先天性巨结肠同源病:临床诊断与手术指征的确立

目的 报道一组前瞻性的先天性巨结肠同源病(HAD)临床研究总结.方法 2007年6月至2009年12月单一手术组连续行65例巨结肠根治术病例,依据临床症状、直肠肛管测压、直肠黏膜胆碱酯酶组化(AchE)组织化学染色以及钡灌肠检查做出术前诊断.先天性巨结肠症(HD)一旦确诊即有手术指征.HAD手术指征:依临床检查初步诊断后实行严格、系统的保守治疗3～6个月,经治疗无效或有效后又复发者.结果 临床初诊病例HD组为38例,HAD组为27例;术后经病理学诊断最后确诊HD组36例,HD组内有4例证实为HAD,术前误诊率为10.5%(4/38),HAD组最后病理确诊29例,HAD组内2例最后病理诊断为HD,术前误诊率为7.4%(2/27);HAD组中节细胞减少症(HG)22例(75.9%),肠神经元发育不良症(IND)7例(24.1%).HAD组27例(93.1%)存在直肠肛管抑制反射,但反射波形出现变异和延迟;AchE组化染色阳性为12例(41.4%),2项结果与HD组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);HAD病例钡灌肠检查特点:直肠高度扩张,直肠直径达盆腔的90%以上;超过90%的HAD病例有乙状结肠冗长;24 h后复查钡滞留(100%).29例HAD患儿中9例行次全切除术(31.0%),HD组36例中次全切除为8例(22.2%).结论 测压、AChE组化染色和钡灌肠检查仍是诊断HAD的重要方法.初步诊断HAD后,采取3个月到半年的严格保守治疗措施对最后确定手术指征非常重要.由于HD和HAD症状和检查结果在一定程度上相互重叠,致使HAD和HD病例术前可误诊,但这种误诊对手术指征的确定并无影响.     

新生儿先天性巨结肠直肠肛管压力监测及其临床意义

目的　探讨直肠肛管测压检查在新生儿先天性巨结肠 (HD)早期诊断中的应用价值。方法　对 4 2例经手术病理或直肠粘膜活检确诊的新生儿HD患儿的术前直肠肛管压力监测结果进行评价分析 ,并与X线钡灌肠进行比较。结果　直肠肛管测压 18例未出现直肠肛管抑制反射(RAIR) ,12例RAIR反射异常 ,确诊HD30例 ,诊断符合率 71 4 3%。X线钡灌肠确诊HD 5例 ,可疑HD14例 ,诊断符合率 4 5 2 4 %。直肠肛管测压阳性而钡灌肠阴性者 16例 ,钡灌肠阳性而直肠肛管测压阴性者 5例。检查结果的不同部分进行统计学处理 χm2 =4 76 ,P <0 0 5 ,差异有显著意义。结论直肠肛管压力监测在新生儿HD诊断中优于X线钡灌肠。该检查方法简单、安全、有效、无创伤性 ,可作为新生儿期怀疑HD患儿的首选检查 ,但必须结合其他检查手段才能作出确切诊断     

结肠次全切除术治疗巨结肠同源病23例

目的探讨小儿巨结肠同源病(HAD)的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析23例巨结肠同源病的病例资料,男8例,女15例,年龄5个月～16岁,其中5个月～3岁4例,3～16岁19例。患儿均以便秘、腹胀为主诉,术前常规行钡灌肠、直肠肛管测压检查。其中11例行直肠粘膜活检术;5例因肠梗阻行结肠造瘘术;3例为先天性巨结肠术后复发便秘。结果全部病例均行腹会阴Soave法结肠次全切除术。23例中,钡剂灌肠均未见明显狭窄段、移行段,24h延迟拍片提示钡剂滞留;部分病例有结肠扩张和结肠冗长表现;直肠肛管测压均有抑制反射,11例直肠粘膜活检AchE阴性。23例术后病理诊断与术前诊断一致。术后均有不同程度腹泻,1例出现伤口裂开,2例直肠粘膜脱垂,2例粘连性肠梗阻;无吻合口瘘、肌鞘感染等并发症。结论腹会阴Soave法结肠次全切除术是治疗HAD较为彻底的术式。     

直肠肛门抑制反射诊断先天性巨结肠符合率的临床分析

目的分析3179例便秘患儿直肠肛管测压结果,探讨直肠肛门抑制反射在先天性巨结肠诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析2006年10月至2011年10月作者所行直肠肛门测压的3179例患儿检查资料,并与钡灌肠以及术中术后病理检查结果进行对比。结果HD患儿直肠肛门抑制反射诊断符合率为95．66％。在直肠肛门抑制反射阳性,而临床症状和体征符合HD的病例中,后经X线钡剂灌肠和直肠黏膜活检确定为常见型HD5例,短段型HD3例,特殊型HD1例。结论直肠肛门抑制反射可能存在假阳性,对假阳性病例建议重复检测,以降低漏诊率。     

