals with SCI. A total of 599 articles were screened, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. A meta‐analysis with five studies demonstrated that EST significantly decreased the ulcer size by 1·32%/day [95% confidence interval (CI): 0·58–2·05, P < 0·001] compared to standard wound care (SWC) or sham EST. Another meta‐analysis conducted with four studies showed that EST increased the risk of wound healing by 1·55 times compared with standard wound care or sham EST (95% CI: 1·12 to 2·15, P < 0·0001). Because of the wide array of outcome measures across studies, a single meta‐analysis could not be conducted. EST appears to be an effective adjunctive therapy to accelerate and increase pressure ulcer closure in individuals with SCI.