研究生婚姻态度与亲密恐惧的相关研究

目的了解研究生群体的婚姻态度和亲密恐惧状况,探讨婚姻态度和亲密恐惧的关系。方法随机抽取某高校468名研究生,采用婚姻态度量表中文版(MAS)和亲密恐惧问卷(FIS)测量研究生群体的婚姻态度和亲密恐惧,并进行了差异检验、相关分析和回归分析。结果 50.2%的研究生对待婚姻的态度是积极的,66.5%的研究生对自我婚姻的评价是乐观的。不同性别、生源地的研究生一般婚姻态度差异有统计学意义,自我婚姻评价差异无统计学意义。一般婚姻态度、自我婚姻评价与亲密恐惧均呈负相关,亲密恐惧对一般婚姻态度和自我婚姻评价分别有22.7%和20.9%的解释度。结论亲密恐惧影响研究生的婚姻态度,需要积极帮助学生改善亲密恐惧,引领学生树立健康、理性的婚恋观。     

图式治疗减轻大学生亲密恐惧的个案研究

运用图式疗法对一个亲密恐惧得分较高的大学生进行了个体心理咨询。干预后个案的各问题量表分数明显降低,而且3个月后的追踪结果也表明这种疗效能持续。提示图式治疗可以有效地帮助大学生减轻亲密恐惧,促进亲密关系的建立。     

Bulimia nervosa. Four uncommon subtypes.

The histories and psychological profiles of more than 500 patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa were reviewed. A total of 310 patients demonstrated the most characteristic pattern of bulimia, with finger-induced purging and occasional diet pill, diuretic, or laxative abuse. Seventeen patients reported binge eating with no self-induced vomiting but with severe laxative abuse (i.e., greater than or equal to 50 laxatives daily). A total of 126 patients reported bulimia with finger-induced purging and regular mild (i.e., 2-3 daily) laxative abuse. Eight patients reported bulimia without finger-induced purging, diuretic, or laxative abuse but with the regular abuse of ipecac as a means of inducing vomiting. Four clinical subtypes of bulimia were seen. These were overt bulimia, which occurred in 8.9% of the sample; obsessive-ritualistic bulimia, which occurred in 2% of the sample; sexually evocative bulimia (Fatal Attraction Syndrome), which occurred in 2.9% of the sample; and masochistic bulimia, which occurred in 4.9% of the sample. Each of these subtypes of bulimia are described and defined. The characteristic psychologic profile, clinical features, and implications for treatment and research are discussed.     

Bulimia and depression

Fifty-six adult females with DSM-III bulimia were evaluated for personal and family histories of other psychopathologies. Fortythree subjects (77%) evidenced mild depression of which 13 (23%) reported moderate-severe symptoms by the Beck Depression Inventory - a finding confirmed with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the SCL-90-D scale. A personal history of affective disorder was found in 52%, while 59% reported first degree relative(s) with affective disorder. Subjects with first-degree relatives with drug dependence, alcoholism, or depression had an earlier onset of bulimia than those without such relatives. Bulimia may be symptomatically or pathophysiologically related to depression.     

Bulimia and depression

In recent years several lines of evidence have emerged suggesting that eating disorders in general, and bulimia in particular, are in some way linked to affective illness. However, there are few data on the frequency of affective syndromes among patients who have anorexia nervosa or bulimia. This report describes the results of semistructured interviews using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) to evaluate the frequency of the current and lifetime diagnoses of affective illness among 50 female patients meeting DSM-III criteria for bulimia. Seventy percent of the patients had, at some time during their lives, met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for an episode of major depression and 88% had met RDC at some time during their lives for some affective disturbance. The implications of this high frequency of affective disturbance among patients with bulimia are discussed.     

The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation.

In the current review article it is suggested that fear is a central emotional state that can be activated by external threat cues. The subcortical defensive system cannot only be activated by intrinsically aversive events but shows also strong plasticity enabling previously innocuous stimuli to get access to the fear system after they were paired with painful outcomes. On the other hand, aversive conditioning does not only result in the acquisition of a defensive disposition, the organism also learns on a pure cognitive level that one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus. It is suggested here that potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex is a rather specific measure for fear acquisition, while skin conductance discrimination indexes contingency learning. It is shown that the acquisition of fear-potentiated startle does not require cortical processing of the conditioned stimulus. Moreover, data indicate that conditioned startle potentiation is abolished in patients with unilateral lesions of the amygdala. Finally, conditioned startle potentiation can be obtained without contingency awareness, which on the other hand is necessary for skin conductance conditioning to occur. It is suggested that the learning of stimulus relations is mediated by the hippocampus and that conditioned startle potentiation is also mediated by the hippocampus in trace conditioning.     