直肠肛管测压对新生儿先天性巨结肠诊断意义的研究

目的探讨直肠肛管测压对新生儿先天性巨结肠(HD)的诊断价值。方法对我院2003年1月～2005年6月收治的75例临床拟诊为HD的新生儿进行直肠肛管测压,并与钡剂灌肠检查结果及病理结果进行比较。结果75例临床疑诊为HD的新生儿中,经直肠全层病理活检52例,其中48例直肠肛管测压提示HD;2例病理活检正常,其中1例直肠肛管测压未见异常,另1例直肠肛管测压提示HD;2例病理活检诊断为HD,而直肠肛管测压未见异常。本组直肠肛管测压诊断新生儿先天性巨结肠阳性率为92.3%,假阳性率为1.9%,阴性率为1.9%,假阴性率为3.8%。结论新生儿期直肠肛管测压诊断HD,方法简单、安全、无损伤,诊断特异性高。     

先天性巨结肠及同源病患儿术后直肠肛管测压与分析

目的分析先天性巨结肠（HD）及同源病（HAD）术后患儿直肠肛管测压参数及其临床意义。方法对56例巨结肠术后患儿，包括32例HD和24例HAD，进行随访，并根据排便功能分为正常组、污粪组及便秘组。同时进行直肠肛管测压检查。根据不同病理分型，临床症状及随访时间比较分析测压结果。结果直肠肛管抑制反射（RAIR）重现率为55％，术后1a内RAIR重现率明显低于1a以上患儿（P〈0．05）。HD术后患儿肛管直肠蠕动频率明显大于HAD（P〈0．05）。按主观症状将患儿分为正常、污粪和便秘组，便秘组肛管／直肠静息压之比及高压带长度与前二组比较有显著差异（Pa〈0．01）。结论部分患儿术后RAIR可恢复，并与术后时间有关，HD术后肛门功能改善优于HAD。影响术后测压结果的因素是多方面的。     

54例先天性巨结肠同源病临床分析

目的：探讨先天性巨结肠同源病（HAD）的诊断、治疗及预后。方法分析2008年8月至2014年4月于本院确诊的426例先天性巨结肠（54例 HAD）患儿临床资料,所有患儿均由 BE、ARE、直肠黏膜吸引活检术等检查确诊,通过分析辅助检查结果,了解相关检查在 HAD 的特点。并对患儿近期效果进行随访。结果54例 HAD 病例约占本院先天性巨结肠症的11．3％,其中肠神经元性发育异常症25例（46．3％）;神经节减少症16例（29．6％）;神经节未成熟症13例（24．1％）。49例 HAD 患儿行钡剂灌肠检查,结果提示结肠、直肠扩张为主要表现,约28．3％的患儿结果类似先天性巨结肠症;40例 HAD 患儿行肛直肠测压,引出典型直肠肛门抑制反射 4例（10．0％）,引出变异波形18例（45．0％）,主要表现为有“M”、“U”、“W”波及波形延迟等异型波。钙视网膜蛋白（Calretinin CR）免疫组化染色检查阳性率在 HAD 为88．9％,较正常对照组显色浅,呈网状结构。19例予巨结肠根治术治疗,随访大部分患儿预后良好。结论先天性巨结肠同源病病理学特点介于先天性巨结肠症与正常之间,通过钡剂灌肠、肛直肠测压、CR 染色等相关检查综合分析可提高诊断准确率,当该病影响到患儿的生长发育及出现严重并发症时应及时手术治疗。     

63例先天性巨结肠同源病的诊治分析

先天性巨结肠同源病 (HDallieddis orders,HAD)作为小儿便秘的又一病因 ,逐渐为临床工作者重视。因其临床表现类似先天性巨结肠 (HD) ,并可与之合并存在 ;术前有效诊断存在困难 ;治疗方法的选择仍有争议 ,因此如何有效诊治HAD是患儿便秘诊治过程中一个重要的问题。回顾我院 1991～ 2 0 0 2年间收治的 2 5 8例“HD”患儿 ,通过临床和病理资料分析 ,探讨其中HAD的临床特点和治疗结果。临床资料一、一般资料2 5 8例临床诊断为“HD”的患儿 ,年龄 1个月～ 14岁 ,男 2 33例 ,女 2 5例 ,2 4 3例行巨结肠根治术 ,7例行肠造瘘并多处肠活检 ,8例仅行直肠肌层活检。依据钡灌肠和术中所见的临床分型 :常见型 14 5例、短段型 5 7例、长段型 35例、全结肠型14例、先天性肛门闭锁并发巨结肠和外院术后并发症转入的 7例。二、肠神经异常的分类参考国内外文献中有关HAD的病理分类和诊断标准。1.肠神经元性发育异常 (intestinalneuronaldysplasia ,IND ,见图 1)①节细胞增多症 (hyperganglionosis) ,单位长度肠壁...     