III. Anorexia and Bulimia: Two Aspects of Adolescence

The author describes the shocking rapidity of bodily change which overtakes the pubescent and adolescent body while the mind may be still that of a child. She describes the way that these changes can make the child feel trapped in a body so alarming that she is filled with claustrophobic fears and agoraphilic longings for freedom from it. These are translated into anorexic behaviours whose denial of her body with its feelings and desires result in a loss of contact with it. The results instead are agoraphobic terrors and claustrophilic longings which translate into bulimic behaviours. The author describes the way in which she uses Ferrari's conceptual framework in order to break this claustrophobic–agoraphobic see‐saw and to gradually accustom her patients to their new corporeal environment together with its issues of gender identity and sexuality using several clinical examples.     

Marital intimacy and self-disclosure

Examined the relationship between the qualitative aspects of marital intimacy among 20 couples and a quantitative, microalysis of their selfdisclosing behavior. Two interview segments and their combination were scored for the basic parameters of self-disclosure using the Self-Disclosure Coding System (SDCS). The scores served as predictor variables for each of 12 intimacy dimensions derived from the standardized, structured Victoria Hospital Intimacy Interview in stepwise multiple regression analyses. The resulting multiple Rs ranged from 0.357 for Sexuality in segment 1 to 0.853 for Identity in segment II. Analysis of the couples' self-disclosures across segments I and II yielded multiple Rs from 0.446 to 0.850, with the intimacy dimensions of Expressiveness, Compatibility, Behavior, and Identity the highest correlates. These results suggest that although self-disclosure and intimacy are not synonymous, self-disclosing behavior is a major determinant of various aspects of marital intimacy and accounts for more than 50% of the variance in at least four dimensions. Explanations for these findings and their clinical relevance are discussed.     

The measurement of intimacy in marriage: The waring intimacy questionnaire

Developed eight independent content scales to assess components of marital intimacy (Conflict Resolution, Affection, Cohesion, Sexuality, Identity, Compatibility, Autonomy, and Expressiveness). The measures were designed to be relatively free from social desirability and acquiescent responding (N = 248). Test retest and internal consistency reliabilities were high and sexual bias was not indicated.     

Bulimia nervosa: a 5-year follow-up study.

Fifty patients with bulimia nervosa were followed up for a minimum length of 5 years. Standardized interviews, observer-rated instruments and self-rated questionnaires were employed both at entry and at completion of the follow-up period. After tracing, the positive response rate was 72%; one patient had died. At the time of follow-up 31% of those traced had made a complete recovery and 25% still fulfilled diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa. Judged on behavioural symptoms 47.2% of responders had a 'good' outcome. Good outcome was associated with fewer social problems, higher social class, and a significant improvement in eating attitudes at follow-up. All outcome groups reported a reduction of interference by symptoms in other areas of life, and an improvement in mood state. No factors, including those described in previous studies, were identified which predicted outcome.     

Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa.

Thirty patients were selected for a prospective study according to two criteria: (i) an irresistible urge to overeat (bulimia nervosa), followed by self-induced vomiting or purging; (ii) a morbid fear of becoming fat. The majority of the patients had a previous history of true or cryptic anorexia nervosa. Self-induced vomiting and purging are secondary devices used by the patients to counteract the effects of overeating and prevent a gain in weight. These devices are dangerous for they are habit-forming and lead to potassium loss and other physical complications. In common with true anorexia nervosa, the patients were determined to keep their weight below a self-imposed threshold. Its level was set below the patient's healthy weight, defined as the weight reached before the onset of the eating disorder. In contrast with true anorexia nervosa, the patients tended to be heavier, more active sexually, and more likely to menstruate regularly and remain fertile. Depressive symptoms were often severe and distressing and led to a high risk of suicide. A theoretical model is described to emphasize the interdependence of the various symptoms and the role of self-perpetuating mechanisms in the maintenance of the disorder. The main aims of treatment are (i) to interrupt the vicious circle of overeating and self-induced vomiting (or purging), (ii) to persuade the patients to accept a higher weight. Prognosis appears less favourable than in uncomplicated anorexia nervosa.     

神经性贪食症的心理干预

神经性贪食症(Bulimia Nervosa,BN)的治疗中,常采用心理干预的方法.本文对BN的心理干预研究进行系统的回顾,以确定不同干预方法的有效性、安全性及相关影响因素,并结合国内研究现状对其进行评价和展望.     

Bulimia in male patients

Bulimia is not exclusively a disorder of women. Twelve men with bulimia were evaluated and found to have demographic variables and eating behaviors similar to those of female bulimia patients. Eleven of the 12 men were binge eating more than once a day, and ten of the 12 also self-induced vomiting on a regular basis. Three patients had initiated bulimic behavior in association with athletic training. Eight patients followed through with treatment referrals and responded favorably to therapy.     

Sexuality and intimacy after gynecological cancer

Matters of sexuality and intimacy greatly impact quality of life of patients with gynecologic cancers. Vast amount of evidence exists showing that cancer dramatically impacts woman's sexuality, sexual functioning, intimate relationships and sense of self. Sexual functioning can be affected by illness, pain, anxiety, anger, stressful circumstances and medications. There is a growing acknowledgement that these needs are not being appropriately addressed by providers.