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(上接2005年第6期第383页)5先天性巨结肠先天性巨结肠是小儿最常见的结肠病变,是肠壁肌层和黏膜下神经节细胞缺如、稀少或异常所致。临床上凡有机械性肠梗阻的新生儿和有便秘的儿童,必须首先排除先天性巨结肠。目前诊断本病的方法主要有钡灌肠、直肠内压测定及直肠组织活检。其中直肠内压测定主要用于鉴别精神性便秘和低位巨结肠;直肠组织活检主要用于术前检查,不需麻醉,床边操作即可,诊断最可靠、最准确;钡灌肠作为常规首选检查,具有筛选、诊断、鉴别诊断三重作用,下面着重介绍之。先天性巨结肠肠壁肌间神经节细胞缺如,是一种发育停止,常为…     

Duhamel改良术治疗先天性巨结肠45例

1995年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 1月我院对 4 5例先天性巨结肠患儿行Duhamel改良术 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。材料与方法一、一般资料　本组 4 5例 ,男 37例 ,女 8例 ;年龄 15d～ 16岁 ;<6个月 2 8例 ,占 6 2 .2 % ,其中新生儿 11例 ,占2 4 .4 % ,3例出现巨结肠危象 ;～ 3岁 8例 ,占 17.7% ;>3岁9例 ,占 10 .1%。常见型 34例 ,长段型 5例 ,短段型 6例。术前均经钡剂灌肠检查。直肠肛管测压检查直肠肛管松弛反射均阴性。 2 9例术前作直肠黏膜吸引活检术 ,13例辅以免疫组织化学染色方法予术前诊断[1] 。术后切除病变标本 ,均经病理检查诊断为巨结肠。…     

Histologic criteria for the diagnosis of allied diseases of Hirschsprung's disease in adults.

A few reports in the literature have discussed the histologic criteria for the diagnosis of allied diseases of Hirschsprung's disease in adults, and studies report that intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) in adults may develop from IND in infants. The aim of this study was to examine the differences between the histological findings of IND in infants and those in adults, and to assess whether allied diseases of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) in adults should be considered as congenital or acquired diseases. For these purposes, we studied nine adult patients with severe constipation, and an adult patient with acute intestinal obstruction. We routinely examined the patients using barium enema, anorectal manometry and rectal mucosal biopsy. However, in patients suspected of allied diseases, we carried out full-thickness rectal biopsies. In seven operated cases, we also examined resected intestines. The tissue samples were examined using AChE-staining, NADPH-diaphorase staining, HE-staining, and silver impregnation. Histologically, we diagnosed two males as having HD, two males as having IND, five patients (two males and three females) as having hypoganglionosis, and one female as having a degeneration of the intramural plexus. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) Inflammations such as ulcerative colitis or ischemic colitis may cause IND TYPE B in adults whose histological findings are similar to those generally seen in infants; 2) It is suggested that IND is closely related to hypoganglionosis; 3) In hypoganglionosis, a patient with findings of elevated AChE-positive nerve fibers in the mucosa and AChE-positive nerve fibers in an arterial wall may belong to a subtype of IND; 4) Most of the allied diseases of HD in adults may occur as an acquired disease, not as a congenital disease.     

直肠肛管测压对先天性巨结肠诊断价值的研究

目的 以直肠全层活检病理诊断（FTB）为金标准,X线钡灌肠（CE）为对照,探讨直肠肛管测压（ARM）对先天性巨结肠（HD）及巨结肠类源病（HAD）的诊断意义. 方法 收集2011年1月至2013年1月期间华西医院小儿外科收治的122例疑诊为HD患儿的病例资料.分析ARM诊断HD的敏感度、特异度、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比及阴性似然比;并以6月龄为度将病例分为大于6月龄组和小于6月龄组,采用卡方检验对两组间ARM及CE的阳性率进行相关性比较,P ＜0.05为差异有统计学意义;分析ARM对HD及HAD的鉴别特点. 结果 本组选取的所有病例均行CE、ARM及FB三项术前诊断性检查.ARM的大部分诊断指标明显优于CE,但低于两项 检查联合对HD的诊断价值.在小婴儿组（小于6月龄）中：CE的诊断价值普遍低于ARM.随着年龄的增长,CE的诊断率逐渐提高,但是仍然低于ARM.两组间CE阳性率为别为48.84％和68.35％（P=0.034）,而ARM阳性率为81.40％和83.54％（P=0.764）.HAD的ARM诊断特点：RIAR波存在,但是表现为W型、U型等异常波形. 结论 ARM对HD有肯定的诊断价值,且优于CE,两者联合,更有助于提高HD的诊断价值.ARM诊断新生儿、小婴儿HD同样较准确且稳定.HAD出现“W”或“U”为主的异型RAIR波,有助于其与HD相鉴别.     

婴儿期便秘肛门直肠测压的临床评估

目的对临床有便秘表现的1岁以内婴儿进行肛门直肠测压检查,对其结果进行临床评估。方法2004年1月至2008年6月,作者对126例因便秘就诊的婴儿进行肛门直肠测压检查。用白行制作的球囊替代原有球囊进行检查,结合钡剂灌肠、直肠黏膜活检等方法。在测压检查后进行1至3个月随访。结果126例中,未出现内扩约肌松弛反射的婴儿76例,其中钡剂灌肠检查明确诊断为先天性巨结肠70例;50例有内括约肌松弛反射出现,经保守治疗1至2个月后门诊随访,其中39例能自行排便,便秘改善,7例偶尔用泻剂辅助治疗,4例症状无缓解,经强力扩肛及Lynn氏手术后,能自行排便。结论 肛门直肠测压是诊断先天性巨结肠的方法之一,对1岁以内便秘患儿进行肛门直肠测压检查时应将测压的球囊进行改进,使其适应1岁以内婴儿,同时应用少量镇静催眠药,对内括约肌松弛反射阴性者可作1～3次反复检查,以提高诊断准确率。     

Anorectal manometry for the exclusion of Hirschsprung's disease in neonates

We studied the usefulness of anorectal manometry in excluding Hirschsprung's disease in 25 neonates with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. An intraluminal pressure transducer or perfused side-opening catheters were used to evaluate anal tone, anal rhythmicity, and internal sphincter relaxation during rectal distention. Hirschsprung's disease was diagnosed by rectal biopsy in 16% of the neonates. Studies using anorectal manometry gave one false positive and one false negative diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease, which resulted in 75% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and a kappa coefficient of 0.7. We found that anorectal manometry, a rapid and atraumatic test, is a reliable screening test for exclusion of neonatal Hirschsprung's disease. By using the combination of manometry and contrast enema, it is possible to eliminate the need for a confirmatory rectal biopsy in many neonates suspected of having Hirschsprung's disease.     

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of isolated hypoganglionosis

Background

Some patients suspected with Hirschsprung’s disease (HD), however, were diagnosed as having isolated hypoganglionosis according to the updated pathohistologic methods. This study was undertaken to investigate the diagnostic methods and the therapeutic results of isolated hypoganglionosis in children.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was made on 17 patients with isolated hypoganglionosis (hypoganglionosis group) identified pathologically after operation. The data included clinical presentations, barium enema, anorectal manometry, histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) before operation, histological results after operation and follow-up outcomes. The data of hypoganglionosis with HD (HD group) were compared retrospectively.

Results

Common complaint of the patients with hypoganglionosis and HD was intractable constipation. Barium enema showed typical narrowing and distended segment of the colon in 9 patients in the hypoganglionosis group (9/16) and in 15 patients in the HD group (15/18). In the hypoganglionosis group, in 15 patients who underwent anorectal manometry only 5 showed absent rectal anal inhibitory reflex, significantly lower than the rate in the HD group (17/18) (P<0.05). From 16 patients in hypoganglionosis group, positive staining for AChE was noted in 3 patients (3/16, 18.8%), significantly lower than that in the HD group (16/18, 88.9%) (P<0.05). Thirteen patients in the hypoganglionosis group received subtotal colectomy, while only 5 patients needed subtotal colectomy in the HD group. In the hypoganglionosis group, except 2 patients who suffered from mild enterocolitis after operation and recovered after conservative therapy, all patients recovered uneventfully without wound dehiscence, intestinal fistula, fecal incontinence or constipation recurrence. In the HD group, one patient suffered from anastomotic leak and got secondary operation, one patient had anastomotic stricture at 1 year after operation and recovered by dilatation, and other three patients suffered from mild enterocolitis after operation and recovered after conservative therapy.

Conclusions

Hypoganglionosis is a common disease, and could be finally confirmed by full-thickness biopsies in different bowel segments. The resection range can be estimated according to barium enema and 24-hour delayed X-ray findings, by which the satisfactory result in short-term follow-up can be obtained.     

Congenital duodenal obstruction with Down's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease

Two rare cases of congenital duodenal obstruction (CDO) with Down's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease (HD) are reported. The incidence of associated anomalies in CDO, with reference to the literature, and the diagnosis of HD with CDO are discussed. If intestinal dilation or difficulty in defecation persist after CDO has been diagnosed and relieved, then a barium enema should be repeated together with anorectal manometric and rectal mucosal histologic studies in consideration of HD.